西准噶尔白碱滩二辉橄榄岩中两种辉石的出溶结构及其地质意义

克拉玛依白碱滩尖晶石二辉橄榄岩主要由橄榄石、单斜辉石、斜方辉石和尖晶石组成,橄榄石和斜方辉石均发生程度不等的蛇纹石化。单斜辉石一般很新鲜。单斜辉石和斜方辉石均发育出溶结构,出溶条纹或者平直或者发生舒缓的弯曲变形(即便是在发生弯曲的情况下也是完全平行的)。透辉石-普通辉石出溶体一般呈针状(直径一般为1μm,长度>150μm),顽火辉石出溶条纹直径一般为1～3μm(长度>300μm)。斜方辉石主晶属于顽火辉石-易变辉石,单斜辉石主晶为透辉石(成分很均一)。地质温度压力估算表明,白碱滩二辉橄榄岩中辉石出溶结构发生的温度为700℃～1000℃、压力为2.0～2.7GPa,它们代表辉石出溶结构形成的最低PT条件。白碱滩二辉橄榄岩至少经历了三个演化阶段:原始辉石与尖晶石和橄榄石平衡共生(阶段Ⅰ,>94km);随着地幔上隆,原始辉石结构不稳定,分解并形成出溶结构(阶段Ⅱ,700℃～1000℃),斜方辉石开始分解的深度为94km,单斜辉石开始分解的深度为78km;之后,蛇绿岩经历的侵位事件导致辉石发生塑性变形(阶段Ⅲ)。蛇绿岩侵位之前,地幔岩曾发生了>50km的隆升,而且,在隆升过程中地幔岩没有发生明显部分熔融(地幔岩因此没有经历明显的岩浆抽提过程)。     

丁青和新喀里多尼亚玻安岩类的辉石及其超微结构

本文对西藏丁青玻安岩类深成岩的辉石和新喀里多尼亚玻安岩的斜顽辉石进行了矿物学工作及高分辨电镜观察。丁青斜方辉石堆晶岩辉石的超微结构包括:单斜辉石的(100)双晶、斜方辉石a/4平移畴结构及斜方辉石—单斜辉石相转变。玻安岩斜顽辉石典型超微结构是(100)双晶。由矿物的碎裂、错动以及斜方辉石—单斜辉石相变中只出现偶数倍单斜辉石等表明:矿物结晶及成岩过程中曾受应力作用、后者可能与岩石所处的构造位置有关。由辉石成分计算的地质温度表明,丁青堆晶斜方辉石岩的辉石是在高温下晶出、岩石固结温度是1013～1111℃,当它们在～1000℃下稳定时,斜方辉石出溶了单斜辉石片晶。将玻安岩斜顽辉石加热至1100℃后淬冷及按120℃/h速度冷却均未得到纯的斜顽辉石,可能斜顽辉石是原顽火辉石在应力环境中高温淬冷所成。     

斜方辉石筛状反应边的成因机制及其对岩石圈地幔性质转变的意义

本文利用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术对河北张家口大麻坪汉诺坝玄武岩橄榄岩捕虏体中斜方辉石与玄武岩反应结构的显微构造进行了详细研究。研究结果表明: ① 其反应边具有复杂的多层筛状结构特征,包括玄武岩层、富橄榄石层以及橄榄石和单斜辉石交生层;② 由外至内,橄榄石的Mg值逐渐升高,而单斜辉石的Mg值变化不大;③ 反应边结构中的单斜辉石与斜方辉石残斑之间存在很好的结晶学拓扑关系,即(100)_opx//(100)_cpx、(010)_opx//(010)_cpx、(001)_opx//(001)_cpx;④ 橄榄石的结晶学取向无序且与斜方辉石和单斜辉石均无关。这个反应过程可以用贫硅熔体先与斜方辉石反应形成单斜辉石,并导致熔体富硅,从而橄榄石从反应熔体中结晶出来合理地解释。相对富硅熔体与橄榄岩的反应,贫硅熔体与橄榄岩的反应过程由于筛状反应边的存在可能更容易进行,筛状结构反应边可以为熔体在橄榄岩中沿颗粒边界运移提供通道,并使橄榄岩主要组成矿物发生细粒化和岩石结构变得松散,可以有效保证熔体上升过程中对橄榄岩的持续侵蚀和破坏,从而可能导致岩石圈地幔性质的迅速转变。     

大兴安岭地幔橄榄岩中熔体的多样性及其成因

本文报道了大兴安岭第四纪火山岩中的地幔橄榄岩中橄榄石、单斜辉石和斜方辉石颗粒内部熔体产状(囊体、包裹体和反应边)和成分(低硅熔体和高硅熔体)的多样性,初步讨论了不同熔体的成因。低硅熔体囊体是在地幔深部玄武岩浆与橄榄岩中单斜辉石发生交代反应的产物,斜方辉石反应边的高硅熔体是橄榄岩被捕获上升过程中玄武岩浆与斜方辉石反应的产物,高硅熔体包裹体是地幔中存在的交代熔体。     

天然顽火辉石的高分辨电镜观察

利用透射电镜研究了陨石和地幔岩中斜方辉石与斜顽辉石的多型转变:吉林陨石和清镇陨石顽火辉石中的斜顽辉石多型晶域宽度既有奇数倍也有偶数倍9A,双晶现象发育,出现频率高,是原顽火辉石转变而成。尖晶石和石榴子石二辉橄榄岩斜方辉石中的斜顽辉石仅具偶数倍9晶域宽度,未见双晶现象,出现频率低,是剪切应力作用下由斜方辉石转变而成。测量证实OREN向CLEN的相变按13.3°机制进行。在相应高温条件下,相变时应变率ε可能大于10~(-6)sec~(-1)。     

硅酸盐辉石的晶体化学(上)

导论辉石的一般结构早在1928年就已经知道了,那时Warren和Bragg指出C2/c空间群的透辉石结构是以在平行(100)的层中存在的四面体单链为特征的。几年以后,Warren和Modell(1930)分析出了斜方晶系Pbca空间群的紫苏辉石结构,这是由于注意到它的晶胞参数与透辉石的晶胞参数除了a轴加倍外非常一致之故。单斜P2_1/c型结构曾在1950年由Ito预测过,他假定Pbca斜方辉石是一种单斜辉石的“空间群双晶”,认为斜方辉石结构是由单斜辉石的单位晶胞通过平行于(100)的b滑移面的作用有规律地、双晶式地重复而产生的。     

河北阳原新生代玄武岩中橄榄岩捕虏体的含水量研究

为约束华北克拉通岩石圈的流变机制,使用傅立叶变换显微红外光谱仪（FTIR）测量了阳原玄武岩中尖晶石橄榄岩捕虏体的矿物含水量。FTIR光谱结果表明阳原橄榄岩捕虏体的橄榄石、斜方辉石和单斜辉石都有特征的OH吸收峰。橄榄石含有微量的水（4×10-6~9×10-6 H2O）,斜方辉石含水量为（105~201）×10-6,单斜辉石含水量为（260~440）×10-6,计算得出的全岩含水量为（49~75）×10-6。值得注意的是,富流体交代以及后期蚀变作用使得含角闪石的方辉橄榄岩样品中单斜辉石的含水量显著增加。阳原橄榄岩中单斜辉石与斜方辉石的含水量存在明显的正相关关系,水在单斜辉石和斜方辉石中的分配系数D cpx/opxOH =2.4±0.9,与全球橄榄岩样品的平均值基本一致（D cpx/opx OH = 2.2±0.1）。与汉诺坝的橄榄岩捕虏体相比,阳原捕虏体中橄榄石和辉石的结构水含量都明显较高,这可能与阳原橄榄岩经历的上地幔交代作用有关。统计表明全球克拉通玄武岩携带的尖晶石橄榄岩捕虏体中橄榄石的含水量普遍较低（0~10×10-6）,而斜方辉石和单斜辉石的含水量则存在明显的不均一性。金伯利岩携带的石榴石橄榄岩中橄榄石、斜方辉石和单斜辉石的含水量都明显高于玄武岩携带的尖晶石橄榄岩中相应矿物的含水量,这可能与金伯利岩来源深、富流体、上升快的性质相关。     

西藏马攸木地区雅江南带方辉橄榄岩的显微构造特征及其矿物结构水的初步研究

青藏高原地区广泛出露地幔橄榄岩体,但对其显微构造特征和矿物结构水的研究仍很缺乏。本文以马攸木地区雅江南带方辉橄榄岩为研究对象,采用光学显微镜、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)及傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对其进行系统分析。研究结果表明:(1)马攸木地区雅江南带方辉橄榄岩中橄榄石发育扭折带和波状消光,并具有显著的结晶学优选方位(A型组构),指示其主导变形机制为位错蠕变;(2)红外光谱测试表明,马攸木方辉橄榄岩中橄榄石几乎没有明显的结构水吸收峰,推断其经历了明显的H丢失。斜方辉石含水量处于85wt ppm~209wt ppm之间,代表地幔源区含水量或其下限值;(3)该区橄榄岩中橄榄石含水量低于包体和造山带橄榄岩中橄榄石含水量,斜方辉石结构水含量则与包体和造山带橄榄岩中斜方辉石的可以比较。我们的研究结果为了解青藏高原地幔橄榄岩中橄榄石的结构水和变形机制提供了初步资料。     

斜方辉石的光性及红外光谱研究

根据51个斜方辉石的化学成分和红外光谱资料,确定吸收带660-700cm~(-1)的波数(γ)与含镁量(X_(Mg))为线性正相关,线性方程为X_(Mg)=-1595.6-2.44γ,γ=0.92。将斜方辉石的γ、2v、红外光谱波数与成分的相关线绘于一个图上,则此图可以快速地鉴定斜方辉石及估测X_(Mg)值。     

从单晶褶皱看斜方辉石流变学的特征

迄今为止,上地幔流变学的研究主要集中于橄榄石单晶与多晶集合体的实验和野外观察,但对辉石的流变学特征知之甚少,虽然辉石亦是上地幔岩石的主要组成矿物.因此,查清斜方辉石的流变学行为、塑性变形机制、重结晶作用以及与其共生的橄榄石之间的流变强度差等,现已成为国际地学界研究的新的热点课题.新疆中天山南缘库米什地区的榆树沟高压变质地体中出现地幔超糜棱岩,其中带状拉伸的斜方辉石(En90)碎斑晶发生了强烈地弯滑褶皱,周围橄榄石(Fo90)重结晶成细粒(～10 μm)多晶基质.显微构造研究表明,单晶斜方辉石的褶皱主要通过单一的(100)[001]滑移进行的,而细粒重结晶橄榄石基质的变形机制则最可能以超塑性(颗粒边界滑移与扩散)为主.单晶斜方辉石发生弯滑褶皱,而不形成常见的膝折(Kinks),说明所处物理化学条件下斜方辉石晶体位错攀移与原子扩散并不足够活跃.此外,即使其晶格发生高达140.的旋转,斜方辉石依然没有发生光学显微镜下足以识别的重结晶结构,说明启动重结晶作用的临界剪切应变应不少于5.5.根据现有的层状材料的褶皱理论,推测榆树沟高压变质地体中地幔岩发生塑性变形时位错蠕变的斜方辉石的流动强度至少比相同条件下超塑性变形的细粒橄榄石多晶基质高近2个数量级.     

斜方辉石空间群类型的重新确认

作者选择成分不同、产状各异的四个斜方辉石样品,分别沿其[100]方向进行了电子衍射分析。通过对实验结果的认真分析和充分论证,作者断定它们的空间群均为P2_1ca,而非Pbca。由于实验样品在成分和产状上均具有广泛的代表性,因此可以推断,在常温常压下,自然界的斜方辉石之空间群均为P2_1ca。     

调制结构矿物晶体的单晶X射线衍射特征

调制结构广泛存在于天然矿物中,利用具有照相特点的CCD平面高灵敏探测器单晶X射线衍射仪,对公度和非公度调制结构的单晶衍射特征进行了研究,根据倒易点的分布规律和晶胞特点提出了超结构的分类方法和非公度调制结构的高维指标化方法。     

各种斜长石成分的分布规律和低结构态斜长石分类

斜长石是自然界最常见的造岩矿物,一般认为它是完全类质同象系列的典型代表。然而近代研究发现,斜长石在地质体中出现的概率是不均等的,呈不连续的众数分布。在斜长石的X射线衍射、电子衍射、光学性质以及红外吸收光谱所记录的相关曲线上,出现反映结构变化的不连续点,这些不连续点与上述稳定斜长石(呈众数者)的成分点一致。另外,斜长石的非布拉格“卫星”衍射等都说明斜长石超结构对斜长石的稳定性起着重要的制约作用。本文以大量的实际资料,把斜长石的内部结构和斜长石各种物理化学性质联系起来,讨论各种斜长石成分的分布规律,并提出低结构态斜长石分类。     

In situ strength measurements on natural upper-mantle minerals

Using in situ strength measurements at pressures up to 10 GPa and at room temperature, 400, 600, and 700°C, we examined rheological properties of olivine, orthopyroxene, and chromian-spinel contained in a mantle-derived xenolith. Mineral strengths were estimated using widths of X-ray diffraction peaks as a function of pressure, temperature, and time. Differential stresses of all minerals increase with increasing pressure, but they decrease with increasing temperature because of elastic strain on compression and stress relaxation during heating. During compression at room temperature, all minerals deform plastically at differential stress of 4–6 GPa. During subsequent heating, thermally induced yielding is observed in olivine at 600°C. Neither orthopyroxene nor spinel shows complete stress relaxation, but both retain some stress even at 700°C. The strength of the minerals decreases in the order of chromian-spinel ≈ orthopyroxene > olivine for these conditions. This order of strength is consistent with the residual pressure of fluid inclusions in mantle xenoliths.     

电子探针波谱法在辉石种属鉴定中的应用

变质岩中辉石显微镜下以高正突起、辉石式解理和干涉色为主要鉴定特征.辉石族矿物有斜方辉石和单斜辉石2个亚族,其中斜方辉石亚族有7种辉石类型,单斜辉石亚族有12种辉石类型.为了验证岩石薄片鉴定结果的准确性,往往是利用X射线粉晶衍射技术进行比对分析.岩石中有几种辉石及辉石类型,X射线粉晶衍射方法则无法区分.本次研究是利用电子探针波谱技术对矿物主量元素进行分析,通过所测样品微区化学成分含量推测矿物名称.25件样品微区化学成分分析结果统计显示：MgO为8.36%~17.34%,FeO为27.57%~39.77%,SiO₂为47.94%~52.70%;次要成分含量：Cr₂O₃为0.01%~6.28%,Na₂O为0.00%~0.19%,Al₂O₃为0.43%~3.11%,CaO为0.38%~1.94%,MnO₂为0.09%~0.79%;总量为99.64%~100.00%.化学成分与紫苏辉石组分相当,可以确定所测样品为紫苏辉石.     

A TEM study of the oriented orthopyroxene and forsterite inclusions in garnet from Otrøy garnet peridotite,WGR, Norway: new insights on crystallographic characteristics and growth energetics of exsolved pyroxene in relict majoritic garnet

Regularly oriented orthopyroxene (opx) and forsterite (fo) inclusions occur as opx + rutile (rt) or fo + rt inclusion domains in garnet (grt) from Otrøy peridotite. Electron diffraction characterization shows that forsterite inclusions do not have any specific crystallographic orientation relationships (COR) with the garnet host. In contrast, orthopyroxene inclusions have two sets of COR, that is, COR‐I: <111>_grt//<001>_opx and {110}_grt～//～{100}_opx (～13° off) and COR‐II: <111>_grt//<011>_opx and {110}_grt～//～{100}_opx (～14° off), in four garnet grains analysed. Both variants of orthopyroxene have a blade‐like habit with one pair of broad crystal faces parallel/sub‐parallel to {110}_grt plane and the long axis of the crystal, <001>_opx for COR‐I and <011>_opx for COR‐II, along <111>_grt direction. Whereas the lack of specific COR between forsterite and garnet, along with the presence of abundant infiltrating trails/veinlets decorated by fo + rt at garnet edges, provide compelling evidence for the formation of forsterite inclusions in garnet through the sequential cleaving–infiltrating–precipitating–healing process at low temperatures, the origin of the epitaxial orthopyroxene inclusions in garnet is not so obvious. In this connection, the reported COR, the crystal habit and the crystal growth energetics of the exsolved orthopyroxene in relict majoritic garnet were reviewed/clarified. The exsolved orthopyroxene in a relict majoritic garnet follows COR‐III: {112}_grt//{100}_opx and <111>_grt//<001>_opx. Based on the detailed trace analysis on published SEM images, these exsolved orthopyroxene inclusions are shown to have the crystal habit with one pair of broad crystal faces parallel to {112}_grt//{100}_opx and the long crystal axis along <111>_grt//<001>_opx. Such a crystal habit can be rationalized by the differences in oxygen sub‐lattices of both structures and represents the energetically favoured crystal shape of orthopyroxene inclusions in garnet formed by solid‐state exsolution mechanism. Considering the very different COR, crystal habit, as well as crystal growth direction, the orthopyroxene inclusions in garnet of the present sample most likely had been formed by mechanism(s) other than solid‐state exsolution, regardless of their regularly oriented appearance in garnet and the COR specification between orthopyroxene and garnet. In fact, the crystallographic characteristics of orthopyroxene and the similar chemical compositions of garnet at opx + rt inclusion domains, fo + rt inclusion domains/trails and garnet rim suggest that the orthopyroxene inclusions in the garnet are most likely formed by similar cleaving‐infiltration process as forsterite inclusions, though probably at an earlier stage of metamorphism. This work demonstrates that the oriented inclusions in host minerals, with or without specific COR, can arise from mechanism(s) other than solid‐state exsolution. Caution is thus needed in the interpretation of such COR, so that an erroneous identification of exhumation from UHP depths would not be made.     

The origin of space group violations in a lunar orthopyroxene

The space group of an orthopyroxene (En₈₆) from a deep crustal lunar rock (sample 76535) that was previously reported as having space group P2₁ ca has been re-examined on an automated X-ray diffractometer. In addition to diffractions violating the b-glide of the conventional space group, Pbca (0kl,k-odd) reported in the earlier study, diffractions violating the a-glide of Pbca are also present. Careful examination of both the a-glide- and b-glide-violations shows them to be sharp, with no evidence of diffuse streaks parallel to a ^*, and with consistent intensities at several rotations about ψ. Diffractions violating the b-glide are in registry with the host, however, those violating the a-glide appear to be out of registry and result from a cell with a slightly longer a of about 18.4 Å, consistent with previous electron diffraction studies. The most reasonable explanation for the observed space group violations is that both the a- and b-glide violations result from ordering of Ca into (100) Guinier-Preston (G-P) zones that possess orthopyroxene topology, but have space group P2₁/c and a cell of a=18.4 Å, b=8.83 Å, c=5.18 Å, and β=90.0°; whereas the Cadepleted host has space group Pbca and a cell of a= 18.230(6) Å, b = 8.828(2) Å, and c=5.1946(9) Å. In addition to the G-P zones which may compose 12% or more of the sample, the crystal contains (100) lamellae of pigeonite, and other samples from the same rock contain lamellae of augite.     

A transmission electron microscope study of naturally deformed orthopyroxene

A model is proposed for the production of clinopyroxene lamellae in orthopyroxene by a dislocation mechanism based on simple shear. Four possible shears are described. Two shears apply to each subcell of orthopyroxene, one with =13.3° in one sense, the other with =18.3° in the opposite sense.The senses of shears of the same magnitude in adjacent cells are also opposite. All shears produce the same structure, but in two discrete orientations which can be distinguished from electron diffraction patterns. However, the operative shear cannot be uniquely determined from the diffraction patterns alone. The characteristics of the diffraction contrast fringes and associated partial dislocations observed by transmission electron microscopy in a naturally deformed orthopyroxene are shown to be consistent with the proposed model.     

The effect of aluminum and water on the development of deformation fabrics of orthopyroxene

The effect of alumina and water solubility on the development of fabric in orthopyroxene in response to simple shear deformation has been investigated at a pressure of 1.5 GPa and a temperature of 1,100 °C using the D-DIA apparatus. The microstructure observations at these conditions indicate that dislocation glide is the dominant deformation mechanism. In MgSiO₃ enstatite and hydrous aluminous enstatite, partial dislocations bounding the stacking faults in [001] glide parallel to the (100) (or) the (100) [001] slip system. Electron backscattered diffraction analysis of anhydrous aluminous enstatite, however, indicates operation of the (010) [001] slip system, and microstructure analysis indicates dislocation movement involving [001] on both (100) and {210} planes. The strong covalent bonding induced by the occupation of M1 and T2 sites by Al could have restricted the glide on (100), activating slip on {210}. The resulting seismic anisotropies (~2 %) in orthopyroxene are weaker compared to olivine (~9.5 %), and reduced anisotropy can be expected if orthopyroxene coexists with olivine. Weak anisotropy observed in stable cratonic regions can be explained by the relatively high abundance of orthopyroxene in these rocks.