P21ca斜方辉石相变的研究

笔者利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)和加热台等技术,对河北承德黑山P2_1ca顽辉石的相变过程进行动态观察,证实了P2_1ca斜方辉石是Pbca斜方辉石的同质多象低温变体。相变温度在800～900℃之间。这一变相是通过P2_1ca斜方辉石晶体结构中四分之一呈S旋转的Si—O四面体链改变为O旋转类型而实现的。     

斜方辉石的反演畴结构对其衍射效应的影响

斜方辉石内部存在着众多的相邻间呈反演关系的(100)晶畴。这些晶畴的存在使斜方辉石的K为奇数的okl衍射之强度明显减弱,且参与衍射的晶畴的数目越多,其减弱的程度也就越大。这一现象在一定程度上掩盖了斜方辉石P2_(1ca)的真实对称性。与X射线衍射相比,利用电子衍射来研究斜方辉石的空间群类型具有明显的优越性。     

硅酸盐辉石的晶体化学(上)

导论辉石的一般结构早在1928年就已经知道了,那时Warren和Bragg指出C2/c空间群的透辉石结构是以在平行(100)的层中存在的四面体单链为特征的。几年以后,Warren和Modell(1930)分析出了斜方晶系Pbca空间群的紫苏辉石结构,这是由于注意到它的晶胞参数与透辉石的晶胞参数除了a轴加倍外非常一致之故。单斜P2_1/c型结构曾在1950年由Ito预测过,他假定Pbca斜方辉石是一种单斜辉石的“空间群双晶”,认为斜方辉石结构是由单斜辉石的单位晶胞通过平行于(100)的b滑移面的作用有规律地、双晶式地重复而产生的。     

合成斜方辉石系列的红外光谱研究

在30kbar和900℃条件下,用等化学计量氧化物混合物合成了11个斜方辉石系列的样品,并对合成的样品进行了X射线粉晶分析和红外光谱分析。分析结果表明,晶胞参数和红外光谱随化学成分的改变而产生复杂的变化。不仅晶胞参数b和M而且频率ν_(670cm)-1和M之间存在很好的线性相关关系,通过用最小二乘法所拟合的相关方程可容易地测定斜方辉石的成分,但是α和c与M之间只有较差的线性关系,而ν_(450cm)-1和M以及ν_(380cm)-1和M之间并无简单的线性相关关系,这可归因于Fe~(2+)在M_1和M_2位置的有序分布。     

攀枝花岩体辉石的矿物学研究

本文对攀枝花辉长岩体中共存的单斜、斜方辉石进行了系统的矿物学及晶体化学研究。首次查明该岩体中斜方辉石的成分,光性及结构特征。研究表明:单斜种属为次透辉石,其化学式为Ca_（0.831）Na_（0.027）K_（0.002）Mg_（0.811）Fe_（0.213）~（2+）Fe_（0.054）~（3+）AlⅥ_（0.030）Ti_（0.013）Mn_（0.008）AlⅣ_（0.082）Si_（1.918）O_6,晶胞参数为α=9.7443—9.7617,b=8.9174—8.9431,c=5.2353—5.2653,β=105°56＇～106°8＇,空间群C2/c,Z=4;斜方辉石为紫苏辉石,化学式为Ca_（0.044）Na_（0.012）K_（0.005）Mg_（1.335）Fe_（0.584）~（2+）Ti_（0.007）Mn_（0.014）Al_（0.029）Si_（1.969）O_6,晶胞参数α=18.2720,b=8.8734,c=5.2078,空间群Pbca,Z=8,该岩体辉石的成分与布什维尔德和斯卡尔嘎得两侵入体中辉石的成分趋向一致。     

我国西北某些阿尔卑斯型超基性岩体的岩浆结晶演化特征初探

在我国西北的大道尔吉超基性岩体中,岩石的矿物共生组合及成分随岩体部位而变,中部为 Chry En Alu 组合;下部为 Fe-Chr Fo En 组合。相比之下,玉石沟、白泉和萨尔托海岩体各部位的矿物共生组合虽与之略有差异,但岩体自上而下,橄榄石,斜方辉石和铬尖晶石的成分均遵循相似的变化规律,当两种岩石中橄榄石和斜方辉石牌号相同时,铬尖晶石因成分的不同与斜方辉石的结晶顺序不同,各部位共生矿物橄榄石 Fo 下。与斜方辉石之 En 数值接近。这均说明了阿尔卑斯型超基性岩的岩浆结晶演化过程,并为探索阿尔卑斯型超基性岩的成因、岩体产状以及超基性岩 M/F 值与橄榄石和斜方辉石牌号间的关系提供了依据     

大兴安岭地幔橄榄岩中熔体的多样性及其成因

本文报道了大兴安岭第四纪火山岩中的地幔橄榄岩中橄榄石、单斜辉石和斜方辉石颗粒内部熔体产状(囊体、包裹体和反应边)和成分(低硅熔体和高硅熔体)的多样性,初步讨论了不同熔体的成因。低硅熔体囊体是在地幔深部玄武岩浆与橄榄岩中单斜辉石发生交代反应的产物,斜方辉石反应边的高硅熔体是橄榄岩被捕获上升过程中玄武岩浆与斜方辉石反应的产物,高硅熔体包裹体是地幔中存在的交代熔体。     

电子探针波谱法在辉石种属鉴定中的应用

变质岩中辉石显微镜下以高正突起、辉石式解理和干涉色为主要鉴定特征.辉石族矿物有斜方辉石和单斜辉石2个亚族,其中斜方辉石亚族有7种辉石类型,单斜辉石亚族有12种辉石类型.为了验证岩石薄片鉴定结果的准确性,往往是利用X射线粉晶衍射技术进行比对分析.岩石中有几种辉石及辉石类型,X射线粉晶衍射方法则无法区分.本次研究是利用电子探针波谱技术对矿物主量元素进行分析,通过所测样品微区化学成分含量推测矿物名称.25件样品微区化学成分分析结果统计显示：MgO为8.36%~17.34%,FeO为27.57%~39.77%,SiO₂为47.94%~52.70%;次要成分含量：Cr₂O₃为0.01%~6.28%,Na₂O为0.00%~0.19%,Al₂O₃为0.43%~3.11%,CaO为0.38%~1.94%,MnO₂为0.09%~0.79%;总量为99.64%~100.00%.化学成分与紫苏辉石组分相当,可以确定所测样品为紫苏辉石.     

丁青和新喀里多尼亚玻安岩类的辉石及其超微结构

本文对西藏丁青玻安岩类深成岩的辉石和新喀里多尼亚玻安岩的斜顽辉石进行了矿物学工作及高分辨电镜观察。丁青斜方辉石堆晶岩辉石的超微结构包括:单斜辉石的(100)双晶、斜方辉石a/4平移畴结构及斜方辉石—单斜辉石相转变。玻安岩斜顽辉石典型超微结构是(100)双晶。由矿物的碎裂、错动以及斜方辉石—单斜辉石相变中只出现偶数倍单斜辉石等表明:矿物结晶及成岩过程中曾受应力作用、后者可能与岩石所处的构造位置有关。由辉石成分计算的地质温度表明,丁青堆晶斜方辉石岩的辉石是在高温下晶出、岩石固结温度是1013～1111℃,当它们在～1000℃下稳定时,斜方辉石出溶了单斜辉石片晶。将玻安岩斜顽辉石加热至1100℃后淬冷及按120℃/h速度冷却均未得到纯的斜顽辉石,可能斜顽辉石是原顽火辉石在应力环境中高温淬冷所成。     

斜方辉石的光性及红外光谱研究

根据51个斜方辉石的化学成分和红外光谱资料,确定吸收带660-700cm~(-1)的波数(γ)与含镁量(X_(Mg))为线性正相关,线性方程为X_(Mg)=-1595.6-2.44γ,γ=0.92。将斜方辉石的γ、2v、红外光谱波数与成分的相关线绘于一个图上,则此图可以快速地鉴定斜方辉石及估测X_(Mg)值。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987114000425

Na-metasomatism in the form of albitisation is regionally extensive in the Precambrian crust of southern Scandinavia and is particularly widespread in the Bamble Sector, the Kongsberg-Modum Sector and the Norwegian part of the Mylonite Zone. Sites of albitisation outside these belts are associated with hy- drothermal breccia pipes and fracture-bound alteration. The albitites are composed of near end-member sodic plagioclase （Ano 5Ab94-99） with minor carbonate （calcite and dolomite）, rutile, clinopyroxene （En30Fs21-23W047 49）, amphibole （edenite-pargasite）, quartz, titanite, tourmaline, epidote （Fe3＋ - 0.20 -0.85 a.p.f.u） and chlorite （Mg# = 0.81-0.89）. The albitites have been studied in detail in the region around the town of Kragem, and are described as albitisation along veins, as breccias, alhitic felsites, massive carbonate-bearing albitites and megascale clinopyroxene-titanite-bearing albitite. The strong fluid control on their formation is illustrated by the veining and mineral replacement reactions, showing fluid transport by a H20-CO2 fluid rich in Na, depleting Fe and Mg from the host rock, in accordance with calculated mass transfer. A study of the mineralogical replacement reactions in combination with a regional compilation has demonstrated the relationship between metasomatic processes and the for- mation of apatite, ruti｜e and Fe deposits. The albitites occur spatially associated with other metasomatic rocks such as scapolitised metagabbros. We document that metasomatism is an important mineral- and rock-forming process in the continental crust, which in the Bamble Sector is a part of the tectonome- tamorphic evolution of the Sveconorwegian orogen.     

各种斜长石成分的分布规律和低结构态斜长石分类

斜长石是自然界最常见的造岩矿物,一般认为它是完全类质同象系列的典型代表。然而近代研究发现,斜长石在地质体中出现的概率是不均等的,呈不连续的众数分布。在斜长石的X射线衍射、电子衍射、光学性质以及红外吸收光谱所记录的相关曲线上,出现反映结构变化的不连续点,这些不连续点与上述稳定斜长石(呈众数者)的成分点一致。另外,斜长石的非布拉格“卫星”衍射等都说明斜长石超结构对斜长石的稳定性起着重要的制约作用。本文以大量的实际资料,把斜长石的内部结构和斜长石各种物理化学性质联系起来,讨论各种斜长石成分的分布规律,并提出低结构态斜长石分类。     

The origin of space group violations in a lunar orthopyroxene

The space group of an orthopyroxene (En₈₆) from a deep crustal lunar rock (sample 76535) that was previously reported as having space group P2₁ ca has been re-examined on an automated X-ray diffractometer. In addition to diffractions violating the b-glide of the conventional space group, Pbca (0kl,k-odd) reported in the earlier study, diffractions violating the a-glide of Pbca are also present. Careful examination of both the a-glide- and b-glide-violations shows them to be sharp, with no evidence of diffuse streaks parallel to a ^*, and with consistent intensities at several rotations about ψ. Diffractions violating the b-glide are in registry with the host, however, those violating the a-glide appear to be out of registry and result from a cell with a slightly longer a of about 18.4 Å, consistent with previous electron diffraction studies. The most reasonable explanation for the observed space group violations is that both the a- and b-glide violations result from ordering of Ca into (100) Guinier-Preston (G-P) zones that possess orthopyroxene topology, but have space group P2₁/c and a cell of a=18.4 Å, b=8.83 Å, c=5.18 Å, and β=90.0°; whereas the Cadepleted host has space group Pbca and a cell of a= 18.230(6) Å, b = 8.828(2) Å, and c=5.1946(9) Å. In addition to the G-P zones which may compose 12% or more of the sample, the crystal contains (100) lamellae of pigeonite, and other samples from the same rock contain lamellae of augite.     

Direct observation of anti-phase domain structure in omphacite

Single crystal electron diffraction patterns of an omphacite (CaNa, Mg²⁺, Fe²⁺, Al³⁺, Fe³⁺)Si₂O₆ from a glaucophane schist facies (type C) eclogite, Tiburon Peninsula, California show weak reflections violating the C2/c space group. Transmission electron microscopy with dark field imaging, using h+k = even reflections reveal no special features, while dark field viewing through certain superstructure reflections violating the C2/c space group (h k l, with h+k = odd and h 0 l with h and/or l odd) reveal anti-phase domains, 100 to 3000 Å in width. Diffraction contrast experiments show that these domains are related by a displacement vector R=1/2[110]. This displacement vector explains the origin of the domains in terms of ordering of various cations in the octahedral (M1 type) and polyhedral (M2 type) sites without any changes in the tetrahedral silicate chains.     

The composition,structure, and stability of guinier-preston zones in lunar and terrestrial orthopyroxene

Lunar and terrestrial orthopyroxenes (Mg,Fe,Ca)₂Si₂O₆ contain varying abundances of coherent, Ca-enriched Guinier-Preston (G.P.) zones. G.P. zones 5–6 unit cells thick have been found in one lunar sample whereas all other examples (lunar and terrestrial) are only one unit-cell-thick. Electron diffraction maxima from the larger lunar G.P. zones indicate that d ₁₀₀=18.52 Å whereas, d ₁₀₀=18.2 Å for the host. This increase in the a direction corresponds to an increase in calcium content in the G.P. zones over that of the host of ～25 mol% Ca₂Si₂O₆. Diffraction patterns of the hk0 net from an area containing G.P. zones show extra spots (h=2n+1) not observed in the host orthopyroxene (Pbca), that violate the a-glide of the host. The G.P. zones, therefore, have space group Pbc2₁ if it is assumed that the c-glide of pyroxene is retained and the space group of the G.P. zone is a subgroup of Pbca. The loss of the a-glide in the G.P. zones results in 4 distinct silica chains and 4 distinct cation sites M1A, M1B, M2A, M2B; by symmetry, equivalent M2A or M2B sites are clustered together in only one-half of the unit cell. As one-fourth of the divalent cations in the G.P. zones are calcium, ordering of Ca on M2A or M2B would produce a zone 9 Å thick extended parallel to (100) with the composition of Ca(Mg,Fe)Si₂O₆, but constrained by the host to the structure of orthopyroxene. This zone and the Ca-poor half-unit-cell then constitute an 18 Å thick G.P. zone. Heating experiments of varying duration indicate that the zones become unstable with respect to the host orthopyroxene at ～950°C for Wo_0.6 and ～1,050°C for Wo_2.5. The zones are interpreted in terms of the pyroxene subsolidus as a metastable phase having either a solvus relationship with orthopyroxene or originating as a distinct phase. The size, distribution, composition and structure of G.P. zones may be an important indicator of the low-temperature thermal history of orthopyroxene.     

An electron microscopic study of amphibole lamellae in augite

Ion-thinned samples of augite from four plutonic igneous rocks have been examined in the electron microscope at 100 kV. Lamellae less than 0.08 m thick were observed parallel to (010) in all four samples. Electron diffraction shows that the lamellae consist of clino-amphibole, space group I2/m, with crystallographic axes parallel to those of the augite. Analytical electron microscopy of the lamellae in one specimen shows that they are a hornblende. The amphibole lamellae have nucleated at the interface between the augite host and exsolution lamellae of orthopyroxene parallel to (100) of the augite. The interface between the amphibole lamellae and the augite is coherent.It is thought that the amphibole lamellae have formed by exsolution from the augite, implying the existence of finite solid solution between members of the pyroxene and amphibole groups of minerals.     

Observations on the crystal structures of lueshite

Laboratory powder XRD patterns of the perovskite-group mineral lueshite from the type locality (Lueshe, Kivu, DRC) and pure NaNbO₃ demonstrate that lueshite does not adopt the same space group (Pbma; #57) as the synthetic compound. The crystal structures of lueshite (2 samples) from Lueshe, Mont Saint-Hilaire (Quebec, Canada) and Sallanlatvi (Kola, Russia) have been determined by single-crystal CCD X-ray diffraction. These room temperature X-ray data for all single-crystal samples can be satisfactorily refined in the orthorhombic space group Pbnm (#62). Cell dimensions, atomic coordinates of the atoms, bond lengths and octahedron tilt angles are given for four crystals. Conventional neutron diffraction patterns for Lueshe lueshite recorded over the temperature range 11–1,000 K confirm that lueshite does not adopt space group Pbma within these temperatures. Neutron diffraction indicates no phase changes on cooling from room temperature to 11 K. None of these neutron diffraction data give satisfactorily refinements but suggest that this is the space group Pbnm. Time-of-flight neutron diffraction patterns for Lueshe lueshite recorded from room temperature to 700 °C demonstrate phase transitions above 550 °C from Cmcm through P4/mbm to \(Pm\overline{3} m\) above 650 °C. Cell dimensions and atomic coordinates of the atoms are given for the three high-temperature phases. The room temperature to 400 °C structures cannot be satisfactorily resolved, and it is suggested that the lueshite at room temperature consists of domains of pinned metastable phases with orthorhombic and/or monoclinic structures. However, the sequence of high-temperature phase transitions observed is similar to those determined for synthetic NaTaO₃, suggesting that the equilibrated room temperature structure of lueshite is orthorhombic Pbnm.     

Sheared peridotite xenolith from the V. Grib kimberlite pipe,Arkhangelsk Diamond Province,Russia: Texture,composition, and origin

The petrography and mineral composition of a mantle-derived garnet peridotite xenolith from the V. Grib kimberlite pipe (Arkhangelsk Diamond Province, Russia) was studied. Based on petrographic characteristics, the peridotite xenolith reflects a sheared peridotite. The sheared peridotite experienced a complex evolution with formation of three main mineral assemblages: (1) a relict harzburgite assemblage consist of olivine and orthopyroxene porphyroclasts and cores of garnet grains (Gar1) with sinusoidal rare earth elements (REE) chondrite C1 normalized patterns; (2) a neoblastic olivine and orthopyroxene assemblage; (3) the last assemblage associated with the formation of clinopyroxene and garnet marginal zones (Gar2). Major and trace element compositions of olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and garnet indicate that both the neoblast and clinopyroxene-Gar2 mineral assemblages were in equilibrium with a high Fe-Ti carbonate-silicate metasomatic agent. The nature of the metasomatic agent was estimated based on high field strength elements (HFSE) composition of olivine neoblasts, the garnet-clinopyroxene equilibrium condition and calculated by REE-composition of Gar2 and clinopyroxene. All these evidences indicate that the agent was a high temperature carbonate-silicate melt that is geochemically linked to the formation of the protokimberlite melt.     

Exsolution in augite from the Skaergaard Intrusion

The exsolution phenomena of augite from Ferrogabbro 4430 of the Skaergaard Intrusion were examined in detail by single crystal X-ray diffraction and heating experiments to study the stepwise exsolution process. In the augite crystals, five different phases were detected: pigeonite (001), pigeonite (100), orthopyroxene (a), orthopyroxene (p) and a small amount of clinoamphibole. The two different pigeonites nearly share the corresponding (001) and (100) planes with the host. Orthopyroxene (a) and orthopyroxene (p) have (100) in common with the host and with exsolved pigeonite (001), respectively. Clinoamphibole was observed in the form of rather weak reflections in many crystals. It has (010) in common with the host.A large number of augite crystals exhibited a pigeonite (001) phase with curved, rotated reflections and diffuse streaks along the a* direction in (h0l) precession photographs. It appears that these streaks are related to orthopyroxene (p). Orthopyroxene (p) seems to be crystallized from pigeonite (001) by nucleation at (100) stacking fault planes (inverted pigeonite). Pigeonite (100) may be formed at growth ledges between augite host and exsolved orthopyroxene (a) at a later stage of exsolution to stabilize the boundaries.From the X-ray diffraction profiles and the results of the heating experiments, a possible exsolution sequence is suggested. Clinoamphibole appears to be a product of alteration at the latest stage of the exsolution process. It seems to be related to particular conditions of partial water pressure.