绿柱石的成因与特征的研究

绿柱石是提炼稀有金属铍的重要矿石矿物,也是重要的宝石矿物。文章从绿柱石的矿床特点、包裹体和谱学特征、绿柱石的优化处理及人工合成等方面,对国内近年来在绿柱石研究方面的进展进行了综述,并对绿柱石的研究方向提出了一些建议。     

四川平武钨锡铍矿床成矿流体特征

四川平武新近发现多处规模较大的产于晶洞中的绿柱石、锡石和白钨矿宝石矿。本文对矿石矿物绿柱石、锡石和白钨矿中的流体包裹体进行了分析，直接获取了成矿期的流体信息，由于绿柱石、锡石的结晶均较早，故更为接近原始成矿流体的性质。平武钨锡铍宝石矿中流体包裹体有气液两相包裹体、CO2三相包裹体和含子矿物包裹体三种类型。包裹体完全均一温度最佳取值区间为260～300℃，盐度范围为0．53％～8．73％NaCleq，压力估算小于10．5MPa，矿床类型属于浅成中低温热液型。绿柱石中含子矿物包裹体和CO2三相包裹体共存，二者均一温度平均值较为相近，显示了不混溶流体包裹体的特征。绿柱石包裹体的完全均一温度和盐度平均值均高于白钨矿和锡石，绿柱石和白钨矿包裹体液相成分中F^-、Cl^-离子含量高于锡石。绿柱石、白钨矿和锡石三种矿物沉淀的先后顺序为：绿柱石→锡石→白钨矿。     

四川平武绿柱石宝石成矿地质特征

四川平武产出世界上十分稀少和珍贵的无色透明扁平板状绿柱石宝石。在野外详细调研和系统分析、测试基础上，全国总结和介绍矿床成矿地质环境，绿柱石宝石产出特征，绿柱石宝石矿物学、化学成分、结晶习性及晶体化学、谱学特征、包裹体特征，花岗岩与Be及W,Sn矿化关系和成矿的物理、化学条件。从而，确认该矿床为岩浆期后气成-热液型绿柱石宝石矿床。     

四川省平武县绿柱石中的流体包裹体研究

介绍了四川省平武县产出的绿柱石晶体中流体包裹体的均一温度和激光拉曼光谱分析结果，探讨了绿柱石形成时的物理化学条件。研究表明绿柱石矿床属气成－热液成因，包裹体类型以气液流体包裹体为主，还有含方解石子晶的流体包裹体。绿柱石的形成温度较宽，最佳温度为275－300℃，成矿压力86MPa左右，绿柱石形成时体系中的CO2密度较高，ρ（CO2）＝0.662g/cm^3,成矿流体的盐度较低，w(NaCl)约为6.191%。     

新疆海蓝宝石中包裹体特征,形成条件和鉴别专属性

新疆海蓝宝石产于阿勒泰可可托海花岗伟晶岩脉之中,呈海蓝宝石的绿柱石中分多种类型的流体包裹体,其中以熔体－气液流体和ＣＯ２＋Ｈ２Ｏ不不昆溶体包裹体类型为特征。流体包裹体捕获得的温度从大于７００℃逐渐降低到２００℃左右,捕获压力从大于３００ＭＰａ也递减到２００～１００ＭＰａ。流体包裹体形成的热力学条件为合成宝石提供了实验数值依据,流体包裹体特殊的组合类型和标志牲以及一定的热力涫参数数值是分本区和其它产     

新疆阿尔泰库威伟晶岩中绿柱石形成的物理化学条件

本文利用包裹体研究探讨了新疆阿尔泰库威伟晶岩中绿柱石形成时的物理化学条件。绿柱石中包裹体类型主要有二类：含硅酸盐子晶流体包裹体和不含硅酸盐子晶气液流体包裹体。含硅酸盐子晶流体包裹体代表岩浆－热液过渡阶段时的一种超临界流体相。结合显微镜观察和含硅酸盐子晶流体包裹体喇曼探针成分测定，得出绿柱石形成时体系中二氧化碳密度较高，ρｃｏ２＝０．６８￣０－．９６ｇ／ｃｍ＾３；盐度很低，ＮａＣｌ（ｗｔ％）＝３．２     

中国不同类型铍矿床中绿柱石流体包裹体特征研究

采用偏光显微镜薄片观察、激光拉曼成分分析等方法, 对伟晶岩型和岩浆热液型铍矿床中绿柱石的流体包裹体进行了岩相学观察和成分分析。结果表明, 绿柱石中原生流体包裹体形态多样, 常孤立或成群沿晶体生长带定向分布, 大小从5~80 μm不等。流体包裹体类型以富液相型气液两相包裹体最常见, 其次为含液相CO2的三相包裹体和含子矿物多相包裹体, 偶见固体包裹体和熔融包裹体。其中, 伟晶岩型绿柱石中包裹体数量和种类更为丰富, 常见含子晶多相包裹体和气液包裹体共存, 岩浆热液型绿柱石中包裹体则相对较少, 可见熔融包裹体与富液相CO2流体包裹体共存。流体包裹体气相成分主要以CO2和N2为主, 液相主要为H2O和CO2以及CO2– 3、HCO– 3等离子。伟晶岩型绿柱石中常见含石英、云母、钠长石等子矿物的多相包裹体, 由伟晶岩中晶体快速结晶形成; 岩浆热液型绿柱石中的有机质气体更丰富, 与氧化剂Al2O3活度较低而形成相对还原环境有关。富含CO2、H2O成分的流体更有利于绿柱石的形成。结合流体包裹体的生成机制, 认为岩浆热液型绿柱石形成于岩浆演化晚期的热液阶段, 伟晶岩型绿柱石形成于岩浆-热液过渡→热液阶段, 绿柱石的形成机制为岩浆的结晶分异和液态不混溶作用。     

新疆绿柱石(祖母绿)包裹体矿物学及成矿地质条件研究

新疆发现优质绿柱石(祖母绿)受到了国内外学者的高度关注。本文主要对新疆绿柱石(祖母绿)矿的包裹体矿物学及成矿地质条件进行研究,发现流体包裹体主要有2种类型:A型,两相盐水溶液包裹体;B型,三相盐水包裹体(含子矿物)。流体包裹体均一温度变化范围为:270～500℃,主要集中在300～480℃,最高峰值为500℃,属中高温度流体。流体包裹体盐度变化范围为:18%～60%,主要集中在20%～50%,最高峰值为60%,属中高盐度流体。成矿流体密度为0.95 g/cm3。成矿流体的压力约为65 MPa,确定新疆绿柱石矿床类型为中高温气成-热液型。     

我国红宝石、蓝宝石及其包裹体

我国红宝石和蓝宝石矿床有岩浆型、接触变质型、伟晶岩和砂矿等,岩浆型为主要矿床类型。红宝石以玫瑰红为主,血红色少见;粒度一般为5mm±。蓝宝石为靛蓝色,墨水蓝罕见;粒度一般5～50mm。两者莫氏硬度为9±0.1,比重4±0.1。宝石中有晶质包裹体、熔融包裹体、流体包裹体、含子矿物多相包裹体、CH包裹体。岩浆型和接触变质型宝石中包裹体均一温度≥1380℃,压力(1～24)×10~8Pa。根据包裹体信息指出:指纹包裹体及其中CH包裹体是天然宝石的鉴别标志。宝石的颜色与亲铁元素及CH包裹体有关。星光宝石与六面针包裹体有关。     

有机包裹体在油气运移研究中的应用综述

系统总结了有机包裹体在研究油气运移时间、通道、方向、期次等方面的最新成果 ,介绍了近年来有机包裹体成分在确定油气来源、运移期次方面所取得的进展 ,并对存在的主要问题和发展趋势作了评述。     

Pressure-temperature-fluid constraints for the Emmaville-Torrington emerald deposit, New South Wales, Australia: Fluid inclusion and stable isotope studies

The Emmaville-Torrington emeralds were first discovered in 1890 in quartz veins hosted within a Permian metasedimentary sequence, consisting of meta-siltstones, slates and quartzites intruded by pegmatite and aplite veins from the Moule Granite. The emerald deposit genesis is consistent with a typical granite-related emerald vein system. Emeralds from these veins display colour zonation alternating between emerald and clear beryl. Two fluid inclusion types are identified: three-phase (brine+vapour+halite) and two-phase (vapour+liquid) fluid inclusions. Fluid inclusion studies indicate the emeralds were precipitated from saline fluids ranging from approximately 33 mass percent NaCl equivalent. Formational pressures and temperatures of 350 to 400 °C and approximately 150 to 250 bars were derived from fluid inclusion and petrographic studies that also indicate emerald and beryl precipitation respectively from the liquid and vapour portions of a two-phase (boiling) system. The distinct colour zonations observed in the emerald from these deposits is the first recorded emerald locality which shows evidence of colour variation as a function of boiling. The primary three-phase and primary two-phase FITs are consistent with alternating chromium-rich ??striped?? colour banding. Alternating emerald zones with colourless beryl are due to chromium and vanadium partitioning in the liquid portion of the boiling system. The chemical variations observed at Emmaville-Torrington are similar to other colour zoned emeralds from other localities worldwide likely precipitated from a boiling system as well.     

四川平武富碱型绿柱石晶体的晶格缺陷与生长机制

在低饱和度，碱性，气成一热液条件下形成的四川平武绿柱石宝石晶体，具有特征的扁平板状几何外形，在绿柱石晶体的{0001},{1010},{1121}面上，普遍发育螺旋位错，束合螺旋位错，层错及接触双晶，它们共同构成了绿柱石晶体生长的主要台阶源，微分干涉显微镜，扫描电镜和透射电镜研究结果证实，由填隙变形，位错滑移和水解弱化等综合作用，直接导致绿柱石硅氧四面体六方环结构和铍氧四面体 结构的局部畸变，并相应引起多面体体积，化学键力，键合能及晶面的法向生长速率发生变化，从而决定了该区绿柱石晶体生长的形 态，由绿柱石晶体中的线缺陷（螺旋位错），而缺陷（层错，双晶）及点缺陷（空位，包裹体）的协同作用，是导致四川平武扁平板状绿柱石晶体形成的主要原因。     

四川雪宝顶钨锡铍矿床流体包裹体研究及其意义

四川雪宝顶钨锡铍矿床产于花岗岩体与三叠系地层大理岩的接触带,赋矿石英脉受大理岩中的劈理破碎带控制。绿柱石与白钨矿中的包裹体可分为熔融包裹体、流体熔融包裹体和流体包裹体3类。流体包裹体又可分为H2O包裹体、CO2包裹体和CO2-H2O包裹体,其中,绿柱石中以富含CO2-H2O包裹体为显著特征。加热时,富H2O相CO2-H2O包裹体完全均一至H2O相,富CO2相CO2-H2O包裹体完全均一至CO2相,而二者的完全均一温度和均一压力一致,表明它们是同期捕获的CO2-低盐水不混溶包裹体组合。与绿柱石相比,白钨矿中CO2-H2O包裹体数量明显减少,H2O包裹体数量增多,成矿压力与成矿温度均有所降低。含CO2流体在花岗岩体与大理岩接触带附近发生流体不混溶和相分离,CO2的出溶使成矿流体中pH值升高,f(O2)降低,导致钨的溶解度降低而沉淀,这是形成白钨矿的主要原因。     

Mineralogical and geochemical investigation of emerald and beryl mineralisation,Pan-African belt of Egypt: genetic and exploration aspects

Mineralogical, geochemical and fluid inclusion studies reveal two favorable environments for the localisation of beryl mineralisations in the Precambrian rocks of Egypt: (1) emerald-schist; and (2) beryl-specialised granitoid associations. Emerald occurs within the mica schists and is typically confined to the Nugrus major shear zone. However, beryl associated with granitoids occurs in pegmatite veins, greisen bodies, and cassiterite quartz veins cutting the granites and the exocontacts of the volcanosedimentary country rocks.Compositionally, emerald is of octahedral type and its cell edge is lengthened along the a-axis, while beryl associated with granitoids is normal in composition and structural constants. Emerald is thought to be formed as the result of epitactic nucleation of Be, Al and alkali-rich solutions on the mica of the schist country rocks. Fluid inclusion studies show that the solutions are saline (8–22 wt% NaCl equiv.) and the reactions proceeded in the temperature range 260–382°C. On the other hand, aqueous inclusions in beryl associated with granitoids show the following sequence of formation with decreasing temperatures and salinities: beryl pegmatite (320–480°C and 7–16 wt% NaCl equiv.)→greisen bodies (190–400°C and 4–7 wt% NaCl equiv.)→cassiterite-quartz veins (190–380°C and 2–4 wt% NaCk equiv.).This study suggests that factors such as the chemistry of the Be-bearing fluids (rather than that of the bulk host schists) and syn-tectonic intrusions of leucogranites and pegmatites (Bederiving sources) along major ductile shear zones are the important factors controlling emerald formation. However, the endogreisens and exogreisens are the most important targets characterising the metasomatically- and magmatically-specialised, Be-granitoids, respectively. The aqueous inclusions examined in greisen beryls of metasomatised granites show a shorter range of homogenisation temperatures (260–390°C) and salinities(4.8-7 wt% NaCl equiv.) as compared to those of magmatically-specialised granitoids (190–400°C and 4–7 wt% NaCl equiv.). This phenomenon can be partly attributed to the late development of the fracture system during the crystallisation history of the metasomatised granites, where little or no contribution from meteoric waters occurred.     

四川平武板状绿柱石矿物学特征及板状成因

在综合该区绿柱石产出背景的基础上,从围岩蚀变、矿物共生组合、矿物标型形态和绿柱石测温测压等方面确定平武绿柱石矿床是气成高温浅成石英脉型矿床。文中对绿柱石矿物进行了湿法化学分析、X射线粉晶衍射分析、微形貌分析,研究了该区绿柱石的形态、物性、化学成分及类质同象特征,确定该区绿柱石为板状晶形的含铯钠锂绿柱石,碱金属平均质量分数为2.412%(Li2O+Na2O+K2O+ Rb2O+Cs2O)。板状含碱绿柱石一般发育在伟晶岩中,气成高温热液矿床中产出板状含碱绿柱石极为罕见。在以上工作基础上,从绿柱石形成的内因和外因两方面探讨了绿柱石的板状成因。     

板状绿柱石晶体的结构测定

自然界中绿柱石晶体多为柱状,具板状晶形的绿柱石非常少见。本文对产于四川雪宝顶云英岩晶洞中的无色透明板状绿柱石进行了精确的结构分析,并与产于阿尔泰山号伟晶岩脉中的柱状绿柱石进行了比较。与阿尔泰柱状绿柱石相比,雪面板状绿石富Ｌi、Ｎａ,ｃ／ａ值较高,为１．００１,属钠－锂绿柱石或“四面体”绿柱石。本文还对这种特殊形貌柱石的形成机制进行了初步讨论,成矿流体中Ｌi的浓度以及Ｓi的化学形态可能是影响柱石忻驳闹     

Blue, complexly zoned, (Na,Mg,Fe,Li)-rich beryl from quartz-calcite veins in low-grade metamorphosed Fe-deposit Sk��ly near Ryma?ov, Czech Republic

Syn-tectonic quartz-calcite veins containing blue beryl are enclosed in hematite > magnetite-rich portions of the low-grade metamorphosed Fe-deposit Skály near Ryma?ov, Czech Republic. Aggregates of pale to deep blue beryl, up to 2?cm in diameter, are associated with euclase, clinochlore, hematite, albite and dravite. Complexly zoned beryl crystals consist of skeletal aggregates of beryl I randomly distributed within volumetrically dominant beryl II with narrow rims of beryl III. All types of beryl have similar contents of Na (0.32?C0.49 apfu) and Mg (0.31?C0.41 apfu) but variable contents of Fe_tot (0.05?C0.34 apfu) and Al (1.20?C1.62 apfu). The LA-ICP-MS study yielded elevated contents of Li, up 1,314?ppm (0.28?wt.% Li₂O) in beryl I. The quartz-calcite veins represent an unusual type of low-T metamorphic-hydrothermal vein related to Fe-ore deposit characterized by single-stage fracturing and mobilization in a closed system at T~200?C300°C and CO ₃ ^2- as a major complexing agent for the mobility of Be.     

四川平武雪宝顶绿柱石的振动光谱

自然界中绿柱石晶体多为柱状,具板状晶形的绿柱石非常少见。对产 于四川雪宝顶 云英岩晶洞中的无色透明板状绿柱石及产于雪宝顶蒲口坡石英脉中的绿柱石进行了红外和拉 曼光谱分析,并与产于阿尔泰三号伟晶岩脉中的柱状绿柱石进行了比较。雪宝顶两个绿柱 石的结构通道中的水以II型水为主,而阿尔泰绿柱石结构通道中的水以I型水为主。雪宝顶 绿柱石中Li对Be的替换也对它的红外及拉曼光谱造成了影响。     

EPR investigation of NO2 and CO2 − and other radicals in beryl

A number of different impurities are located in the open channels of natural beryl crystals. The rare Maxixe beryl contains an unusual amount of NO₂. The isoelectronic CO₂ ⁻ radical is found in the irradiated Maxixe-type beryl. The NO₂ radicals are distributed in the Be–Al plane of the crystal, with the nitrogen atom close to the oxygens of the beryl cavity wall. These oxygens repel the negative CO₂ ⁻ radical, which is located at the center of the beryl cavity and rotates around its O–O axis, which is parallel to the crystal c-axis. When there is a nearby alkali ion at the center of the beryl channel, it reorients the CO₂ ⁻ radical so that its bisector is parallel to the c-axis and points toward the positive ion. Different signals are analyzed for Li⁺, Na⁺, and another counter-ion, which probably is Cs⁺. The related NO₃ and CO₃ ⁻ radicals are the color centers in the investigated deep blue beryls. The slow decay of the color, which makes these beryls useless as gem stones, is related to the decay of the hydrogen atoms which are present in these crystals. Evidence is given that NO₃ is created in Maxixe beryl by a natural process, while CO₃ ⁻ in Maxixe-type beryl has been created by irradiation. The temperature dependence of the EPR signals of these two radicals was investigated, but a definitive proof that they rotate at the center of the beryl cavity could not be given. EPR signals from some other radicals in beryl have been observed and described.