甾醇在海洋微藻中的分布研究

对29种(株)海洋微藻进行不充气培养,用Bligh-Dyer法提取总脂,皂化后氯仿和正己烷(体积比为1:4)提取甾醇,BSTFA衍生后用岛津QP2010气相色谱-质谱分析仪进行GC/MS分析.从29种海洋微藻中共检测到47种甾类化合物,鉴定出36种甾醇和一种甾酮.其中,4位无甲基Δ5甾醇在所有的微藻中均有分布,一些高等生物中常见的甾醇如胆甾醇、菜子甾醇、菜油甾醇、豆甾醇、谷甾醇和褐藻中常见的岩藻甾醇等,在微藻中均有广泛的分布.相对而言,4位无甲基5位饱和甾(烷)醇、4-甲基甾(烷)醇和双羟基甾醇的分布则相对较少,其中许多甾醇如甲藻甾醇、巴夫甾醇、C_27:2(Δ5,22/24Me)和C_28:3(Δ5,7,22/24Me)等,只在一种藻或同一纲的微藻中被检测到,可以作为对应微藻或对应纲微藻的特征甾醇.认为海洋微藻甾醇的研究可以为海洋微藻化学分类学及饵料营养学研究提供重要参考依据.     

褐藻酸降解菌在海带(Laminaria japonica)幼苗藻体表面数量分布特点及其对海带回染的初步研究

在威海泊于、崮山及荣成 3家海带育苗场 ,采用回染实验方法对采集的海带藻体表面褐藻酸降解菌数量分布及特点进行了初步研究。结果表明 ,采自荣成的病烂海带幼苗上 ,其总异养细菌数量 ( 1 2 2× 1 0 8cfu/g)比威海两家育苗场的正常海带幼苗上总异养细菌数量 (崮山 :1 1 5× 1 0 6cfu/g及泊于 :1 1 1× 1 0 6cfu/g)高 1 0 0多倍 ,其褐藻酸降解菌的数量 ( 4 88× 1 0 7cfu/g)比后两家 (崮山 :8 0× 1 0 4 cfu/g及泊于 :4 3× 1 0 5cfu/g)的高 1 0 0— 5 0 0倍。与正常海带幼苗相比 ,烂苗脱落后的总异养细菌数量较高 ( 2 42× 1 0 7∶1 1 1× 1 0 6) ,而褐藻酸降解菌的数量相对更高 ( 1 5 0× 1 0 7∶4 3× 1 0 5) ;其中 ,脱落烂苗上的褐藻酸降解菌数量约占其总异养细菌数量的61 98%。将分离、纯化的部分褐藻酸降解菌对海带孢子体组织块进行回染实验 ,能引起海带组织产生绿烂现象 ,证明褐藻酸降解菌是海带烂苗的条件致病菌。     

褐藻多酚含量的季节变化

褐藻多酚的季节变化研究具有重要的理论意义，对海黍子和鼠尾藻褐藻多酚的含量测定结果表明，褐藻多酚含量的季节变化范围分别在１．５￣３．１％之间以及０．８￣１．８％之间。另外，ＰＶＰ吸附率也有相应的变化，分别在５１￣６９％之间以及４１￣６３％之间。     

Development and evaluation of a DNA microarray assay for the simultaneous detection of nine harmful algal species in ship ballast and seaport waters

Rapid, high-throughput and reliable methods are urgently required to accurately detect and monitor harmful algae, which are responsible for algal blooms, such as red and green tides. In this study, we successfully developed a multiplex PCR-based DNA microarray method capable of detecting nine harmful algal species simultaneously, namely Alexandrium tamarense, Gyrodinium instriatum, Heterosigma akashiwo, Karenia mikimotoi, Prorocentrum donghaiense, Prorocentrum minimum, Ulva compressa, Ulva ohnoi and Ulva prolifera. This method achieved a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.5 ng of genomic DNA (orders of magnitude of the deci-nanogram range) in the tested algae cultures. Altogether, 230 field samples from ship ballast waters and seaport waters were used to evaluate the DNA microarray. The clinical sensitivity and specificity of the DNA microarray assay in detecting field samples were 96.4% and 90.9%, respectively, relative to conventional morphological methods. This indicated that this high-throughput, automatic, and specific method is well suited for the detection of algae in water samples.     

海藻中碘的化学种态研究Ⅰ

用化学分离结合中子活化法研究了海带、网翼藻、海黍子、松藻、石莼、礁膜和江篱7种海藻中总碘及水溶性碘、有机碘、I-和IO₃-等不同形态碘的分布.研究结果表明:不同海藻中碘及其化学种态差别较大,海带中碘含量最高,达734×106(湿重),且99.2%的碘为水溶性碘.其他几种海藻中碘含量较低,且水溶性碘仅占16.5%～40.8%.海藻浸出液中碘主要以I-的形式存在,占浸出总碘量的61.0%～92.7%,其次为有机碘占5.5%～37.4%,IO₃-含量最少,仅占1.4%～4.5%.该研究结果提示不同海藻的富碘机制可能不尽相同.从食用的角度看,其中碘的生物利用度也可能有较大的差异.     

马尾藻碘化学形态研究突破(Ⅰ)南方产马尾藻碘含量最高

海洋动植物中或多或少都含有碘,海藻,尤其是褐藻类如海带、马尾藻等,在藻体内都富集了较多量的碘.     

日本真海带对硒的积累和生物转化

在海水中添加亚硒酸盐(Na₂SeO₃)及不同浓度的氮磷营养盐(NaNO₃+NaHO₂PO₄),研究海带对硒的积累,通过分离测定海带富硒前后各生化组分的含硒量来探讨硒的生物转化问题.结果表明天然海带含硒量(鲜重)为0.451~0.596μg/g,海带富硒最佳的Na2SeO₃浓度为200mg/dm3,培养56h后的富硒倍率约为50.在天然海带中,硒主要以有机态存在,有机硒占总硒含量的86.22%;在含有200mg/dm3NaO₂SeO₃的海水中培养56h后测得海带的总硒为24.481μg/g,其中有机硒含量为16.703μg/g,无机硒为4.714μg/g;在添加氮磷营养盐的含硒海水中,海带的富硒能力得到进一步的提高,在适宜的氮磷条件下(150mg/dm3NaNO₃和25mg/dm3NaHO₂PO₄)总硒含量达到33.649μg/g,而无机硒含量基本不变,为4.497μg/g,因此提高部分转化为有机硒,有机硒含量达到24.678μg/g.这说明海带具有通过自身代谢将无机硒转化为有机硒的较强的能力.     

Nrf2参与水生动物氧化应激调控的研究进展

环境变化会诱导机体活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)水平升高,从而产生氧化应激。氧化应激对所有生物的生存、生长、发育和进化都具有深远的影响。核因子E2相关因子2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2, Nrf2)被公认为细胞氧化应激调控的主导者,与伴侣蛋白Kelch样环氧氯丙烷相关蛋白1 (kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, Keap1)一起控制数百个解毒酶和抗氧化蛋白编码基因的表达。近年来, Nrf2在水生动物中逐渐获得重视,并在一些模式鱼类如斑马鱼、鲤鱼及其他一些鱼类和水生无脊椎动物中得到研究。介绍了Nrf2的结构以及调控机制,回顾了近年来水生动物Nrf2通路参与氧化应激调控所取得的进展。研究表明, Nrf2在水生动物中广泛存在,在非生物(金属、有机污染物、无机盐、药物及微塑料等)、生物(细菌、病毒、有毒藻类)以及生境变化(冰融、盐胁迫)诱导的氧化应激调控中发挥重要作用。Nrf2一经激活入核,在小Maf蛋白的协助下与抗氧化反应元件(antioxidant-responseelement,ARE)结合,启动一系列ARE驱动基因的表达,并和孕烷X受体(pregnane X receptor, Pxr)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK)以及芳烃受体(arylhydrocarbonreceptor,AhR)等细胞通路协同作用参与一系列生理过程。Nrf2在水生动物响应环境变化过程中发挥重要的细胞保护机制,有望发展成为抗逆育种潜在的基因靶点。     

东海银鲳(Pampus argenteus)、灰鲳(P. cinereus)和中国鲳(P. sinensis)肌肉主要营养成分分析与评价

采用国家标准生化测定法研究了3种野生鲳属鱼银鲳、灰鲳和中国鲳肌肉组织中的营养成分组成,并对野生和养殖银鲳进行了营养评价。结果表明:粗蛋白质银鲳显著高于灰鲳和中国鲳(P<0.05),粗脂肪则以灰鲳最高,中国鲳最低;野生和养殖银鲳粗蛋白含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。在3种鲳鱼肌肉中检测出13种脂肪酸。其中MUFA含量银鲳>灰鲳>中国鲳(P<0.05);PUFA含量和EPA+DHA含量3种鲳鱼无显著差异(P>0.05);3种鲳属鱼主要以不饱和脂肪酸为主,EPA+DHA含量平均占PUFA的82.54%;野生银鲳的PUFA含量是养殖银鲳的1.53倍。氨基酸组成中以谷氨酸含量居首位,氨基酸评分(AAS)和化学评分(CS)评判氨基酸显示,赖氨酸的相对含量最为丰富;3种鲳属鱼的E/T、E/N皆高于FAO/WHO的评价标准;野生银鲳肌肉的D/T和E/N显著高于养殖银鲳(P<0.05),但必需氨基酸指数EAAI无明显差异。该结果说明3种鲳鱼营养组成合理且银鲳更胜一筹,同时野生银鲳品质优于养殖银鲳,但不失为一种优良的养殖品种。     

滨海电厂增温对浮游动物群落粒径结构及采样网目选择的影响

Zooplankton samples were collected using 505, 160 and 77 μm mesh nets around a power plant during four seasons in 2011. We measured total length of zooplankton and divided zooplankton into seven size classes in order to explore how zooplankton community size-structure might be altered by thermal discharge from power plant. The total length of zooplankton varied from 93.7 to 40 074.7 μm. The spatial distribution of mesozooplankton(200-2 000 μm) populations were rarely affected by thermal discharge, while macro-(2 000-10 000 μm)and megalo-zooplankton(10 000 μm) had an obvious tendency to migrate away from the outfall of power plant.Thus, zooplankton community tended to become smaller and biodiversity reduced close to power plant.Moreover, we compared the zooplankton communities in three different mesh size nets. Species richness,abundance, evenness index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index of the 505 μm mesh size were significantly lower than those recorded from the 160 and 77 μm mesh size. Average zooplankton abundance was highest in the 77 μm mesh net((27 690.0±1 633.7) ind./m~3), followed by 160 μm mesh net((9 531.1±1 079.5) ind./m~3), and lowest in 505 μm mesh net((494.4±104.7) ind./m~3). The ANOSIM and SIMPER tests confirmed that these differences were mainly due to small zooplankton and early developmental stages of zooplankton. It is the first time to use the 77 μm mesh net to sample zooplankton in such an environment. The 77 μm mesh net had the overwhelming abundance of the copepod genus Oithona, as an order of magnitude greater than recorded for 160 μm mesh net and 100% loss through the 505 μm mesh net. These results indicate that the use of a small or even multiple sampling net is necessary to accurately quantify entire zooplankton community around coastal power plant.