气象保健、气象治疗与保健舱

气象条件对人类的健康与疾病有着明显的影响。如流行性感冒、心脑血管疾病和风湿性关节炎等发病率与天气变化有密切的关系。这类疾病通常称为气象疾病。恶劣的气象条件会破坏人体的健康状况,带来疾病;适宜的气象条件能保持人体的健康状态,促进机体新陈代谢,增强免疫能力,达到治病、保健的效果。在人类生存环境日益恶化的今天,我们一方面要努力改善、保护大的生态环境,另一方面制作一套人造生活、疗养保健的小气候环境也是简易可行的。为此,设计了一个由计算机自动控制多种气象条件的保健舱方案,如制成产品,推入市场,定能造福于人类。     

遵循生态学原理防治地方性氟中毒

依据宁夏环境地质、气候条件、水氟含量、营养状况等诸多因素,分析了地方性氟中毒的流行特征。在回顾地方性氟病防治研究进展基础上,指出只探求毒理剂量的氟引起机体微观变化,缺乏多学科间交叉印证,难以进一步阐明发病机理。应遵循生态学原理,从环境与人类关系的作用、反作用和相互作用出发,采取相应的治本、干预、抗氟的防治措施,可取得标本兼治的效果。       

气温、气压对脑梗塞患者血液流变的影响

为了观察气候因素对脑梗塞的影响,分析了遵化地区一年四季气温、气压与脑梗塞血流变的关系,并进行相关分析,推导出回归方程。结果表明：气温、气压与脑梗塞患者全血粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞电泳时间明显相关。随着气温、气压的变化,全血高切粘度、低切粘度、红细胞电泳呈现明显波动性,为不同季节脑梗塞的治疗提供了科学依据。     

天气、气候变化与心、脑血管疾病死亡

通过对卫生部统计信息中心1987～1996年北京地区各类疾病死亡资料的详尽分析,结合同期的天气、气候资料,研究发现：（1）心、脑血管疾病是北京地区死亡率最高的疾病之一,其死亡率随人口年龄段增长显著增加,且男性死亡率大于女性死亡率,70～74岁年龄段为死亡高峰;（2）中、老年人的心、脑血管疾病死亡率有明显年际变化,其年际变化与同期的年平均气温变化有显著的反相关关系;（3）心血管疾病的诱发与冷锋、寒潮前等低值天气系统的出现有密切的关系。     

环境趋势和医学气象研究中的若干前沿科学问题

简要介绍了当前全球气候、环境变化趋势下,大气环境和气象医学研究中的若干前沿科学问题,包括环境毒理学、空气污染对人体健康的损害、城市小气候与人体健康、气象病、医学气象预报以及气候变化与人体健康等方面的研究进展。       

气候变化对人体健康影响的综合指标探讨

气候变化,即气温、湿度、气压、风、太阳辐射、大气化学物质等各种气候因子的变化, 皆能引起人体生理和心理的反应。综合考虑各个气候因子的影响程度、变化机理,得出一种能反映气候的变化与人体健康之间的关系综合指标,这对于气候和环境的变化对人类健康影响的分析研究有重要意义。       

从“万有升降周期论”探讨环境趋势与人类生存

根据“万有升降周期论”,对环境趋势与人类生存有关的一些重大问题进行了预测和探讨。“万有升降周期论”认为,宇宙中万事万物的变化规律是升降再升的周期性变化,各种事物的周期长短不同,大周期中包含着小周期,小周期中包含着更小的周期,层次无穷;升降的基本形态有4种,即正弦形、对数指数形、圆锥形、正态形;事物处在不同层次的周期、不同形态的升降中,相互影响,形成复杂而相对稳定的多彩世界。具体讨论了地球温度的升高、月球与人类生存、天体运行与人类健康,并提出了一些预测性的意见。       

北京地区1～4天花粉浓度预报的应用研究

漂浮在大气低层的植物花粉颗粒,可引发花粉过敏人群的免疫变态反应,也是一种常见病多发病,随着城市绿化系数的增大,近年来有加剧的趋势。使用北京市城区及周边郊县共计7个站点,1999—2005年度(3月1日至9月30日)逐日大气底层花粉实测浓度和同步地面气象资料,应用正交筛选回归方法,建立了不同站点1～4天花粉浓度的预报模式(均通过了F_a=0.01的F统计检验),经业务试验,效果较好,可为首都医院的变态反应门诊及花粉过敏患者提供花粉预测和预防服务。     

气象因素对人体支气管炎发病影响的探讨

人类生物气象学是探索自然和人工环境下人类生活相适应的一门科学,并且通过研究气候及气象与人类疾病的关系和分析不同季节气候下发生的多发病,不同气候、气象条件对疾病过程的影响,疾病在不同气候地区的分布有着     

我国空气污染状况及其对人体健康的影响

为了解我国空气污染状况,收集了1991～1993年全国城市污染物浓度的资料,这些污染物包括二氧化硫、氮氧化物和悬浮颗粒物,分析指出我国某些地区污染物浓度比较大,各种污染物都有不同程度的超标,然后讨论制定污染指数及相应的对人体健康的影响。       

A linear projection for the timing of unprecedented climate in Korea

Recently we have had abnormal weather events worldwide that are attributed by climate scientists to the global warming induced by human activities. If the global warming continues in the future and such events occur more frequently and someday become normal, we will have an unprecedented climate. This study intends to answer when we will have an unprecedented warm climate, focusing more on the regional characteristics of the timing of unprecedented climate. Using an in-situ observational data from weather stations of annual-mean surface air temperature in Korea from 1973 to 2015, we estimate a timing of unprecedented climate with a linear regression method. Based on the in-situ data with statistically significant warming trends at 95% confidence level, an unprecedented climate in Korea is projected to occur first in Cheongju by 2043 and last in Haenam by 2168. This 125-year gap in the timing indicates that a regional difference in timing of unprecedented climate is considerably large in Korea. Despite the high sensitivity of linear estimation to the data period and resolution, our findings on the large regional difference in timing of unprecedented climate can give an insight into making policies for climate change mitigation and adaptation, not only for the central government but for provincial governments.     

Estimating the economic impacts of climate change on infectious diseases: a case study on dengue fever in Taiwan

Researchers of climate change have suggested that climate change and variability has a significant influence on the epidemiology of infectious diseases, particularly vector-borne diseases. The purpose of this study is to explore how climate conditions and the dengue fever epidemic in Taiwan are related and to estimate the economic impact of climate change on infectious diseases. To achieve these objectives, two different methods, one involving the Panel data model and the other the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), are applied in this study. At first, we use the Panel data model to assess the relationship between climate conditions and the number of people infected by dengue fever during the period from January 2000 to February 2006 in 308 cities and townships in the Taiwan. The results of the empirical estimation indicate that climate conditions have an increasingly significant impact on the probability of people being infected by dengue fever. The probability of being infected by dengue fever due to climate change is then calculated and is found to range from 12% to 43% to 87% which represent low, mid, and high probabilities of infection caused by climate change when the temperature is increased by 1.8°C. The respondent’s willingness to pay (WTP) is also investigated in the survey using the single-bounded dichotomous choice (SBDC) approach, and the results show that people would pay NT$724, NT$3,223 and NT$5,114 per year in order to avoid the increased probabilities of 12%, 43%, and 87%, respectively, of their being infected with dengue fever.     

‘Telling a different tale’: literary, historical and meteorological readings of a Norfolk heatwave

Articulated initially by physical scientists, the idea of anthropogenic global climate change has been subject to increasingly diverse examinations in recent years. The idea has been appropriated by economists, worked with by engineers and, more recently, scrutinised by social scientists and humanities scholars. Underlying these examinations are different, yet rarely exposed, presumptions about what kind of ??thing?? climate is: a physical abstraction, a statistical construct, an imaginative idea. If the ontological status of climate is rarely made explicit it becomes difficult to know whether the different epistemologies used to reveal climates ?? and their changing properties ?? are appropriate. This study offers one way in which the different worlds inhabited by the idea of climate may be revealed. It does so by examining a heatwave: a powerful meteorological phenomenon one would think and one which scientific accounts of climate change tell us will become more frequent in the future. The heatwave in question occurred in July 1900 in the county of Norfolk, England. This heatwave inhabits three very different worlds: the imaginative world of L P Hartley in his novel The Go Between; the historical world of late Victorian Norfolk; and the digital world of the climate sciences. The traces of the heatwave left in these different worlds are varied and access to them is uneven. Constructing an adequate interpretation of this singular climatic event and its meaning is challenging. The study suggests that grasping the idea of climate may be harder than we think. Climates may be ineffable. Yet the approach to the study of climate illustrated here opens up new ways of thinking about the meaning and significance of climate change.     

气候预测PS评分对业务影响

通过对中国气象局现行PS评分办法与理论PS评分的对比,发现现行评分办法对理论PS评分进行了两处修改。一处修改是扩大了预报正确的评定范围,但在PS评分办法实施后,在气候预测业务中,却出现了只预报2个等级的普遍现象,即在能获得高分的同时却降低了预报能力。另一处修改是按统一的要素距平划分等级,结果出现了预报对象的等级分布随着测站、月份变化而变化的现象。预报对象的等级分布是无技巧预报评分的决定因素,而预报技巧是由PS评分与无技巧预报评分之差决定的。在无技巧预报评分有差异的情况下,不同月份、不同区域之间的PS评分便失去了对比的基础。该文针对上述问题,对现行PS评分办法提出了修改建议。     

Resettlement and climate change vulnerability: Evidence from rural China

The literature on migration and climate change has become increasingly attuned to the role of climatic factors in already complex migration dynamics, and amid different kinds of mobility. However, to date little evidence has been provided of the relationship between resettlement and climate change, including the degree to which resettlement may shape the vulnerability of households or communities. In this article we ask: is there any evidence that resettlement may be a driver of vulnerability and if so, what factors make resettled households more vulnerable when compared to non-resettled households? These questions are considered with reference to new evidence drawn from a livelihoods-based vulnerability analysis in a drought-prone, poverty county in China’s Shanxi Province, which encompassed households involved in local poverty resettlement programs. Evidence of the characteristics of resettled households compared to non-resettled households shows that resettlement adversely impacts on the household asset base, particularly in terms of financial and natural capital. It may therefore be a driver of vulnerability. At a time when the Chinese government is repackaging resettlement as a climate change adaptation measure, this article provides evidence that resettlement as it is currently practiced has the potential to amplify rather than alleviate household vulnerability to climate change.     

A quantitative analysis of the causes of the global climate change research distribution

During the last decades of growing scientific, political and public attention to global climate change, it has become increasingly clear that the present and projected impacts from climate change, and the ability adapt to the these changes, are not evenly distributed across the globe. This paper investigates whether the need for knowledge on climate changes in the most vulnerable regions of the world is met by the supply of knowledge measured by scientific research publications from the last decade. A quantitative analysis of more than 15,000 scientific publications from 197 countries investigates the distribution of climate change research and the potential causes of this distribution. More than 13 explanatory variables representing vulnerability, geographical, demographical, economical and institutional indicators are included in the analysis. The results show that the supply of climate change knowledge is biased toward richer countries, which are more stable and less corrupt, have higher school enrolment and expenditures on research and development, emit more carbon and are less vulnerable to climate change. Similarly, the production of knowledge, analyzed by author affiliations, is skewed away from the poorer, fragile and more vulnerable regions of the world. A quantitative keywords analysis of all publications shows that different knowledge domains and research themes dominate across regions, reflecting the divergent global concerns in relation to climate change. In general, research on climate change in more developed countries tend to focus on mitigation aspects, while in developing countries issues of adaptation and human or social impacts (droughts and diseases) dominate. Based on these findings, this paper discusses the gap between the supply of and need for climate change knowledge, the potential causes and constraints behind the imbalanced distribution of knowledge, and its implications for adaptation and policymaking.     

云南1月降水异常的气候成因分析

在云南旱季降水稀少的气候背景下发生的异常旱涝气候事件是短期气候预测面临的难点之一。开展旱季降水异常的气候成因分析,对于提高气候预测准确率具有重要意义。1月是云南隆冬季节的主要时段,降水变化具有明显的偏态分布特征,年际波动非常显著。云南1月降水偏多年与偏少年大气环流有明显差异,500 hPa高度场上有四个区域位势高度与云南1月降水显著相关,中高纬的三个区域分别与斯堪的纳维亚(SCA)型遥相关的三个活动中心对应,低纬阿拉伯海的高度异常与孟加拉湾印缅槽活动有密切联系。当SCA为正(负)位相且阿拉伯海高度负(正)异常时云南1月降水偏少(多)。海洋上两个显著海温影响区域分别位于东南太平洋和北大西洋中西部,海温异常主要通过影响东亚和南亚地区的环流进而对云南1月降水产生影响。利用高度场和海温场的关键区域的数据分别合成高度场和海温场的组合序列,组合序列与云南1月降水有更高的相关性和更好的距平符号对应关系。在高度场和海温场组合序列的散点图上,近80%的年份位于第一和第三象限,这两个区域高度场和海温场的配置对云南1月降水作用一致,落区位置与降水距平符号对应关系很好;其余约20%的年份位于第二和第四象限,高度场和海温场的作用相反,落区位置与降水距平符号对应关系较差。     

1986-1989年中国气候异常的回顾

本文分析了1986—1989年中国气候的概况和异常特点。在这四年中全国干旱范围大,局部暴雨频繁,夏季主要雨带位于中国中部的江淮流域;冬季气温持续偏高。同时对气候异常的成因进行了分析和讨论。     

Temporal Variations of the Spring Persistent Rains and South China Sea Sub-high and Their Correlations to the Circulation and Precipitation of the East Asian Summer Monsoon

National Meteorological Information Center （NMIC） rainfall data and NCEP/NCAR daily circulation reanalysis data are employed to establish the onset-pentad time index of the spring persistent rains （SPR） and the decay-pentad time index of the South China Sea （SCS） sub-high. These indexes are used to study the relationship between the factors in SPR period and their relations to the circulation and precipitation of the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM）. Results show that, the summer rainfall over southeastern China decreases when SPR onset is late. For then EASM strengthens and the cyclonic circulation around the Tibetan Plateau （TP） strengthens, which makes abnormal anti-cyclonic circulation （cyclonic convergent circulation weakens） appear over southeastern China. When the decay of SCS sub-high delays, abnormal flood prevails over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River （MLYR） and to the south. That is mainly caused by EASM weakening while SCS sub-high strengthening, then the abnormal southwesterly over South China and the abnormal northerlies of anti-cyclonic circulation around the TP converge over the Yangtze Valley. The two indexes have high correlations with multivariate ENSO index （MEI） in March, indicating that the climate abnormity in East Asia is related to global climate abnormity tightly. The two time indexes are independent of each other, which is favorable for the prediction of the anomalies of the circulation and precipitation of EASM. From this point of view, we must take the global climate background into account when we analyze and predict the East Asian summer circulation and precipitation.     

气候恢复力及其在极端天气气候灾害管理中的应用

恢复力（resilience）一词自1973年进入生态学领域以来,在生态环境和自然资源管理以及社会经济可持续发展相关研究和实践中得到了广泛应用。随着人类对全球气候变化及其影响的认识不断加深,气候恢复力也逐渐成为应对气候变化的一个重要理念。本文首先系统阐述了气候恢复力概念的实质及与其密切相关的其他几个重要概念,然后在系统评估恢复力概念及其内涵的历史演变基础上,提出了一个实施气候恢复力建设的通用框架。尽管气候恢复力涉及行动主体的不同方面,而且还关系到不同部门和/或不同层次/尺度的优先选项,但希望此框架仍能对各部门、各尺度/层次的气候恢复力建设提供重要借鉴。最后以极端天气气候灾害管理为例,通过对英国皇家学会发布的《极端天气恢复力》报告进行述评,并对中国应对极端天气气候灾害的管理框架进行分析,进一步探讨了该框架的实用性。