气象保健、气象治疗与保健舱

气象条件对人类的健康与疾病有着明显的影响。如流行性感冒、心脑血管疾病和风湿性关节炎等发病率与天气变化有密切的关系。这类疾病通常称为气象疾病。恶劣的气象条件会破坏人体的健康状况,带来疾病;适宜的气象条件能保持人体的健康状态,促进机体新陈代谢,增强免疫能力,达到治病、保健的效果。在人类生存环境日益恶化的今天,我们一方面要努力改善、保护大的生态环境,另一方面制作一套人造生活、疗养保健的小气候环境也是简易可行的。为此,设计了一个由计算机自动控制多种气象条件的保健舱方案,如制成产品,推入市场,定能造福于人类。     

用经济-气候模型模拟粮食单产的方法探讨

综合考虑作物生育期内逐旬光、温、水气候条件的影响,通过SVD和EOF方法构建一个综合气候因子,结合经济资料建立吉林省经济-气候模型,并应用于吉林省粮食单产的模拟和年景评估。结果表明:综合气候因子对吉林省粮食单产的影响主要为正效应,经济-气候模型能对吉林省粮食单产和年景进行较好的评估。     

环境趋势和医学气象研究中的若干前沿科学问题

简要介绍了当前全球气候、环境变化趋势下,大气环境和气象医学研究中的若干前沿科学问题,包括环境毒理学、空气污染对人体健康的损害、城市小气候与人体健康、气象病、医学气象预报以及气候变化与人体健康等方面的研究进展。       

气温、气压对脑梗塞患者血液流变的影响

为了观察气候因素对脑梗塞的影响,分析了遵化地区一年四季气温、气压与脑梗塞血流变的关系,并进行相关分析,推导出回归方程。结果表明：气温、气压与脑梗塞患者全血粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞电泳时间明显相关。随着气温、气压的变化,全血高切粘度、低切粘度、红细胞电泳呈现明显波动性,为不同季节脑梗塞的治疗提供了科学依据。     

天气变化影响人体健康的信息与预报

为探讨天气变化与人类健康的关系,预报影响人体健康的疾病信息,在统计天气变化与慢性疾病发病关系的基础上,推导出了日平均气温与哮喘、癌症、脑血管疾病、呼吸系统疾病四种疾病的数学表达式。结合利用业务预报的气温要素值与天气形势,对影响人体健康的天气信息作出预报,并通过“221”等声讯媒体服务于首都百姓。这一实践结果表明,天气变化影响人体健康的信息与预报的问世,为北京地区的群众防病和提高健康水平发挥了一定的作用。     

全球环境变化与人体健康

以全球增暖为标志的全球环境变化已经出现。这一变化对人体健康和人类社会的生存和未来发展将产生极为重大的影响。人类自身活动是引起全球环境变化的一个最为活跃的因子。但是,对人类活动,包括个人和社会集体行为,对全球环境变化的影响和机制,全球环境变化又是怎样反作用于人类社会,以及人类如何适应未来全球环境变化等问题研究甚少。由于人体健康直接关系到每个人,“环境变化与人体健康问题”应该作为全球环境变化研究中的研究核心之一,应加强社会科学界、环境科学界和医学界之间的合作研究。同时,应积极开展国际合作,加大研究成果的宣传力度,增强全民环保意识。       

城市的大气构造、环境污染和人类健康

利用城市区域大气空间分布和大气污染以及健康状况资料,分析了城市区域风的状况和大气污染的时间变化、地域变化及其对城市人们健康的影响,得出目前城市区域不断扩大,所引起的大气空间结构改变,导致了大气环境的不断恶化已对生活在其中的人们产生了不可忽视的影响。结果可为城市区域的医疗保健、污染防治提供参考。       

遵循生态学原理防治地方性氟中毒

依据宁夏环境地质、气候条件、水氟含量、营养状况等诸多因素,分析了地方性氟中毒的流行特征。在回顾地方性氟病防治研究进展基础上,指出只探求毒理剂量的氟引起机体微观变化,缺乏多学科间交叉印证,难以进一步阐明发病机理。应遵循生态学原理,从环境与人类关系的作用、反作用和相互作用出发,采取相应的治本、干预、抗氟的防治措施,可取得标本兼治的效果。       

阆中古城旅游与气象气候相关性分析

利用1981—2016年阆中气象资料通过计算影响阆中古城旅游的气象、气候因子,建立了适合阆中的旅游气候综合舒适度指数模型。并利用模型对阆中气候综合舒适度进行了评价,划分出其等级和适宜旅游期。以2013—2015年阆中古城客流量月指数为依据,通过OLS回归分析建立数学模型对阆中古城年内月客流量变化与旅游气候综合舒适度的相关性进行分析。结果显示:阆中旅游属于春秋两季适宜型气候,2—6月和9—12月均适宜旅游,4—5月和9—10月为最适宜期,仅有1月和7—8月较不适宜出游,无不适宜期;年内月客流量变化主要受气象气候影响,各月气候综合舒适度的变化均对客流量的影响极其显著,客流量月指数受气候综合舒适度指数的影响弹性系数为0.9614%。     

变态反应疾病免疫功能和环境因素的关系

变态反应性疾病的“变态”是指机体免疫功能的变态、不正常,此病的病因有遗传因素、接触过敏物质,但最关键的是免疫功能不正常。变态反应疾病的特点为地区性、季节性,它的发病还与环境气候有明显关系。由于地区地理气候不同,花粉、霉菌、螨、昆虫、污染等的分布也不同;不同的季节、气候、环境有不同的花粉、霉菌、动植物、化学、物理的影响。许多原来机制不明、防治有困难的疾病,经研究发现与机体免疫功能有关,经从免疫入手治疗取得以前得不到的可喜疗效。调节免疫功能药物将成为一类重要的药物。     

Climatic change impacts on the ecohydrology of Mediterranean watersheds

Impact of climate change on ecohydrologic processes of Mediterranean watersheds are significant and require quick action toward improving adaptation and management of fragile system. Increase in water shortages and land use can alter the water balance and ecological health of the watershed systems. Intensification of land use, increase in water abstraction, and decline in water quality can be enhanced by changes in temperature and precipitation regimes. Ecohydrologic changes from climatic impacts alter runoff, evapotranspiration, surface storage, and soil moisture that directly affect biota and habitat of the region. This paper reviews expected impacts of climatic change on the ecohydrology of watershed systems of the Mediterranean and identifies adaptation strategies to increase the resilience of the systems. A spatial assessment of changes in temperature and precipitation estimates from a multimodel ensemble is used to identify potential climatic impacts on watershed systems. This is augmented with literature on ecohydrologic impacts in watershed systems of the region. Hydrologic implications are discussed through the lens of geographic distribution and upstream-downstream dynamics in watershed systems. Specific implications of climatic change studied are on runoff, evapotranspiration, soil moisture, lake levels, water quality, habitat, species distribution, biodiversity, and economic status of countries. It is observed that climatic change can have significant impacts on the ecohydrologic processes in the Mediterranean watersheds. Vulnerability varied depending on the geography, landscape characteristics, and human activities in a watershed. Increasing the resilience of watershed systems can be an effective strategy to adapt to climatic impacts. Several strategies are identified that can increase the resilience of the watersheds to climatic and land use change stress. Understanding the ecohydrologic processes is vital to development of effective long-term strategies to improve the resilience of watersheds. There is need for further research into ecohydrologic dynamics at multiple scales, improved resolution of climatic predictions to local scales, and implications of disruptions on regional economies.     

Health and climatic hazards: Framing social research on vulnerability,response and adaptation

Floods, windstorms, drought and wildfires have major implications for human health. To date, conceptual advances in analysis of vulnerability and adaptation to climatic hazards from the environmental and social sciences have not been widely applied in terms of health, though key progress is being made particularly in relation to climate change. This paper seeks to take this conceptual grounding further, examining how key themes relate to health concerns, exploring connections with existing health literatures, and developing an organising framework to aid analysis of how vulnerability to health impacts varies within society and how actors make decisions and take action in relation to climatic hazards and health. Social science research on this theme is challenging in part because of the complex mechanisms that link hazard events to health outcomes, and the many-layered factors that shape differential vulnerability and response within changing societal and environmental contexts (including the dual effect of hazards on human health and health systems, and the combination of ‘external’, ‘personal’ and ‘internal’ elements of vulnerability). Tracing a ‘health impact pathway’ from hazard event through health risk effects to health outcomes can provide a research tool with which to map out where the different factors that contribute to vulnerability/coping capacity come into effect.     

植被对云南气候要素影响的敏感性试验

利用MM5模式对云南两个具有代表性的强降水过程进行高分辨率模拟,通过下垫面植被的敏感性试验,考察云南气候要素(降水、温度、湿度、风等)对下垫面植被状况的敏感性,从而达到了解自然环境及人类活动在云南天气、气候及气候变化中的作用与影响,以期提高对未来天气、气候变化、环境变化及其对人类社会发展影响的预测和评估能力。试验结果表明,下垫面植被状况的改变对云南气候要素值的影响非常明显,这种影响一般在近地面至700 hPa之间;下垫面植被覆盖率的锐减,使云南降水范围、降水量、空气湿度急剧减小,温度、风力、蒸发能力、干旱指数迅速增大,加剧了云南的干旱化和沙漠化,最终将导致云南的天气气候和环境生态系统偏离本来的平衡状态和演变过程。但下垫面植被状况的改变对降水中心、冷(暖)中心、干(湿)中心位置影响不大。     

气候变化与可持续发展之间的关系

气候变化是人类社会所面临的一个巨大挑战。本文回顾了从气候变化到可持续发展的认识过程,并从经济、社会和环境角度验证了气候变化与可持续发展的关系。纵观政府间气候变化委员会报告的评估内容以及国际气候谈判的发展历程,国际社会已经认识到走可持续发展道路是解决气候变化问题惟一有效的途径。     

Securing Indigenous politics: A critique of the vulnerability and adaptation approach to the human dimensions of climate change in the Canadian Arctic

Over the past decade research examining the human dimensions of climatic change in the Arctic has expanded significantly and has become the dominant framework through which the relations between northern peoples and climatic change are understood by scholars, policy makers, political leaders, and the media. This paper critically examines the assumptions, exclusions, and orientations that characterize this broad literature, and suggests revising and expanding the terms upon which it is carried out. It focuses in particular on the exclusion of colonialism from the study of human vulnerability and adaptation to climatic change, the framing of Indigenous peoples and communities in terms of the local and the traditional, and the ways in which efforts to improve the lives of northern Indigenous peoples risk perpetuating colonial relations. The paper argues that these exclusions and orientations lead scholars to systematically overlook the immense importance of resource extraction and shipping as human dimensions of climatic change in the Canadian Arctic, and it examines the implications of such oversights.     

Adaptation in Canadian Agriculture to Climatic Variability and Change

The effects of climatic variability and change on Canadian agriculture have become an important research field since the early 1980s. In this paper, we seek to synthesize this research, focusing on agricultural adaptation, a purposeful proactive or reactive response to changes associated with climate, and influenced by many factors. A distinctive feature of methods used in research on adaptation in Canadian agriculture is the focus on the important role of human agency. Many individual farmers perceive they are well adapted to climate, because of their extensive 'technological' tool-kit, giving them confidence in dealing with climatic change. In many regions, little concern is expressed over climatic change, except where there are particular types of climatic vulnerability. Farmers respond to biophysical factors, including climate, as they interact with a complex of human factors. Several of these, notably institutional and political ones, have tended to diminish the farm-level risks stemming from climatic variability and change, but may well increase the long term vulnerability of Canadian agriculture. Notwithstanding the technological and management adaptation measures available to producers, Canadian agriculture remains vulnerable to climatic variability and to climate change.     

ESSP框架下几种灾害的研究进展——2006年地球系统科学联盟(ESSP)全球环境变化科学大会综述

简要介绍了2006年11月9—11日在北京召开的地球系统科学联盟(ESSP)全球环境变化科学大会的基本内容,着重论述了全球环境变化背景下,海平面上升、城市疾病灾害、非洲的灾害以及灾害风险评估与管理等当前灾害研究热点领域的最新进展。从大会与灾害相关分会场的讨论内容可以看出,未来国际灾害研究关注的重点问题包括:理解和研究气候变化,以及气候与生态系统和人类社会之间的相互影响;加强对决定沿海系统脆弱性因素的评估,开展避免和减轻海平面上升影响的适应性研究;推进全球环境变化对人类健康影响途径和机制的深入研究;区域食物安全和饥荒依然是全球环境变化背景下非洲发展的重要议题;增强国际社会开展灾害风险评估、灾害预警、应急和恢复等风险管理方面的研究,探讨利用灾害制图、GIS和GPS等技术,对灾害多发地区,特别是沿海地区的灾害影响与损失进行评估。     

Potential Impact of Climatic Change on Tropical Rain Forest Seedlings and Forest Regeneration

Tropical rain forests are dynamic and continually regenerating by growth of seedlings up from the forest floor into canopy gaps that form on a cycle of usually a century of more in length. Changes in seedling establishment, survival, and release in gaps could thus change canopy species composition for a long time. Of likely climatic changes, evidence is presented that cyclone occurrence and increased rainfall seasonality could have important effects on seedling ecology. These forests and their species have lived through big Pleistocene and Holocene climatic changes, but today they are fragmented by human impact and so have less resilience to future climatic change. Management to accommodate climatic change should aim to reduce fragmentation and also canopy opening during logging operations. These are the same practices as advocated for biodiversity conservation. Tropical seasonal forests are also likely to be altered by expected climatic change, and also mainly at their regeneration stage.     

全球气候变化背景下的西北地区生态环境建设、可持续发展

本文通过对西北地区气候与生态环境、可持续发展的调查研究，提出我国应高度重视全球气候变化的影响，要在气候变化的背景下，通过人类的有序活动促进我国生态环境建设和经济社会的可持续发展，实现人和自然的和谐共存。     

以科学发展观为指导，积极应对气候变化

气候变化已经对全球生态、环境、经济和社会可持续发展以及外交和国家安全产生极大影响,引起各国政府、公众和学术界的极大关注。气候变化关系人类的生存和发展,应对气候变化实现可持续发展具有重要性和紧迫性。我们要以科学发展观为指导,把握好共同但有区别的责任,积极应对气候变化。