浙江区域性暴雨过程的纬圈谱特征及其中期预报

暴雨的成因相当复杂。一次区域性暴雨从酝酿到发生的整个过程,实质上是大气低层水汽输送,幅合上升导致对流不稳定能量释放的过程。低层大气运动与一定的大气环流背景相关联,因此,大气环流的调整转换往往是暴雨发生的先兆。这些先兆可以成为暴雨中期预报的着眼点。本文试用谐谱天气分析的方法,从大气环流的谐波参数谱变化分析大气超长波及长波演变与浙江暴雨过程的关系,并进一步寻求暴雨过程中期预报的依据。     

SOME ASPECTS OF OBJECTIVE FORECASTING OF TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION

As shown in a statistical analysis of the relationship between environmental fields at varied timeand tropical cyclone motion, the forecasting ability of the initisl environmental field predictors for tropical cyclone motion decreases with the increase of valid time period of forecast;it is higher with these predictors at a fUture time than at an initial time. The work also indicates that for the tropical cyclone motion over a given period of valid forecast, better predictors appear at times mostly differing from thevalid periods; for periods at 48-120 h the environmental predictors at 48-72 h are more capable of forecasting. With statistical interpretation of NWP products, a predictive model for tropical cyclone motionis superior in performance over a statistical forecasting model that employes predictors of the initial field in the basic framework. The concluding remarks can be used as reference in the construction of an objective prediction model for tropical cyclone motion.     

穿越副高北上的台风路径与环境场的关系

对穿越副高北上的台风路径与环境场的多种参数的关系进行统计分析表明:初始环境场某些参数的一定分布与变化有利于台风未来偏北移行,穿越副高。这些参数可作为预报穿越副高北上台风路径的有效因子,其中某些参数还对穿越副高北上台风路径具有较长时效的预报意义。      

对东海热带气旋登陆后路径趋势的若干探讨

应用相关分析与合成分析方法分析了影响东海热带气旋登陆后路径趋势的若干因素,结果表明：登陆后路径趋势随时间和登陆地点的变化分布说明热带气旋登陆后路径仍受基本气流的引导和制约;热带气旋登陆时的惯性和地转力的变化对东海热带气旋登陆后的路径趋势有一定影响;环境场及其变化对东海热带气旋登陆后路径有较大影响,尤其对流层中层流场对登陆后的热带气旋的移动仍有明显的引导作用;中国东部至黄海区域是环境场影响东海热带气旋登陆路径趋势的关键区,当区域内的西北太平洋副热带高压加强西伸,西风槽北撤时,东海热带气旋登陆后在副高南侧东风气流引导下向内陆西行至消亡,当区域内副高减弱东退,西风槽南压时,东海热带气旋登陆后受副高西侧偏南气流与西风槽前西南气流引导转向后入海;东海热带气旋登陆前的环境场对登陆后路径趋势影响相对较小,登陆后12～24小时是登陆后路径趋势受环境场影响的敏感时段,环境场的变化对登陆后路径趋势的影响要比当前环境场的影响超前6小时。     

AN IMPROVEMENT OF STATISTICAL PREDICTION OF TYPHOON TRACKS

In this paper, a statistical interpretation composite forecast model for typhoon track is set up by using numerical forecast products and several forecast schemes. Tested in 1994 typhoon season, its forecastperformance is much better than that of a previous statistical forecast model. The test shows that it is aneffective method that sufficiently Anproves objective forecast of typhoon track using the numerical forecast output products obtained in forecast and adopting several schemes in composition.     

台风路径统计预报的改进

应用数值预报产品并采用多种预报方案相结合建立了台风路径的统计释用综合预报模式，从而提高了台风路径预报的技巧。经１９９４年台风季节业务试用，其预报性能比原有的统计预报模式有较大的提高，试验表明，充分利用在预报时可得到的数值预报输出产品的采用多种方案集成是改进台风路径客观的有效途径。     

AN OBJECTIVE PREDICTION SCHEME FOR TROPICAL CYCLONES MAKING LANDFALLS IN EASTERN CHINA

The landfall of tropical cyclones in the eastern part of China falls in the category of small probability events. Constructing a step function with intervals adequately divided can help reflect the non-linear distribution of conditional probability for a landfall event. For the prediction of landfall event probability, factors applying the step function in transformation are superior to the standardized factors that are linearly related. The prediction scheme discussed in the work uses transformation factors of step function to formulate prediction models for tropical cyclones making landfalls in eastern China, through screening with non-linear correlative ratios and REEP analysis. Classified models for statistic-synoptics, statistic -climatology and statistic-dynamics have been constructed using initial field data and numerical prediction output. Forecasting skills have been improved due to ensemble of predictions using these classified models. As shown in forecasting evaluations and experiments, the scheme is capable of predicting tropical cyclones that make landfalls in eastern China.     

中期(旬)天气客观相似预报方案

目前,中期数值天气预报的最长可用的预报时效约为6—7天,对中期数值预报输出产品进行统计释用的MOS,PP等方法制作的逐日具体天气预报的最长可用时效约为5—6天。要完全靠以上客观预报方法进行10天天气变化过程预报仍有待时日。为此,本文提出一个综合考虑中期数值天气预报输出产品及历史天气过程的旬天气客观相似预报方案。本方案用500 hPa候平均高度场在预报时刻前后连     

极其浅薄的对流云所产生的暴雨

一、引言暴雨通常产生于深厚对流云(Wilson和Kessler,1963)。一般说来,深厚对流云中的上升气流比浅薄的对流云要强得多,因此,其中可能存在较大的凝结速率。而且通常认为,深厚对流云中的冰晶过程(Ludlarn,1952)及凝结——并合过程(Bowen,1950)有利于降水的产生。然而,浅薄的对流云在某些场合下也会产生暴雨,发生这种情况是由于浅薄的对流