浅谈自记纸浸墨的处理方法

自记纸在使用过程中,如出现浸墨现象,会严重影响观测记录。该文根据榕江县气象局自记纸浸墨原因进行分析,并采取“预防为主、补救为辅”的原则进行有效处理。     

CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS OF THE INDUCED OVERCURRENT GENERATED BY CLOSE TRIGGERED LIGHTNING ON THE OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION POWER

Techniques of artificially-triggered lightning have provided a significantly useful means to directly measure various physical parameters of lightning discharge and to conduct research on protection methods of lightning electromagnetic pulses. In this study, using capacitive and resistive dividers, current probes and optical fiber transmission devices, we measured and analyzed the induced overvoltage on the overhead transmission line and the overcurrent through Surge Protective Devices (SPD) when a lightning discharge was artificially triggered nearby on August 12, 2008 at Conghua Field Lightning Experiment Site. The triggered lightning discharge contained an initial current stage and eight return strokes whose peak currents ranged from 6.6kA to 26.4kA. We found that overcurrents through SPD were induced on the power line both during the initial continuous current stage and the return stroke processes. During the return strokes, the residual voltage and the current through the SPD lasted up to the ms (millisecond) range, and the overcurrents exhibited a mean waveform up to 22/69μs with a peak value of less than 2kA. Based on the observed data, simple calculations show that the corresponding single discharge energy was much greater than the values of the high voltage pulse generators commonly used in the experiments regulated for SPD. The SPD discharge current peak was not synchronous to that of the residual voltage with the former obviously lagging behind the latter. The SPD discharge current peak was well correlated with the triggered lightning current peak and the wave-front current gradient. The long duration of the SPD current is one of the major reasons why the SPD was damaged even with a big nominal discharge current.     

在空气稀薄的高海拔地区夯管施工

科罗拉多州Pogosa温泉镇海拔2千多米,空气稀薄,BT非开挖分公司在此处160号高速公路下采用直径24英寸务管锤铺设了直径84英寸的钢套管。夯管法铺设各种尺寸大小的管道施工过程中不排土,不会影响其上构筑物安全,这一优点使其成为了非常有吸引力的方案选择。     

微型隧道顶管施工技术在美国萨凡纳市的应用

在美国历史名城萨凡纳市采用微型隧道顶管技术铺设了外径68．5英寸的KCP排水管道1700英尺,成功化解了地下管线施工与历史名城保护的关键矛盾。     

准噶尔盆地车排子凸起火山岩储集层特征及控制因素

利用岩心观测、岩石薄片、物性分析、测井等资料,综合分析了准噶尔盆地车排子地区石炭系火山岩储集层岩石学特征及储集性能,并在此基础上进行了储集层的综合评价。     

华北盆-山演化和岩石圈转型与煤层气富集的关系

以华北陆块盆-山构造与岩石圈岩浆热结构演化研究为基础,以区内不同富集机制的含煤区域为研究对象,对华北典型地区盆-山演化、岩石圈转型及其与煤层气富集的关系进行了深入探讨。研究表明,华北典型地区盆-山动力学过程从中生代开始经历了挤压盆-山阶段、挤压盆-山向伸展盆-山转换阶段以及伸展盆-山阶段;华北岩石圈结构演化则经历了岩石圈增厚与稳定过程、岩石圈转型过程、岩石圈快速减薄过程等,且自古生代以来至少经历了两次以上具有时空不均一性的岩石圈转型。沁水盆地和两淮煤田的构造—热动力学环境有利于煤层气富集,且在挤压与伸展作用的转换和叠加过程中形成的构造过渡带是煤层气富集的有利构造单元。沁水盆地煤层气富集特征是岩浆—热作用有利于煤层气储集,而一定的构造变形有利于煤层气的渗流和开采;两淮煤田的强构造作用和后期叠加的张性应力场有利于煤层气的富集和储层的增渗,可在构造煤发育区寻找煤层气开发的有利区域。     

车辆荷载作用下加筋土挡墙的静动响应现场试验

为研究车辆荷载作用下加筋土挡墙的静动力响应规律,以330国道K139+100~K139+400路段的模块式加筋土挡墙为原型,通过埋设动静土压力盒、柔性位移计以及加速度计等元器件,测试了车辆荷载作用下加筋土挡墙的筋材拉应变、面墙后侧向土压力、加筋体后侧向土压力和挡墙的侧向变形等。结果表明:车辆荷载作用时,挡土墙面墙上部的响应加速度远大于下层;当车辆荷载作用在加筋体上时,车辆行车距离对加筋体内产生的动土压力影响不大,当车辆荷载作用在加筋体后时,车辆行车距离对加筋体内的动土压力大小及分布模式有很大影响。无论是在车辆静载作用下还是在车辆动载作用下,加筋体后侧向土压力远大于面墙后的侧向土压力。     

西沙群岛东岛潟湖沉积物碳、氮元素地球化学特征及其指示的环境变化

根据对西沙群岛东岛潟湖沉积柱样DD-01粒度特征,210Pb年代学,C、N元素地球化学,有机碳同位素（δ13C）以及生物残留组分的分析,探讨了东岛沉积环境的演变。结果显示,沉积柱剖面自下而上可分成4段:（1）34~40 cm的沉积层受鸟粪影响较大,TN、TOC含量分别介于0.15%~0.27%及1.78%~2.8%,δ13C值介于-24.86‰~-23.84‰,可见大量鸟粪沉积,植物颖果以及淡水相介形类残体;（2）28~34 cm （年代约132 a BP）的沉积层中淡水相的介形类以及植物颖果和鸟粪沉积几乎绝迹,海相有孔虫以及海胆刺残体数量激增,TN含量介于0.05%~0.06%,TOC含量在0.4%~1.17%之间,分别降至相对低值;δ13C值变轻,介于-25.95‰~-25.45‰;平均粒径较粗,稳定在1.3Φ左右;TIC含量较高,介于10.95%~11.26%,接近纯净碳酸盐的含量。C、N元素的含量较上下层位均出现了剧烈的变化,这可能受到了海洋沉积动力事件影响,使得东岛的生态环境产生了剧烈的变化;（3）19~28 cm 深度,TN、TOC出现增加的趋势,沉积物中又重现植物颖果及其残体,此段沉积物更多受到牛粪的影响,δ13C值保持在较轻的水平;（4）19 cm（年代约90 a BP）处至表层,TN、TOC含量快速波动增长,受到鸟类种群恢复带来的大量鸟粪输入的影响,δ13C的值也出现了变重的趋势。     

近年来人类活动影响下长江河口的变化模式

To evaluate the controlling factors for coastline change of the Changjiang(Yangtze River) Estuary since 1974,we extracted the mean high tide line from multi-temporal remote sensing images that span from 1974 to 2014 at 2-year intervals.We chose 42 scenes to constrain the changing pattern of the Changjiang Estuary coastline,and implemented GIS technology to analyze the area change of the Changjiang(Yangtze) Subaerial Delta.Runoff,sediment discharge and coastal engineering were withal considered in the analysis of the coastline changes.The coastline has transgressed seaward since 1974,and a part of it presents inter-annual variations.The area of the Changjiang Subaerial Delta increased by 871 km2,with a net accretion rate of 21.8 km2/a.Based on the change of sediment discharge due to the major projects in the Changjiang River Basin,we divided the changing pattern of the coastline into three stages:the slow accretion stage(1974–1986),the moderate accretion stage(1987–2002),and the rapid accretion stage(2003–2014).Liner regression analysis illustrated that there is a significantly positive correlation between the area changes and sediment discharge in the Chongming Eastern Shoal and Jiuduansha.This suggested that sediment load has a fundamental effect on the evolution of the Changjiang Estuary.Construction of Deep Waterway in the North Passage of the Changjiang River(1998–2010) led to a rapid accretion in the Hengsha Eastern Shoal and Jiuduansha by influencing the hydrodynamics in North Passage.Coastal engineering such as reclamation and harbor construction can also change the morphology of the Changjiang Estuary.We defined a contribution rate of area change to assess the impact of reclamation on the evolution of Changjiang Estuary.It turned out that more than 45.3% of area increment of the Changjiang Estuary was attributed to reclamation.     

苏北滨海湿地互花米草潮滩CO2,CH4和N2O通量的日变化规律

The invasions of the alien species such as Spartina alterniflora along the northern Jiangsu coastlines have posed a threat to biodiversity and the ecosystem function.Yet,limited attention has been given to their potential influence on greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions,including the diurnal variations of GHG fluxes that are fundamental in estimating the carbon and nitrogen budget.In this study,we examined the diurnal variation in fluxes of carbon dioxide(CO_2),methane(CH_4),and nitrous oxide(N2O) from a S.alterniflora intertidal flat in June,October,and December of 2013 and April of 2014 representing the summer,autumn,winter,and spring seasons,respectively.We found that the average CH_4 fluxes on the diurnal scale were positive during the growing season while negative otherwise.The tidal flat of S.alterniflora acted as a source of CH_4 in summer(June) and a combination of source and sink in other seasons.We observed higher diurnal variations in the CO_2 and N_2O fluxes during the growing season(1 536.5 mg CO_2 m~(–2) h~(–1) and 25.6 μg N_2O m~(–2) h~(–1)) compared with those measured in the non-growing season(379.1 mg CO_2 m~(–2) h~(–1) and 16.5 μg N_2O m~(–2) h~(–1)).The mean fluxes of CH_4 were higher at night than that in the daytime during all the seasons but October.The diurnal variation in the fluxes of CO_2 in June and N_2O in December fluctuated more than that in October and April.However,two peak curves in October and April were observed for the diurnal changes in CO_2 and N_2O fluxes(prominent peaks were found in the morning of October and in the afternoon of April,respectively).The highest diurnal variation in the N_2O fluxes took place at 15:00(86.4 μg N_2O m~(–2) h~(–1)) in June with an unimodal distribution.Water logging in October increased the emission of CO_2(especially at nighttime),yet decreased N_2O and CH_4 emissions to a different degree on the daily scale because of the restrained diffusion rates of the gases.The seasonal and diurnal variations of CH_4 and CO_2 fluxes did not correlate to the air and soil temperatures,whereas the seasonal and diurnal variation of the fluxes of N_2O in June exhibited a significant correlation with air temperature.When N_2O and CH_4 fluxes were converted to CO_2-e equivalents,the emissions of N_2O had a remarkable potential to impact the global warming.The mean daily flux(MF) and total daily flux(TDF) were higher in the growing season,nevertheless,the MF and TDF of CO_2 were higher in October and those of CH_4 and N_2O were higher in June.In spite of the difference in the optimal sampling times throughout the observation period,our results obtained have implications for sampling and scaling strategies in estimating the GHG fluxes in coastal saline wetlands.