FAST单元面板面型检测算法研究

500 m口径球面射电望远镜(Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope,FAST)是一个超大口径的可动望远镜,有三项技术创新,一是选址,二是轻型馈源索支撑,三是主动反射面。在主动反射面上,单元面板的面型和面板的出厂加工精度对电磁波在反射面的汇聚有很大影响。FAST主反射面由4 600块三角形反射面板拼接而成,每块面板为边长11 m三角形,这对FAST反射面面板的测量技术提出了更高的要求。摄影测量直接在影像上进行量测,无需接触物体本身;所摄影像信息丰富,可以从中获得所研究物体的大量几何信息和物理信息;适用于大范围、多目标测量,效率高。目前世界上最大的射电望远镜,如GBT和ARECIBO都是采用摄影测量技术进行反射面面形检测。在对现有的面型检测技术调研并试验后,提出基于数字近景摄影测量的方法,对FAST反射面11 m单元面板的面型进行检测,数分钟完成反射面板面型的一次检测,测量精度达到2.5 mm,经过调整后的单元面板的面型精度达到了3.0 mm,结果表明摄影测量应用于FAST反射面单元面板面型检测是可行的。     

FAST照明口径分析

500 m口径球面射电望远镜(Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope, FAST)在观测时,将球形反射面内部照明区域的形状变为300 m口径抛物面,实现望远镜的主焦天线功能。照明口径(球面变位到抛物面的口径)对望远镜的观测性能起决定作用。为了望远镜潜在的性能提升及后续发展,在500 m口径球面射电望远镜照明口径300 m及大于300 m的情况下,通过不同焦距抛物面与基准球面变位距离的计算,进行球面到不同口径抛物面变位分析,对望远镜增大照明口径的可行性进行探讨。给出了在500 m口径球面射电望远镜反射面变位驱动促动器最大运动行程范围内,增大口径抛物面变位时抛物面焦距及焦径比的选取。在驱动行程方面初步说明了变位的理论可行性,相关分析同样适用于其他口径的抛物面。     

天线面板重力变形的主动控制量计算方法研究

提出了理想反射面及2参数、5参数和6参数最佳吻合抛物面方法,计算大型卡氏天线结构重力变形后主反射面板的调整量和对应的副反射面调整量,同时分析馈源偏焦对天线电性能的影响.以上海天文台天马65 m望远镜(TM65m)为研究对象,综合对比分析促动器调整量、6杆并联机构调整量、主反射面精度及偏焦后天线指向变化等,认为针对实际结构而言,经过调整修正后,6参数最佳吻合抛物面方法可以作为高精度天线理想的计算面板变形主动控制量方法,计算结果为天线的主动控制提供初调数据.     

从KARST到FAST---中国天眼的概念起源与决策过程

在大科学时代,大科学工程的建设日益复杂,设计者需综合考虑设备性能、技术储备、经费、风险、环境等因素才能进行合理决策.在国内外天文学发展的背景中,梳理了500 m口径球面射电望远镜(Five-hundredmeter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope, FAST)概念形成的过程以及FAST团队在其中所做的决策,包括大望远镜中国方案的设想、先导单元的提出、主动反射面技术的采用等,并对决策过程进行了分析探讨. FAST诞生于我国与国际天文学发展的互动与融合进程,实现了从跟进到占据先机的转变,可为在相关基础薄弱的领域建设大科学工程提供参考.     

一种面向FAST PB量级脉冲星数据处理加速方法及系统

500 m口径球面射电望远镜(Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope, FAST)已投入科学运行,其中脉冲星漂移扫描巡天采集数据量已达数PB,预计每年至少新增5 PB。现有的数据处理软件如PRESTO,SIGPROC等无法满足PB量级数据的快速处理要求。提出了一种基于PRESTO的分布式并行计算方法,整合利用数据库技术和异地异构计算资源,构建了一套命名为Craber的计算加速系统,由FAST早期科学数据中心与国家天文台共同设计实现。启用Craber子网计算集群D中55个计算节点,应用澳大利亚帕克斯(Parkes)望远镜多波束巡天数据集和500 m口径球面射电望远镜漂移扫描数据验证了系统流程和搜索数据库。单个100 MB帕克斯巡天数据文件平均耗时36 s,单个128 MB 500 m口径球面射电望远镜巡天数据文件平均耗时22 s。该系统目前已实际参与数据处理并发现了数十颗脉冲星,有效帮助500 m口径球面射电望远镜加速数据处理和扩大新样本数量。     

FAST L波段多波束馈源设计的初步分析

把抛物面天线的偏焦理论应用于FAST L波段多波束馈源系统的设计,分析了馈源喇叭横向偏焦距离与相应波束偏离角之间的关系,结合多波束射电望远镜扫描方式的要求,给出了FAST L波段多波束馈源的工作带宽、多波束馈源中相邻喇叭的间距以及喇叭口径大小的限制,并对正六边形阵列中处于不同位置的喇叭对应的波束的主瓣情况作了详细计算和分析。由此说明了FAST L波段多波束馈源采用19波束的可行性。另一方面,根据得到的工作频率带宽和喇叭口径大小的情况,对OMT和喇叭类型的选择进行了探讨。本文给出了FAST L波段多波束系统的大概轮廓,为进一步精确设计指明了方向。     

先进多孔径视宁度廓线仪数值模拟研究

先进多孔径视宁度廓线仪(A-MASP)由两台小望远镜组成,通过望远镜观测太阳表面的米粒结构进行日间湍流廓线测量.两台望远镜之间的相对指向误差可以通过改进的湍流廓线测量公式消除.数值仿真研究表明,使用消除抖动的湍流廓线计算公式后,发现A-MASP对地表附近的湍流不敏感.当两台望远镜距离为0.4 m时,无法测量400 m以下的湍流.在A-MASP中,采样高度的不均匀分布会造成测量结果的失真,可通过等效采样高度的计算方法,对该失真进行修正.通过100层相位屏对大气湍流的仿真,结果表明当望远镜距离不同时,湍流廓线测量的结果各有侧重.当距离较近时(0.4 m),A-MASP对0.4–5 km的湍流廓线测量精度较高.当距离为1.2 m和2.0 m时,对5 km以上的湍流廓线测量较准确.     

模拟研究卫-卫跟踪中星间隔的选择问题

从两要从两个方面讨论了低轨卫星在做卫-卫跟踪(SST)观测时,星间隔的选择问题．1)用地球重力位系数作为扰动量,比较该扰动引起的不同间隔的SST星间距离和速度变化大小．2)用随机误差为1μm／s的星间速度变化作为模拟观测量,恢复不同间隔的地球重力位系数,并做精度评估．两种结果表明,适当增大SST间隔对求解重力场有利,但无限制增大无实际意义,对于选定高度为420km卫星,在作SST观测时,星间隔不宜超过690km,此模拟方法及结果对我国确定重力卫星指标有着重要意义．     

第22周升段毫秒级射电尖峰在1.42、2.84、3.67GHz上出现的频次(英文)

本文的目的是研究1.42、2.84、3.67GHz的毫秒级射电尖峰在太阳22周上升段出现的频次及计算源区的有关参数。 云南天文台三波段快速采样射电望远镜于1987年初投入观测。我们选择的观测时段是1987年5月-1988年12月。为太阳22周升段。其中36个毫秒射电尖峰事件及它们的极大流量被选取了(见英文表Ⅰ)。统计结果表明,三波段尖峰出现的频次比为24:13:3;三波段最大流量分别是2530.0、1364.0和21.8s.f.u;最小流量是33.2、15.2和16.3s.f.u;平均流量是434.8、216.5和19.1s.f.u。 根据这些统计结果,我们作了尖峰源区的参数计算。 1、尖峰源的尺度。由公式(1)算得三波段尖峰源的直径分别是140km,70km和50km,同Benz给出的≤200km相符。 2、尖峰源立体角。由公式(2)算得三波段分别为2.7×10~(-12)sr,6.8×10~(-13)sr,3.5×10~_(-13)sr。 3、尖峰源的亮温度,由公式(3)算得三波段亮温度如下: 频 率 极大值(K) 极小值(K) 平均值(K) 1.42GHz 1.5×10~(14) 2.0×10~(12) 8.1×10~(13) 2.84GHz 8.1×10~(13) 9.1×10~(11) 1.3×10~(12) 3.67GHz 1.3×10~(13) 8.2×10~(11) 1.1×10~(12) 4、尖峰源的磁场强度,用公式(4)、(5)算得三波段分别为250、500和700高斯。 从统计与计算结果我们看到,毫秒级射电尖峰辐射在1.42GHz出现的     

大型射电望远镜主反射面调整方法研究

随着毫米波天文学和空间通信的重要性日益提高, 对天线性能提出了越来越高的要求, 而天线性能往往受到其反射器表面精度的限制. 微波全息技术是一种快速有效的检测反射面天线表面轮廓的测量技术. 通过微波全息测量得到天线口径场, 计算天马65m射电望远镜反射面与理想抛物面的偏差. 天马65m射电望远镜的主反射面板是放射状的, 有14圈. 面板的每个角都固定在面板下方促动器的螺栓上进行上下移动, 且相邻面板交点处的拐角共用一个促动器. 采用平面拟合的方法可以计算各块面板拐角处的调整值, 但是同一个促动器会得到4个不同的调整量. 通过平面拟合, 同时以天线照明函数为权重的平差计算方法得到相邻面板拐角的一个平差值, 即天马65m射电望远镜1104个促动器的最佳调整值. 通过多次调整和新算法的应用, 天马65m射电望远镜反射面的面形精度逐渐提高到了0.24mm.     

A preliminary study on photogrammetry for the FAST main reflector measurement

The Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope(FAST) is the largest single-dish radio telescope in the world. In this paper, we apply photogrammetry to measure local area surface accuracy of the FAST main reflector. Contrast with the existing photogrammetric methods that need to stick the cooperation target on the panel. In this paper, we directly detect nodes according to their natural feature. Analyzing the FAST reflector composition, we propose a two-step Hough transform method for node detection. Due to the high similarity of the neighboring area around nodes, it is hard to match two images by the feature matching method. Therefore, we apply the nodes combination approach to obtain the homography matrix between two photos for nodes matching. After nodes detection and matching,triangulation and bundle adjustment algorithms are adopted for 3 D reconstruction. During the experiment,the adjusted node position deform a local area of the FAST main reflector into a spherical cap with a radius of 300 m. The experimental result shows that the measurement accuracy of the sphere with a radius of 300 m is 12.299 mm, indicating that it is feasible to apply photogrammetry for the FAST main reflector measurement.     

Analysis for reflector aluminum mesh panels of five-hundred meter aperture spherical telescope

In this paper, an analysis of the aluminum reflector mesh panels for the Five-hundred meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) is described. The study concentrates on one element of the reflector surface with the shape of a triangle. For the analysis, the panel is modelled as a mesh of cables so that it can be treated as continuous. It is demonstrated that the results so obtained are reasonable. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The Influence of Panel Gaps on the System NoiseTemperature of the FAST

1 INTRODUCTIONThe FAST is an ArecibChtype telescope with a number of innovations, which is to be built inthe unique karst area of Southwest China (Nan Rendong et al. 1996). Some basic parametersof the FAST have been tentatively suggested such as, curvature radius R = 300m, openingangle 0 = 120', and frequency range from 300MHz to 5 GHz. Baized on the fact that thecelltral part of a spherical surface deyiates little from a paraboloid as a proper focal length ischosen, a novel design…     

Research on key technologies for installation and maintenance of reflector of FAST

The reflector of the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope(FAST)consists of 4450 reflector units.Installation of the reflector faces the challenges of large span,complex terrain,serious interference,complex processes,high position and inability to use conventional equipment.The installation technology for the flexible reflector with a large span was specially studied and designed.Two half-span arc-moving cable cranes and two transfer trucks were jointly operated along a path that follows a circular beam.After installation of the reflector was completed,two half-span cable cranes were merged into a set of full-span cable cranes for maintenance of the reflector.Installation of the reflector combines features of unit and site topography of FAST.The installation technology follows scientific and reasonable practices,and is highly efficient and convenient.It represents a breakthrough in many key technologies in construction and maintenance techniques.It has promoted related technical progress in the construction and maintenance of complex projects.It has also provided an important reference for the construction and maintenance of similar projects,and has strong significance and applicability.     

Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope project

A Five hundred meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) is proposed to be built in the unique karst area of southwest China, and will act, in a sense, as a prototype for the Square Kilometer Array (SKA). It will be over twice as large as the Arecibo telescope coupled with much wider sky coverage. Some results from site surveys for such a SKA concept are briefly reported. Technically, FAST is not simply a copy of the existing Arecibo telescope but has rather a number of innovations. Firstly, the proposed main spherical reflector, by conforming to a paraboloid of revolution in real time through actuated active control, enables the realization of both wide bandwidth and full polarization capability while using standard feed design. Secondly, a feed support system which integrates optical, mechanical and electronic technologies will effectively reduce the cost of the support structure and control system. Pre-research on FAST has become a key project in the CAS. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Suggested quasi-Cassegrain system for multi-beam observation of FAST

FAST, the largest single-dish radio telescope in the world, has a 500-meter diameter main reflector and a 300-meter diameter illuminated area. It has a main reflector that can vary its shape, which continuously changes the shape of the illuminated area in reflector into a paraboloid. In this article, we propose a quasiCassegrain system for FAST. The detailed design results are provided. Such a quasi-Cassegrain system only needs to add a 14.6-meter diameter secondary reflector, which is close to the size of the feed cabin. The distance from the secondary reflector to the focus is only 5.08 m, and it has excellent image quality. In this quasi-Cassegrain system, the shape of the illuminated area in the main reflector continuously changes into an optimized hyperboloid. Using this quasi-Cassegrain system from frequency 0.5 GHz to 8 GHz, the multi-beam system can include 7 to 217 feeds. If this system is used in combination with Phased Array Feed(PAF) technology, more multi-beam feeds or a higher working frequency can be used.     

Recognition of FAST reflector nodes based on Canny operator

The reflector system of Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope(FAST) is designed as 4450 rigid panels supported by a flexible cable-net structure. We use 10 total stations to measure2225 nodes of the cable-net and then control the shape of the reflectors. Every time, it takes at least 35 minutes to finish the calibration of the whole cable-net once. It is indeed far too inefficient. Thus, we developed a set of highly efficient instrument CRRS(CCD Rotation Ranging System). It is based on photogrammetry and can finish the measurement in 1 minute. However, the target we used in CRRS is active target, and it has serious electromagnetic interference problems to affect the use of FAST. Take the above reasons into consideration, we plan to identify the nodes by taking the gap between the reflector panels as the feature condition. The new method can take the place of active targets to finish the measuring task. The present work focuses on the following aspects. First, combined with the characteristics of FAST reflector images,the representative algorithms of image edge detection are discussed. Second, the process of node extraction is introduced in detail so that we know that it works. In addition, experimental results are given to draw a conclusion so that Canny algorithm was used for continuous research of reflector edge detection.     

Studying solutions for the fatigue of the FAST cable-net structure caused by the process of changing shape

The Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope(FAST) is supported by a cable-net structure,whose change in shape leads to a stress range of approximately 500 MPa.This stress range is more than twice the standard recommended value.The cable-net structure is thus the most critical and fragile part of the FAST reflector system.In this study,we first search for a more appropriate deformation strategy that reduces the stress amplitude generated by the process of changing shape.Second,we roughly estimate the tracking trajectory of the telescope during its service life,and conduct an extensive numerical investigation to assess the requirements for fatigue resistance.Finally,we develop a new type of steel cable system that satisfies the cable requirements for construction of FAST.     

Schemes for Segmenting the Main Reflector of the FAST

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