基于数值模拟的射电望远镜台址测风塔位置优选方法研究

射电望远镜天线结构设计和观测任务的正常进行都需要台址风场信息.随着望远镜性能要求的提高,天线结构设计越来越复杂,风载荷对天线观测时造成的指向影响也越发明显,如何在设计时保证结构刚度和强度,在观测时提高有效观测时间,都需要准确的风场数据.由于传统台址测风塔布置方法无法对测风塔拟设点的可靠性做出定量化评估,因此提出一种基于数值模拟优化测风塔位置的方法.数值模拟基于规范参数设置边界条件,与实测数据比较,整体趋势吻合,满足精度需求.对试验台址设置了4个测风塔位置,经分析P2点与天线位置的风速均方根误差值(root-mean-square error, RMSE)最小,测得的数据更能表征天线区域的风场特性.     

基于数值模拟的大口径高精度射电望远镜台址风障优化设计研究

随着射电望远镜口径增大、观测频率提高, 对其指向精度的要求也越来越高. 然而, 望远镜服役于野外台站, 台址风扰对天线指向精度的影响在高频段观测时已不能忽略. 由于风扰的时变性, 现有的抗风方法无法保障大口径高指向精度望远镜在高频段的有效观测时长. 因此, 提出了一种基于风障精确布置改善台址风环境的方法. 通过数值模拟构建了风障仿真模型, 并将仿真结果与风洞实测数据比较, 两种孔隙率风障的平均误差分别为3.7%和6.1%, 保证了风障模型的可靠性. 以新疆奇台射电望远镜(QiTai radio Telescope, QTT)台址为例, 基于QTT台址斜坡地形构建了计算域模型, 开展单风障不同高度、不同孔隙率的系列风场仿真试验, 得到了风障参量与下游挡风效果的关系. 基于单风障合理高度和最优孔隙率设置南北风障, 仿真结果表明在确定高度下最优孔隙率可以组合, 孔隙率0.1-0.1组合的风障挡风效果最优, 南方向来风在天线区域可以有效降低75%以上的风速.     

基于自回归滑动平均模型的大口径天线风速预测方法

针对大口径、高性能射电望远镜天线受到的随机及时变风扰的问题, 利用自回归滑动平均模型预测望远镜周围风速, 提前计算风致结构变形量, 同时为望远镜伺服控制系统提供足够执行时间来降低风扰影响. 基于新疆奇台110m口径全向可动射电望远镜(QiTai Telescope, QTT)台址风场数据特征, 通过赤池信息准则和贝叶斯信息准则辨识模型阶次, 利用最大似然法估计模型参数, 分析模型残差特性以检验自回归滑动平均模型的有效性. 通过计算不同季度预测数据与测试数据偏差得到预测模型的精度, 夏季平均绝对误差为0.133mcdots^-1, 秋季平均绝对误差为0.162mcdots^-1, 冬季平均绝对误差为0.287mcdots^-1. 整体来看, 基于QTT台址不同季度风速数据建立的自回归滑动平均模型预测误差较小, 满足射电望远镜风扰控制系统的需求, 能为大口径射电望远镜风扰控制提供必要数据支撑.     

阻导风板及其在NVST上的测试结果

太阳望远镜采用全开式圆顶有许多好处,但是此时风对望远镜产生比较大的扰动。为了减少风对望远镜的影响,设计了阻导风板,并在实际应用中得到了很好的结果。全面介绍了阻导风板的原理、结构,并给出了设计要点及在1m红外太阳望远镜（NewVacuum Solar Telescope,NVST）上的实测结果。     

基于应变的变形副反射面位姿形貌快速重构方法

随着双反射面天线口径的增大、工作频段的升高,天线对副反射面的精度要求也越来越高.当天线受到自重以及风荷、温度等外界因素的影响时,为了更好地保证满足天线的高指向精度等电性能要求,基于应变传感器和模态叠加原理,分别利用天线变形后副反射面支撑腿与副反射面自身结构的应变值来快速重构副反射面的位姿、形貌,便于副反射面调整机构对其进行实时修正,以实现更加精准的主副反射面位置匹配,降低因天线结构变形造成的波束指向误差和增益损失.     

膜圆顶及塔架对南极望远镜风载影响的仿真分析

为了充分利用Dome A地区绝佳的视宁度条件, 计划将南极望远镜安装在15m高的塔架上并使用轻质膜圆顶. 研究了在塔架和膜圆顶作用下风载对望远镜观测环境的影 响, 利用计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD)分析了在10m·s^-1稳态风作用下,不同风向角、方位轴转动角以及镜筒转动角时,望远镜周围风速、湍动能的分布情况以及光程差的变化,同时研究了风屏对风速、湍动能的改善作用和带来的温升.结果表明,塔架和圆顶周围的风速与湍动能分布对风向的改变不敏感;迎风状态时望远镜附近的湍流分布与风速分布情况整体优于背风状态;当风速为10m·s^-1时,在距离风屏1m远、3m高的位置处风速降为来流风速的1/3至1/4,望远镜附近的平均温升值为0.044 K.     

Non-uniform Solar Temperature Field on Large Aperture,Fully-Steerable Telescope Structure

In this study, a 110-m fully steerable radio telescope was used as an analysis platform and the integral parametric finite element model of the antenna structure was built in the ANSYS thermal analysis module. The boundary conditions of periodic air temperature, solar radiation, long-wave radiation shadows of the surrounding environment, etc. were computed at 30 min intervals under a cloudless sky on a summer day, i.e., worstcase climate conditions. The transient structural temperatures were then analyzed under a period of several days of sunshine with a rational initial structural temperature distribution until the whole set of structural temperatures converged to the results obtained the day before. The non-uniform temperature field distribution of the entire structure and the main reflector surface RMS were acquired according to changes in pitch and azimuth angle over the observation period. Variations in the solar cooker effect over time and spatial distributions in the secondary reflector were observed to elucidate the mechanism of the effect. The results presented here not only provide valuable realtime data for the design, construction, sensor arrangement and thermal deformation control of actuators but also provide a troubleshooting reference for existing actuators.     

乌站25m射电望远镜天线效率自动测量的软件实现

经常测量天线参数对于改进天线性能以及联测和单天线观测的数据处理都是至关重要的。以前的记录仪手工测量方式,非常繁琐和低效率,不利于对测量结果进行有效的统一管理和深入分析。根据天线效率的测量为例,在PC和Windows2000/XP软硬件平台下统一编程,集成实现天线参数测量的自动化、操作的人性化以及数据分析和曲线拟合的可视化。这将大大降低人工,提高测量效率,更好地保证天线的可靠、高精度的运行以及观测数据的处理。     

射电望远镜远场区域强干扰源规避方法研究

随着频率使用率的提高, 射电天文台址地面或空间存在强电磁干扰致使望远镜接收机系统处于非线性状态. 为减少强电磁干扰的影响、提高天文观测效率, 提出了一种基于望远镜远场区域的强干扰源规避方法. 首先, 通过仿真分析确定的射电望远镜远场方向图, 结合望远镜与干扰源之间的位置关系, 分析了强电磁干扰到达射电望远镜焦点处的功率响应, 并依据接收机第2阶中频放大器性能参数, 确定射电望远镜处于非饱和状态的规避角度计算方法. 其次, 采用该方法计算分析了民航飞机对射电望远镜的影响, 若民航飞机上有主动发射的干扰源, 且不经过反射等传播现象, 当射电望远镜主波束轴偏开一定方向后, 可有效降低对射电望远镜的干扰强度.     

超大口径射电望远镜温度场分析

随着天线口径增大、频率升高,日照热对其性能的影响愈发严重.针对待建的新疆110 m大口径全可动射电望远镜,建立其热分析有限元模型,研究天线在夏至日不同太阳时刻的温度场分布特性.结果如下:一天中,主反射面的最高温度可达42.86℃,出现在14时,同时刻撑腿的温度也达到峰值,为41.74℃.背架水平分区温差在5时、18时、19.5时均超过1℃,会对天线指向性能产生较大影响.夜间天线结构温度分布亦不均匀,俯仰结构的温差明显高于其他构件,最大温差为6.42℃,通过数值模拟与试验相结合的方法,证明了构件的壁厚差异是导致结构夜间温差较大的主要原因.     

Subreflector model depending on elevation for the Tianma 65m Radio Telescope

A subreflector adjustment system for the Tianma 65 m radio telescope, administered by Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, has been installed to compensate for gravitational deformation of the main reflector and the structure supporting the subreflector. The position and attitude of the subreflector are variable in order to improve the efficiency at different elevations. The subreflector model has the goal of improving the antenna's performance. A new fitting formulation which is different from the traditional formulation is proposed to reduce the fitting error in the Y direction. The only difference in the subreflector models of the 65 m radio telescope is the bias of a constant term in the Z direction. We have investigated the effect of movements of the subreflector on the pointing of the antenna. The results of these performance measurements made by moving the antenna in elevation show that the subreflector model can effectively improve the efficiency of the 65 m radio telescope at each elevation. An antenna efficiency of about 60% at the K u band is reached in the whole angular range of elevation.     

大射电望远镜FAST风环境数值模拟研究

500 m口径球面射电望远镜(Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope,FAST),整体结构处于复杂的喀斯特地貌上,反射面承受风载荷作用,需要进行抗风设计。建立了FAST反射面及其周边山地地形的计算流体动力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)计算模型,计算域范围为40 km×10 km×5.5 km。确定了入口风速剖面的基准高度为海拔810 m。计算了不同风向下反射面风压系数分布特征,得出了不利风向。对挡风墙的研究结果表明,挡风墙高度选择的效果优于位置选择。该研究结果可为FAST工程提供抗风设计的初步参考。     

基于光学辅助指向测量的太赫兹望远镜指向误差模型研究

针对太赫兹波段天文点源目标较少, 指向测量相对困难的特点, 研究了利用与太赫兹天线共轴的小型光学望远镜来辅助太赫兹望远镜指向测量以及建立指向误差修正模型的方法. 依托紫金山天文台1.2 m斜轴式太赫兹天线开展了光学辅助指向测量的实验研究, 利用一台安装在天线背架上的100mm口径折射式光学望远镜获得了优于2$''$的指向测量精度. 此外, 通过对斜轴天线的结构分析以及大气折射和本地恒星时(Local Sidereal Time, LST)偏差等误差来源的分析, 建立了包含23个误差项的斜轴式光学指向修正模型, 实现了约3$''$的拟合精度. 最后, 借助高精度数字摄影测量对光电轴一致性进行了标定, 并针对其对指向模型精度的影响进行了讨论. 研究成果将为南极5 m太赫兹望远镜(The 5m Dome A Terahertz Explorer, DATE5)及其他太赫兹望远镜提供指向测量和指向修正模型方面的技术参考.     

New design of large fully-steerable radio telescope reflector based on homogenized mesh structure

The self-weight of a large fully-steerable radio telescope is one of the important factors affecting its performance. In the existing reflector system scheme, the problem of surface accuracy caused by its large and heavy structure has seriously restricted the application and implementation of large radio telescopes.Therefore, a new mesh structure scheme for a large fully-steerable radio telescope reflector is proposed in this paper. This scheme is based on a homogenized mesh back-up structure in the form of a quasi-geodesic grid and regular quasi-tri-prism or tetrahedron, which can significantly reduce the structural complexity and self-weight of the reflector under the condition that the reflector can meet the desired performance requirements. Finally, the feasibility and rationality of the scheme are evaluated by numerical simulation analysis, which has significant advantages and provides a new design for the reflector of a large fullysteerable radio telescope.     

基于FS系统对乌鲁木齐VLBI射电望远镜进行天线测量

在天文观测中射电望远镜性能参数的好坏直接影响到观测数据质量,为了保证观测质量,提高观测效率,需要对天线性能进行测量.当前进行天线测量的方法有场地测量法和射电天文法,不同的方法应用范围和效果不同.对于大型天线而言采用射电天文法进行天线测量高效快捷.针对VLBI射电望远镜,介绍了使用终端FS系统对天线参数进行测量（基于射电天文法）的方法和过程,以乌鲁木齐南山25 m天线增益和指向精度测量作为范例,重点叙述了测量的方法和步骤,并对该方法进行了讨论.     

基于ASCOM标准的天文电动调焦器设计

随着天文技术的不断发展,远程观测和自主观测逐渐成为天文观测的主流趋势,自动调焦技术也越来越受到重视。电动调焦器是天文望远镜不可或缺的附属设备,是实现自动调焦的关键设备。为实现云南天文台丽江观测站10英寸米德望远镜的自动调焦,自行研发了一套天文电动调焦器,设计相关控制电路,制定串口通信协议,并编写了一套开源天文公共对象模型(Astronomy Common Object Model,ASCOM)驱动程序SS Focuser,详细介绍了该电动调焦器的结构原理和实现方法,实测结果表明,电动调焦器具有很好的稳定性,完全满足设计要求,为天文电动调焦器设计提供了可借鉴的经验和方法。     

Dispatch approaches for scheduling radio telescope observations

Radio telescopes are a scarce resource designed to provide experimental data for astrophysical research, and various studies have focused on the design of observing schedules that make optimal use of available telescope time. We consider strategies for minimising the time required to observe a fixed set of pulsars, which provides an excellent example of scheduling in an unpredictable environment. First, owing to scintillation, the intensity of a pulsar signal is variable and random; therefore, the decision to abort or prolong an observation can be made only after some fraction of the scheduled observation has been completed. Second, observations may be interrupted by radio frequency interference or when the source sets below the horizon. Some sources are visible for more or less time depending on their declination and the latitude of the observing telescope. Formulating the problem in these terms leads to a highly dynamic shortest path problem with uncertainty. Unlike other documented telescope scheduling approaches, we demonstrate how a simple earliest setting policy achieves sets of pulsar observations in a rather short timespan. The policy is fast to apply due to a novel algorithm that pre-calculates the subset of next candidates before the end of the current integration. Our simulation also clarifies that the uncertainty arising from the scintillation (signal strength) encountered on arrival adds significantly to the variation in overall durations and that different hourly start times can favour or hamper the progress of a set of observations.     

Polarization effects in RATAN-600 solar observations in the “Southern sector with a flat reflector” mode

We report the results of numerical simulations of the instrumental signal in the Stokes V channel of circular polarization as observed by RATAN-600 radio telescope operating in the “Southern sector with a flat reflector” mode. Our simulations are based on an improved algorithm of the beam pattern computation that takes into account diffraction in the space between the telescope mirrors. The computations cover a wide range of wavelengths in the case of a focused antenna and in the presence of aberrations. We analyze the structure and properties of the element M ₄₁ of the Mueller matrix and of the parasite signal from the solar disk in various cases of the antenna irradiation. We estimate the differences between the left- and right-polarization power-beam patterns of the telescope. We report the computed M ₁₁ and M ₄₁ elements for the case of observation of the right- and left-polarized radiation at different points of the focal line of the secondary mirror, and analyze their variations as a function of a number of parameters, including, in particular, the shift applied to correct the displacement of scans.     

1．3厘米接收机背架调整系统设计

基于新疆天文台研制的1．3em双极化制冷接收机的安装及观测需求,设计了其背架调整系统。首先,通过力学分析选择合适的滚珠丝杠及驱动电机;其次,通过对电机进行测试,研制电机驱动模块,以满足安装要求;最后,编写电机驱动控制软件,实现终端对接收机馈源的精确控制。     

Analysis and Correction of the Influence of Track Irregularity on the Antenna Pointing

According to the influence mechanism of the antenna track irregularity on the telescope pointing accuracy, the distribution of the track errors and their influence on the pointing of the Urumqi Nanshan 26 m telescope are reanalyzed after the antenna track was reformed by using the whole-body welding technology, and hereby the pointing error model is correspondingly revised. By using the moving least-squares method, the measured height errors of the antenna track plane are fitted with a closed curve, and the tilt of the antenna azimuth axis caused by the track irregularity can be determined accordingly. Comparing it with the measured deviation of the antenna azimuth axis caused by the deformation of antenna pedestal, it can be found that both deviations are strongly correlated. A new pointing error model is established in view of the gravity deformation of antenna pedestal, which includes the north-south and east-west components, as well as the antenna track irregularity. Finally, by scanning a known calibration radio source at different positions in the sky, the measured pointing errors are fitted with the new pointing error model. The result shows that the sinusoidal component of the model error can be well constrained by the new pointing correction model, indicating that the new model can reflect very well the antenna pointing error, and can amend it to a certain extend.