2015年内蒙古阿拉善左旗5.8级地震序列震源深度对比分析

选取2015年阿拉善左旗5.8级地震发生后,中国地震科学台阵探测-南北地震带北段项目、中国地震局地球物理研究所中国地震科学探测台阵数据中心及内蒙古测震台网记录到此次地震序列的78次地震波形资料,采用单纯型法、Hyposat法、双差定位方法、确定性方法（PTD方法）、CAP地震矩张量反演法重新测定深度,并将所获深度值进行对比分析,结果发现,确定性方法（PTD方法）和双差定位方法较符合震源区构造特征的深度测定,单纯型法、Hyposat法效果不佳,CAP法适用于较大地震;地震序列平均震源深度为（15.54±8）km。     

2016年射阳MS 4.4地震前后重力场变化

利用江苏重力测网2014-2017年重力场观测资料,采用绝对重力控制与相对重力联测相结合的平差方法,获取2016年射阳M_S 4.4地震前后重力场变化图。根据射阳M_S 4.4地震前后射阳地区各测线重力段差变化特点,绘制重力场等值线并进行对比分析,结合相关机理,探讨重力场变化与该地震的内在联系。同震观测数据显示：射阳M_S 4.4地震发生在重力异常值高梯度带附近,发震时震中地区位于NS挤压正异常、EW张拉负异常状态,震后区域重力梯度变化量开始减小,是一种典型的重力异常调整现象。     

Brittleness characteristics of tight oil siltstones

Rock brittleness directly affects reservoir fracturing and its evaluation is essential for establishing fracturing conditions prior to reservoir reforming. Dynamic and static brittleness data were collected from siltstones of the Qingshankou Formation in Songliao Basin. The brittle–plastic transition was investigated based on the stress–strain relation. The results suggest that the brittleness indices calculated by static elastic parameters are negatively correlated with the stress drop coefficient and the brittleness index B₂, defined as the average of the normalized Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio, is strongly correlated with the stress drop. The brittleness index B₂, Young’s modulus, and Poisson’s ratio correlate with the brittle minerals content; that is, quartz, carbonates, and pyrite. We also investigated the correlation between pore fluid and porosity and dynamic brittle characteristic based on index B₂. Pore fluid increases the plasticity of rock and reduces brittleness; moreover, with increasing porosity, rock brittleness decreases. The gas-saturated siltstone brittleness index is higher than that in oil- or water-saturated siltstone; the difference in the brittleness indices of oil- and water-saturated siltstone is very small. By comparing the rock mechanics and ultrasonic experiments, we find that the brittleness index obtained from the rock mechanics experiments is smaller than that obtained from the ultrasonic experiments; nevertheless, both decrease with increasing porosity as well as their differences. Ultrasonic waves propagate through the rock specimens without affecting them, whereas rock mechanics experiments are destructive and induce microcracking and porosity increases; consequently, the brittleness of low-porosity rocks is affected by the formation of internal microcrack systems.     

Regeneration and utilization of nutrients during collapse of a <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mesodinium rubrum</Emphasis> red tide and its influence on phytoplankton species composition

High-biomass red tides occur frequently in some semi-enclosed bays of Hong Kong where ambient nutrients are not high enough to support such a high phytoplankton biomass. These high-biomass red tides release massive inorganic nutrients into local waters during their collapse. We hypothesized that the massive inorganic nutrients released from the collapse of red tides would fuel growth of other phytoplankton species. This could influence phytoplankton species composition. We tested the hypothesis using a red tide event caused by Mesodinium rubrum (M. rubrum) in a semi-enclosed bay, Port Shelter. The red tide patch had a cell density as high as 5.0×10⁵ cells L^?1, and high chlorophyll a (63.71 μg L^?1). Ambient inorganic nutrients (nitrate: \(\rm{NO}_3^-\), ammonium: \(\rm{NH}_4^+\), phosphate: \(\rm{PO}_4^{3-}\), silicate: \(\rm{SiO}_4^{3-}\)) were low both in the red tide patch and the non-red-tide patch (clear waters outside the red tide patch). Nutrient addition experiments were conducted by adding all the inorganic nutrients to water samples from the two patches followed by incubation for 9 days. The results showed that the addition of inorganic nutrients did not sustain high M. rubrum cell density, which collapsed after day 1, and did not drive M. rubrum in the non-red-tide patch sample to the same high-cell density in the red tide patch sample. This confirmed that nutrients were not the driving factor for the formation of this red tide event, or for its collapse. The death of M. rubrum after day 1 released high concentrations of \(\rm{NO}_3^-\), \(\rm{PO}_4^{3-}\), \(\rm{SiO}_4^{3-}\), \(\rm{NH}_4^+\), and urea. Bacterial abundance and heterotrophic activity increased, reaching the highest on day 3 or 4, and decreased as cell density of M. rubrum declined. The released nutrients stimulated growth of diatoms, such as Chaetoceros affinis var. circinalis, Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii, and Nitzschia sp., particularly with additions of \(\rm{SiO}_4^{3-}\) treatments, and other species. These results demonstrated that initiation of M. rubrum red tides in the bay was not directly driven by nutrients. However, the massive inorganic nutrients released from the collapse of the red tide could induce a second bloom in low-ambient nutrient water, influencing phytoplankton species composition.     

黑龙江省设备信息运维管理系统开发及功能实现

根据黑龙江省地震监测台站发展的需要,结合黑龙江省区域维修中心工作任务和技术系统的特点,通过对全省台站监测设备信息收集和整理,运用SQL、PHP、Web、My SQL数据库等计算机程序开发出一套基于Windows平台的设备信息运维管理系统(以下简称管理系统),实现了对全省地震监测设备信息的统一管理,实用性良好。介绍了管理系统的总体设计,包括总体架构设计、网页设计、数据库设计、前台网站功能模块设计和后台网站功能模块设计,以及部分设计实现代码。     

Analytical study of the reflection and transmission coefficient of the submarine interface

The analytical study of the reflection and transmission coefficient of the seafloor interface is essential for the characterization of the ocean bottom in marine seismic exploration. Based on the boundary conditions of the seafloor interface, the analytical expression of the reflection and transmission coefficient at the submarine interface is derived in this study by using the steady-state wave solution of the elastic wave in a homogeneous, isotropic medium. With this analytical expression, the characteristics of the reflection and transmission coefficient at the submarine interface are analysed and discussed using critical angles. The results show that the change in the reflection and transmission coefficient with the incidence angle presents a “segmented” characteristic, in which the critical angle is the dividing point. The amplitude value and phase angle of the coefficient at the submarine interface change dramatically at the critical angle, which is related to the P- and S-wave velocities in the seabed layer. Compared with the stiff seabed, the soft seabed has a larger P-wave critical angle and an absence of the converted S-wave critical angle, owing to the low P- and S-wave velocities in the solid seabed layer. By analysing and discussing the special changes that occur in the coefficient values at the critical angle, the reflection and transmission characteristics of the different incident angles are obtained. Synthetic models of both stiff and soft seafloors are provided in this study to verify the analytical results. Finally, we compared our synthetic results with real data from the Gulf of Mexico, which enabled the validation of our conclusions.     

基于参考台的盲源分离法在抑制地磁场近场噪音中的应用研究

随着城市建设的不断发展,地磁场观测受到的人文干扰越来越严重.汽车、地铁、高铁等产生的近场噪音造成了地磁脉动等空间场源信号难以被精确观测,严重影响了地磁观测资料的实际使用价值.因此抑制这些近场噪音、提取空间场源信号具有科学意义和应用价值.本研究将远场参考法和盲源信号分离法相结合,提出了一种能有效分离空间场源信号和近场噪音的方法.首先,基于仿真分析,我们准确分离了不同特征的源信号,阐明了此方法的有效性.然后,我们将该方法应用于日本千叶地区受电车干扰较为严重的实际磁场观测数据,并选用数据质量较高的KAK国际基准台作为远场参考,实现了地磁脉动和电车干扰信号的分离,并在此基础上对观测台站的近场噪音进行了抑制.这些结果表明基于参考台的盲源信号分离法在抑制近场噪音、提取地磁场信号中是有效的,可能在电磁法勘探中具有潜在的应用价值.     

含偏心点声源的随钻测井声场模拟和地层各向异性反演研究

地层横波波速测量以及各向异性评价是目前随钻声波测井应用及方法研究的难题之一.针对这些问题,本文试图从钻铤上的偏心点声源在各向异性地层中的响应出发,寻求和探讨解决方案.我们基于三维有限差分模拟的随钻测井信号,研究了偏心点声源在水平横向各向同性(HTI)慢速地层井孔中激发声波传播规律,研究结果表明:在HTI地层中偏心点声源能够同时激发出快、慢两种波形,并且此两种波形中主要分别包含快、慢弯曲波,由于与钻铤波的耦合作用,其速度总是分别小于地层快、慢横波波速,所以无法直接用于地层横波波速的测量.但根据进一步的灵敏度分析可知当在3kHz以上时,它们的相速度分别对地层参数水平和垂直剪切模量(c66和c44)最为敏感.基于此特性,本文提出一种基于解析近似解的最小二乘拟合法,能够通过快、慢波频散曲线反演地层横波波速,所测值误差小于3%,并且具有很好的容错率和稳定性;进而由横波速度反演值评价地层各向异性大小.最后,地层快横波偏振方位可以利用垂直于偏心声源方向的偶极采集的信号能量变化曲线来获取.     

不同成因的海洋铁锰氧化物沉积物中稀土元素的地球化学特征

测试了具代表性的成岩型结核和水成型结壳的稀土元素,以研究稀土元素在这两种成因的海洋铁锰氧化物沉积物的特征及其与成因的关系。稀土元素特征表明稀土元素没有参与成岩型结核的成岩作用。即没有加入到1nm水锰矿中去,而是加入到无定形铁的氧化物、氢氧化物中去。同样,稀土元素也没有直接参与水成结壳的水成作用,即没有加入到锰、铁的氧化物、氢氧化物中去,而是与钙、磷相关。推测在很大程度上是先沉淀在钙、磷相中然后才加入到水成结壳中。稀土元素在这两种类型的沉积物的分布与其成因密切相关。     

液化场地桥梁群桩-土耦合体系强震反应分析

针对振动台试验,采用u-p形式控制方程表述饱和砂土的动力属性,选用土的多屈服面塑性本构模型刻画饱和砂土和黏土的力学特性,引入非线性梁-柱单元模拟桩,建立试验受控条件下液化场地群桩-土强震相互作用分析的三维有限元模型,并通过试验结果验证数值建模途径与模拟方法的正确性。以实际工程中常用的2×2群桩为例,建立桩-土-桥梁结构强震反应分析三维有限元模型。基于此,针对不同群桩基础配置对液化场地群桩-土强震相互作用影响展开具体分析。对比发现,桩的数量相同时,桩排列方向与地震波输入方向平行时比垂直时桩基受力减小5%~10%,而对场地液化情况无明显影响;相同排列形式下,三桩模型中土体出现液化的时间约比双桩模型延缓5s,桩上弯矩和剪力减小33%~38%。由此可见,桩基数量增加,桩-土体系整体刚度更大,场地抗液化性能显著,桩基对上部桥梁结构的承载性能明显增强,其安全性与可靠性更高。这对实际桥梁工程抗震设计具有一定的借鉴意义。