浅谈利用Google Earth结合MapGis软件制作地形图方法

利用Google Earth的三维模拟功能,通过不同海拔平面与地表的接触线来获得等高线,结合MapGis的编辑功能即可形成矢量化的地形图。经与实测地形图对比,两者山头、山谷、山脊、鞍部、高程及等高线形态基本相同,可做为野外工作及其它对地形图精度要求不高工作的参考资料。     

Adsorption of phenanthrene on Al (oxy)hydroxides formed under the influence of tannic acid

Although there has been substantial research done on adsorption of metals/metalloids by Al (oxy)hydroxides, little is known regarding the adsorption of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on Al (oxy)hydroxides, especially those formed in the presence of organic acid. This paper investigated the adsorption of phenanthrene on Al (oxy)hydroxides formed with initial tannate/Al molar ratios (MRs) 0, 0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 (referred to MR0, MR0.001, MR0.01, and MR0.1, respectively) through batch adsorption experiments and FTIR study. The results showed that Al (oxy)hydroxides were important sorbents for phenanthrene. The adsorption kinetic data were fitted well with the pseudo-second-order equation. According to a modified Freundlich model, the adsorption capacities of Al (oxy)hydroxides followed a descending order of MR0.1 > MR0 ≥ MR0.01 > MR0.001, which was inconsistent with the organic carbon content in the Al (oxy)hydroxides. Adsorption capacity correlated with the specific surface area, micropore area, and micropore diameter of Al (oxy)hydroxides, yet the relationships were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). FTIR results showed that physical interaction was essential in phenanthrene adsorption onto the Al (oxy)hydroxides, which could be explained by an entropy-driven process. Surface hydrophobicity of Al (oxy)hydroxides played a key role in phenanthrene adsorption. Additional π–π electron donor–acceptor interaction of phenanthrene (acting as electron donor) with aromatic ring of tannic acid (electron acceptor) could be also important in phenanthrene adsorption by high MR Al (oxy)hydroxides, yet it needs further study. The findings obtained in the present study are of fundamental significance in understanding the mechanism of immobilization of PAHs in low organic matter but oxide-rich soils.     

日本大沼湖沉积物碳氮比值、有机碳同位素特征及其近400年的古气候环境意义

通过对日本大沼湖沉积物样品总有机碳含量(TOC)及其稳定同位素、总氮含量(TN)和C/N值的测定,结合沉积岩芯火山灰和1℃年代,分析了大沼湖沉积物中有机质的来源,探讨了沉积物有机碳同位素的主要影响因素.结果表明:大沼湖沉积物中有机质主要来源于自生藻类,受陆源输入的影响较小;沉积物δ13C值指示了夏季温度的变化.过去400年来,大沼湖地区存在1660～ 1730年和1780～ 1860年两个明显的冷期,与邻近地区冰芯、树轮和湖泊沉积物记录的冷期基本一致,分别对应于Maunder和Dalton太阳黑子极小期.     

Impact of GLONASS pseudorange inter-channel biases on satellite clock corrections

GLONASS carrier phase and pseudorange observations suffer from inter-channel biases (ICBs) because of frequency division multiple access (FDMA). Therefore, we analyze the effect of GLONASS pseudorange inter-channel biases on the GLONASS clock corrections. Different Analysis Centers (AC) eliminate the impact of GLONASS pseudorange ICBs in different ways. This leads to significant differences in the satellite and AC-specific offsets in the GLONASS clock corrections. Satellite and AC-specific offset differences are strongly correlated with frequency. Furthermore, the GLONASS pseudorange ICBs also leads to day-boundary jumps in the GLONASS clock corrections for the same analysis center between adjacent days. This in turn will influence the accuracy of the combined GPS/GLONASS precise point positioning (PPP) at the day-boundary. To solve these problems, a GNSS clock correction combination method based on the Kalman filter is proposed. During the combination, the AC-specific offsets and the satellite and AC-specific offsets can be estimated. The test results show the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed clock combination method. The combined clock corrections can effectively weaken the influence of clock day-boundary jumps on combined GPS/GLONASS kinematic PPP. Furthermore, these combined clock corrections can improve the accuracy of the combined GPS/GLONASS static PPP single-day solutions when compared to the accuracy of each analysis center alone.     

东北地区大气污染物源排放时空特征：基于国内外清单的对比分析

基于国内外4类常用的污染源排放清单数据（EDGAR：全球大气研究排放数据库；CEDS：社区排放数据系统；MIX：亚洲排放清单；PKU-FUEL：全球燃料排放数据），对东北区域5类人为排放源（工业源、能源、交通运输源、生活民用源和农业源）的8种污染物（PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO_x、NMVOCs、NH₃、OC和BC）从排放总量、来源贡献和时空分布特征等方面进行对比分析。结果表明：东北污染物排放主要以SO₂、NO_x和NMVOCs为主，工业、能源和交通运输为主要贡献源；PM_2.5和PM₁₀主要来自生活民用源和工业源，贡献率前者大于后者。辽宁省污染物（除NH₃外）排放最大，其次为黑龙江省、吉林省和内蒙古东四盟市，冬季排放强度明显高于其他季节。NH₃主要来自农业源，排放峰值发生在5~7月；各清单间排放总量和来源贡献差异明显，EDGAR和PKU清单对NH₃估算差异度为170.3%；SO₂、NO_x、BC和OC的排放差异度均在30%以上。不同活动水平和排放因子的使用是造成清单差异的主要原因。本研究可以掌握东北污染状况，了解清单差异，为本地化清单工作开展提供研究方向，同时也可为模式模拟合理选择清单数据提供参考。     

我国海岛县旅游竞争力综合评价研究

为科学评价我国海岛县旅游发展状况以及助力海岛高质量发展，文章构建海岛县旅游竞争力评价指标体系，并利用随机森林算法和熵值法对全国海岛县的旅游竞争力进行测算，发现旅游总收入、全年旅游人数、人均GDP、一般公共预算支出以及客运周转量5项指标对海岛县旅游竞争力产生主要影响；深入分析我国海岛县旅游竞争力差异的形成机理，利用反距离权重插值法估计海岛县周边海岛的旅游竞争力，并对提高海岛县旅游竞争力提出建议。     

Analysis of the microseismicity characteristics in landslide dam failure flume tests: implications for early warning and dynamics inversion

Landslides - Determining the premonitory and dynamic characteristics of landslide dam failures can provide an early warning as well the identification of the evolution of the failure process, and...     

海底冲沟——深水沉积输运系统的"毛细血管"

海底冲沟作为比海底峡谷、水道地貌尺度小1个数量级的微地貌,与海底峡谷、水道共同构成了完整的深水沉积输运系统。由于调查数据分辨率的限制,在前人研究中,海底冲沟的重要作用一直被忽视。海底冲沟是深水沉积输运系统的“毛细血管”,数量巨大,主要分布在大陆坡、岛礁边缘、河口冲积扇前缘、海底峡谷和水道内部,与深水工程安全、岛礁安全、深水沉积体系和深水油气储层预测息息相关。从识别特征、沉积环境、影响因素和形成机理等方面,系统介绍了海底冲沟的研究进展;从分布区域、坡度、形态和沉积特征等方面,探讨了海底冲沟与海底峡谷和水道之间的区别与联系,并给出了区分三者的方法。通过归纳不同沉积环境的海底冲沟特征,将其定义为：在坡度大于2°的地形中,重力流成因、直线型的微地貌尺度沟槽,具有宽度小、深度浅、长度短和形态笔直（弯曲度接近于1）的特点,其中,片状浊流成因的海底冲沟还具有相互平行和等间距分布的集群特征。