气象保健、气象治疗与保健舱

气象条件对人类的健康与疾病有着明显的影响。如流行性感冒、心脑血管疾病和风湿性关节炎等发病率与天气变化有密切的关系。这类疾病通常称为气象疾病。恶劣的气象条件会破坏人体的健康状况,带来疾病;适宜的气象条件能保持人体的健康状态,促进机体新陈代谢,增强免疫能力,达到治病、保健的效果。在人类生存环境日益恶化的今天,我们一方面要努力改善、保护大的生态环境,另一方面制作一套人造生活、疗养保健的小气候环境也是简易可行的。为此,设计了一个由计算机自动控制多种气象条件的保健舱方案,如制成产品,推入市场,定能造福于人类。     

天气、气候变化与心、脑血管疾病死亡

通过对卫生部统计信息中心1987～1996年北京地区各类疾病死亡资料的详尽分析,结合同期的天气、气候资料,研究发现：（1）心、脑血管疾病是北京地区死亡率最高的疾病之一,其死亡率随人口年龄段增长显著增加,且男性死亡率大于女性死亡率,70～74岁年龄段为死亡高峰;（2）中、老年人的心、脑血管疾病死亡率有明显年际变化,其年际变化与同期的年平均气温变化有显著的反相关关系;（3）心血管疾病的诱发与冷锋、寒潮前等低值天气系统的出现有密切的关系。     

气候变化对人体健康影响的综合指标探讨

气候变化,即气温、湿度、气压、风、太阳辐射、大气化学物质等各种气候因子的变化, 皆能引起人体生理和心理的反应。综合考虑各个气候因子的影响程度、变化机理,得出一种能反映气候的变化与人体健康之间的关系综合指标,这对于气候和环境的变化对人类健康影响的分析研究有重要意义。       

探讨一项新的天气预报—健康预报

提出了天气预报中增加健康预报这项新内容，为气象服务产生更大的社会效益拓宽了新的领域。在研究人体对气象条件反应和人体疾病与天气条件的关系中，得出开健康预报的必要性的实用性。并从医疗从气象学的观点出发，反天气分为５种状态，对各种状态下健康预报的内容分别作了探讨，从而形成了健康预报的基本框架。     

探讨一项新的天气预报─—健康预报

提出了在天气预报中增加健康预报这项新内容，为气象服务产生更大的社会效益拓宽了新的领域。在研究人体对气象条件的反应和人体疾病与天气条件的关系中，得出开展健康预报的必要性和实用性．并从医疗气象学的观点出发，把天气分为５种状态，对各种状态下健康预报的内容分别作了探讨，从而形成了健康预报的基本框架。     

全球环境变化与人体健康

以全球增暖为标志的全球环境变化已经出现。这一变化对人体健康和人类社会的生存和未来发展将产生极为重大的影响。人类自身活动是引起全球环境变化的一个最为活跃的因子。但是,对人类活动,包括个人和社会集体行为,对全球环境变化的影响和机制,全球环境变化又是怎样反作用于人类社会,以及人类如何适应未来全球环境变化等问题研究甚少。由于人体健康直接关系到每个人,“环境变化与人体健康问题”应该作为全球环境变化研究中的研究核心之一,应加强社会科学界、环境科学界和医学界之间的合作研究。同时,应积极开展国际合作,加大研究成果的宣传力度,增强全民环保意识。       

“六淫”致病的科学性及定量标准探讨

《黄帝内经》将气象学中的风、寒、暑、湿、燥、火（热）6种气象现象的太过、不及或非时之候而影响人体病变的发生,又将人体疾病症候状况分成上述6种类似气象现象的类型统称“六淫”。前者为外感疾病病因分类,后者为症候分类。于是,“六淫”就 有了双重含义。对“六淫”的科学含义及其定量标准进行了探讨。     

近地面臭氧浓度变化及其对人体健康的可能影响

以北京和河北兴隆观测站地面O#-[3]观测资料为主,结合我国其它地区的观测资料,给出我国近地面臭氧日、逐日和季节变化特征以及与气象条件和前体物的关系,同时简要介绍过量臭氧浓度对人体健康的危害。     

环境趋势和医学气象研究中的若干前沿科学问题

简要介绍了当前全球气候、环境变化趋势下,大气环境和气象医学研究中的若干前沿科学问题,包括环境毒理学、空气污染对人体健康的损害、城市小气候与人体健康、气象病、医学气象预报以及气候变化与人体健康等方面的研究进展。       

我国空气污染状况及其对人体健康的影响

为了解我国空气污染状况,收集了1991～1993年全国城市污染物浓度的资料,这些污染物包括二氧化硫、氮氧化物和悬浮颗粒物,分析指出我国某些地区污染物浓度比较大,各种污染物都有不同程度的超标,然后讨论制定污染指数及相应的对人体健康的影响。       

河南省人体舒适度气候指数分析

以河南省24个站点1961 2005年近50 a气象资料为基础,利用人体舒适度气候指数评价模型,计算获得各点舒适度气候指数。在此基础上,分析了河南省人体舒适度的年变化特征和各季节空间分布规律、不同季节人体舒适度年际变化与温度变化的相关性、人体舒适度指数距平值的年际变化,以及不同地区体感"舒适"天数的年际变化。     

Relevance of thermal environment to human health: a case study of Ondo State, Nigeria

The interconnection between weather and climate and the performance, well-being, and human health cannot be overemphasized. The relationship between them is of both local and global significance. Information about weather, climate, and thermal environment is very important to human health and medical practitioners. The most crucial environmental information needed by medical practitioners and for maintaining human health, performance, and well-being are thermal conditions. The study used meteorological variables: air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, solar radiation, and RayMan model as an analytical tool to compute physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) in order to assess thermo-physiological thresholds in Ondo State. The study revealed that there are marked spatial and seasonal variations in the environmental thermal conditions in the study area. The results of physiologically equivalent temperature for different grades of thermal sensation and physiological stress on human beings indicate that about 60 % of the total study period (1998–2008) fall under physiological stress level of moderate heat stress (PET 31–36 °C). In derived savannah, 32.6 % out of the total study period was under strong heat stress. In view of this, the study concluded that Ondo State may likely be prone to heat-related ailments and that some of the death recorded in the State, in recent times, may be heat-related mortality, but this is difficult to ascertain because there is no postmortem records in Nigeria where it could be confirmed. This type of study is relevant to help government to improve health care interventions and achieve Millennium Development Goals in health sector.     

气温对呼吸和循环系统疾病影响及未来变化预估研究综述

随着全球气候变化的加剧,极端天气气候事件对相关人群健康的影响越发凸显。气温是气候变化的主要指标之一,也是影响人体健康关键的气象因素,呼吸和循环系统疾病作为主要的气象敏感性疾病,受气温的影响显著。本文通过梳理国内外气温对呼吸、循环系统疾病影响及未来随气候变化的风险预估等相关研究,探明了气温对诱发呼吸、循环系统疾病乃至死亡的共性和差异;适宜温度有利于降低呼吸、循环系统疾病的发病率,这为气候趋利的候鸟式旅居康养提供了理论依据。未来中国高温天气发生频次增加和强度增强,对老年人群及呼吸、循环系统疾病患者将产生更大影响。因此,候鸟式夏季避暑康养、有效降低其发病风险就显得更为重要。     

基于自动站观测资料的深圳城市热岛研究

利用103个自动站气温观测资料,对深圳的城市热岛现象进行了研究.分析表明:1)高速的城市化进程造成自动站周边下垫面属性的变化,对气温造成了显著影响,这种影响即使是在仅仅10年内也表现得较为明显.2)由于深圳地处海滨,深圳的近地层气温分布是海陆作用叠加城市热岛效应形成的结果.按照传统定义的深圳城市热岛,其空间分布在不同季...     

The impact of weather and climate on tourist demand: the case of Chester Zoo

Warmer, drier summer weather brought by global climate change should encourage use of outdoor leisure facilities. Yet few studies assess the effect of current weather and climate conditions upon visits to leisure attractions. Statistical time series models are used to analyse the short-run impact of weather and the long-run impact of climate upon visits to Chester Zoo, England. Temperature has a non-linear effect on visit levels. Daily visits rise with temperature up to a threshold around 21 °C. Thereafter visitor numbers drop on hot days. Visits are redistributed over time in accordance with the weather. Visitors discouraged by rainy weather one day turn up later when the weather improves. Otherwise, visitor behaviour is mainly influenced by the annual rhythm of the year and the pattern of public and school holidays. Out-of-sample tests suggest almost 70 % of the variation in visit levels can be explained by the combination of weather and time of year. Climate change is likely to redistribute visitors across the year. But it does not follow that “summer” visitor behaviour will transfer to spring and autumn. Day length, existing patterns of human activity and availability of leisure time constrain visit levels regardless of better weather. The main implication of potential climate change is the need for physical adaptation of the tourist environment as temperatures rise and rainfall diminishes in summer.     

沪宁高速公路路面温度变化特征及统计模型

使用2006年7月-2007年6月沪宁高速公路沿线梅村和仙人山站附近的逐分钟路面温度、气温、湿度、风向、风速、降水气象资料, 分析了梅村和仙人山不同季节和不同天气状况下路面温度的日变化特征。结果表明:不同季节路面温度和气温具有明显的日变化;日出至日落时段,路面温度与气温有较大差异。在此基础上,应用逐步回归方法建立了梅村和仙人山最高和最低路面温度统计模型, 得出最低路面温度模型模拟结果与实况的变化趋势接近,误差绝对值不超过2℃, 具有很好的实际应用价值; 而最高路面温度模型在一定程度上模拟结果偏差较大,实际应用中需进行适当修订。     

近10年我国医疗气象学研究现状及其展望

综述了近10年来国内有关医疗气象的研究,特别是介绍了前人在常见病（循环系统、消化系统和呼吸系统疾病）、传染病以及各种生物性病原（疾病媒介物、寄生虫、真菌、细菌等）与气象条件关系研究,未来气候变化对人体健康的可能影响以及气象部门在医疗气象方面的预报和服务,并对今后医疗气象的研究方向进行了展望。指出应进一步加强医疗与气象两个学科的全国性协作研究。研究各种气象因素对人体生理、病理及精神状态的影响和气候变化对人类健康的影响,加强气象灾害与疾病的关系及灾后防御措施的研究。     

Relationships between Synoptic Climatology and Atmospheric Pollution at 4 US Cities

Summary  An evaluation of the impacts of weather on pollution, specifically, ozone and total suspended particulates concentration for Summer, is examined in four cities in the U.S.: Birmingham, Cleveland, Philadelphia, and Seattle. These cities were selected because of their different climate regimes and their generally good pollutant and meteorological datasets. This paper uses a synoptic climatological approach, which combines a number of atmospheric factors, to better identify the relationships between atmospheric pollution and climatological conditions. Synoptic events represent holistic units of atmospheric conditions which commonly occur at a given locale, and possess specific weather and pollution characteristics. A number of weather variables, including temperature, are used in the development of a synoptic index, which can be used to identify synoptic events associated with specific pollution episodes. Results from the analysis illustrate that there is a substantial difference in pollution loads under different synoptic patterns, and that the cities do have substantially different relationships. Information from this study could be used to assist in the analysis of the differential impacts of weather and pollution upon human morbidity. Specific information as to the linkages between the synoptic weather patterns, pollution concentrations, and human health could be used in the development of weather/health watch-warning systems to alert the public that a synoptic episode is imminent. Received September 18, 1998     

Combining a weather generator and a standard sensitivity analysis method to quantify the relevance of weather variables on agrometeorological models outputs

Sensitivity analysis (SA) is increasingly used to explain models behaviour in response to inputs variation. Agrometeorologists are used to apply standard SA methods only on model parameters because of the difficulty of applying standard sampling techniques to derive series of weather data where each value cannot be sampled independently from those of the neighbouring days and from other variables in the same day. The impact of weather variability on a crop model was here analysed by coupling the Morris SA method to a weather generator. Spring barley in northern Italy was simulated and different outputs considered. Under the explored conditions, parameters involved with temperature generation resulted the most relevant in determining yield and maturity date. Radiation-related parameters were high-ranked for cumulated drainage and actual evapotranspiration. According to the author, this is the first time the sensitivity of a cropping system model to weather variables is quantified using standard SA techniques.     

Evaluation of the informativeness of several biometeorological indices for three areas of the European part of Russia

Presented is the review of the indices of weather condition comfort that are most frequently used in biometeorology. Described are practical and laboratory experiments carried out by the authors that helped deriving formulae for their computation as well as the limits of applicability of these indices. To assess the impact of changing weather conditions and their aggregate (biometeorological indices) on population health in different seasons, the data of medical statistics were used: on daily mortality of heart attacks in Murmansk (2001–2004), on daily mortality of coronary heart disease in Moscow (2007–2010), and on daily ambulance calls with the essential hypertension diagnosis in Kislovodsk (2006–2008). Determined are the indices having significant correlation with the data of medical statistics. Using the method of cross-correlation analysis of the daily series of ambulance calls and deaths, it was possible to identify the period of the response of the human organism with cardiovascular diseases to changing weather conditions during the warm and cold seasons.