环焦天线口径面相位分析

环焦天线具有特殊的电磁特性和应用领域.对环焦天线的口径面相位误差进行了理论和仿真分析,推导了馈源和副面位置偏差引起的相位误差、主副面之间的补偿关系以及全息测量中天线转动引起的光程差.研究结果将对环焦天线的精确面形测量和补偿提供理论依据和参考.     

Subreflector model depending on elevation for the Tianma 65m Radio Telescope

A subreflector adjustment system for the Tianma 65 m radio telescope, administered by Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, has been installed to compensate for gravitational deformation of the main reflector and the structure supporting the subreflector. The position and attitude of the subreflector are variable in order to improve the efficiency at different elevations. The subreflector model has the goal of improving the antenna's performance. A new fitting formulation which is different from the traditional formulation is proposed to reduce the fitting error in the Y direction. The only difference in the subreflector models of the 65 m radio telescope is the bias of a constant term in the Z direction. We have investigated the effect of movements of the subreflector on the pointing of the antenna. The results of these performance measurements made by moving the antenna in elevation show that the subreflector model can effectively improve the efficiency of the 65 m radio telescope at each elevation. An antenna efficiency of about 60% at the K u band is reached in the whole angular range of elevation.     

基于应变的变形副反射面位姿形貌快速重构方法

随着双反射面天线口径的增大、工作频段的升高,天线对副反射面的精度要求也越来越高.当天线受到自重以及风荷、温度等外界因素的影响时,为了更好地保证满足天线的高指向精度等电性能要求,基于应变传感器和模态叠加原理,分别利用天线变形后副反射面支撑腿与副反射面自身结构的应变值来快速重构副反射面的位姿、形貌,便于副反射面调整机构对其进行实时修正,以实现更加精准的主副反射面位置匹配,降低因天线结构变形造成的波束指向误差和增益损失.     

A Research on the Gravity Deformation of Delingha 13.7m Telescope

Based on digital photogrammetric measurements, the antenna panels of the Delingha 13.7m radio telescope are adjusted to make the main dish have an optimal paraboloidal surface at the elevation of 52°, thus the overall antenna efficiency is optimized for different observing elevations. Observations indicate that the aperture efficiency of the telescope has been improved approximately twice in comparison with the antenna panels adjusted on the basis of theodolite measurements. According to the results of the measurements at different elevations, the models of antenna gravity deformation are built, including the displacement and tilt angle of the subreflector, as well as the focal length and surface error of the main reflector, as functions of elevation angle. In the process of modeling the gravity deformation of the main dish, instead of the direct calculation method, the least square fitting on the measured surface errors at different elevation angles is adopted, in order to reduce the effect of measurement errors on the accuracy of the model.     

40m射电望远镜天线副面和馈源偏移误差分析

建立40m口径天线结构的有限元分析模型,依据有限元分析结果,对副面和馈源偏离理想位置的偏移量和偏移误差进行分析与计算;从误差补偿角度,运用最佳指向技术对副面横偏误差进行补偿分析计算。误差补偿后的计算结果表明,副面横偏误差得到了大幅度的减小。分析计算结果为40m天线的实际工程提供了参考。     

基于单目视觉的天线副面并联调整机构相对位姿测量方法

为测量天线副面并联调整机构的相对位姿,研究了一种基于单目视觉的位姿测量系统.采用光源照射固定于动平台上的合作目标,结合滤光片等控制手段,利用单目相机采集非共面特征点的图像,获得高对比度的准理想图像.经过图像处理和平方加权质心法,提取出特征点的图像坐标,使用EPnP (Efficient Perspective-n-Point)算法进行位姿解算,最终可以得到并联调整机构的相对位姿测量方法.最后通过实验进行了精度验证,结果表明平移精度为0.1 mm,旋转精度为0.05°,满足了实验要求,为并联机构的位姿检测提供了可行性思路.     

Active sub-reflector research for a large radio telescope

This paper proposes an active sub-reflector suitable for large radio telescopes, which can compensate both of the deformation of the main reflector and sub-reflector position offsets. The mathematical formula of the main reflector deformation compensated by the sub-reflector is deduced based on Cassegrain and Gregory antenna structures. The position of the sub-reflector is adjustable to compensate for defocusing errors on high and low elevations, which are mainly caused by the deformation of the sub-reflector supporting legs. In this paper, the method of obtaining the optimum position of the sub-reflector from the aperture phase by the interferometric method is introduced. The actual measurement is verified on the Tianma 65 m radio telescope, which provides a new way to diagnose the position error of the sub-reflector.     

抛物面天线微波全息测量及结果分析

就上海佘山25 m抛物面天线上进行的相位相关法微波全息测量及其测量结果做了一定阐述。文章首先简要提到了微波全息测量技术在国内外的发展情况以及理论依据,其次介绍了我们所建立的测量系统的组成,重点讨论了基于窄带信号测量工作的有效性和准确性,采用自校准的数据处理手段,对测量误差做了估计和实际测试。当前我们已经取得了0.14 mm的测量精度(极限误差为0.2 mm),并分析了影响测量精度的各项因素。     

Analysis and Correction of the Influence of Track Irregularity on the Antenna Pointing

According to the influence mechanism of the antenna track irregularity on the telescope pointing accuracy, the distribution of the track errors and their influence on the pointing of the Urumqi Nanshan 26 m telescope are reanalyzed after the antenna track was reformed by using the whole-body welding technology, and hereby the pointing error model is correspondingly revised. By using the moving least-squares method, the measured height errors of the antenna track plane are fitted with a closed curve, and the tilt of the antenna azimuth axis caused by the track irregularity can be determined accordingly. Comparing it with the measured deviation of the antenna azimuth axis caused by the deformation of antenna pedestal, it can be found that both deviations are strongly correlated. A new pointing error model is established in view of the gravity deformation of antenna pedestal, which includes the north-south and east-west components, as well as the antenna track irregularity. Finally, by scanning a known calibration radio source at different positions in the sky, the measured pointing errors are fitted with the new pointing error model. The result shows that the sinusoidal component of the model error can be well constrained by the new pointing correction model, indicating that the new model can reflect very well the antenna pointing error, and can amend it to a certain extend.     

基于光学辅助指向测量的太赫兹望远镜指向误差模型研究

针对太赫兹波段天文点源目标较少, 指向测量相对困难的特点, 研究了利用与太赫兹天线共轴的小型光学望远镜来辅助太赫兹望远镜指向测量以及建立指向误差修正模型的方法. 依托紫金山天文台1.2 m斜轴式太赫兹天线开展了光学辅助指向测量的实验研究, 利用一台安装在天线背架上的100mm口径折射式光学望远镜获得了优于2$''$的指向测量精度. 此外, 通过对斜轴天线的结构分析以及大气折射和本地恒星时(Local Sidereal Time, LST)偏差等误差来源的分析, 建立了包含23个误差项的斜轴式光学指向修正模型, 实现了约3$''$的拟合精度. 最后, 借助高精度数字摄影测量对光电轴一致性进行了标定, 并针对其对指向模型精度的影响进行了讨论. 研究成果将为南极5 m太赫兹望远镜(The 5m Dome A Terahertz Explorer, DATE5)及其他太赫兹望远镜提供指向测量和指向修正模型方面的技术参考.     

采用光学指向系统建立天马13m望远镜指向模型

描述了采用光学望远镜辅助天马13m射电望远镜进行指向测量以及建立指向误差修正模型的方法. 对于小口径望远镜, 指向校准目标源比较少, 用射电法建立指向模型难以覆盖全天区. 利用上海天文台天马13m射 电望远镜进行光学望远镜辅助射电望远镜指向测量研究, 在13m天线背架上安装一套光学指向系统, 获得了优 于3''的重复测量误差. 此外, 通过对影响天线指向因素的分析, 建立了包含8个误差项的指向误差修正模型以及 光轴和电轴偏差模型. 将指向模型代入天线伺服控制系统, 对校准目标射电源进行十字扫描, 得到指向样本残差约 为5''. 该研究可以为实现高精度指向建模提供一种参考方法.     

Study on the pointing model of a slant-axis terahertz antenna

This paper describes the establishment and verification of an accurate pointing model for a1.2 m aperture slant-axis terahertz antenna. A new analytical pointing model for the slant-axis antenna is presented based on an analogy to that of the alt-azimuth antennas. Furthermore, extra error terms are added to the pointing model based on the structure and mechanical analysis of the slant-axis antenna. To verify the pointing model experimentally, a pointing error measurement method based on photogrammetric techniques is proposed. Using this method, pointing behaviors of the antenna are accurately measured without the aid of astronomical observations, and major sources of the pointing errors are measured individually by photogrammetry and their respective coefficients are compared with those in the analytical pointing model.The results show that an extended pointing model consisting 21 error terms can significantly reduce the residual systematic errors compared with the traditional model, more details are given in the following sections.     

紫金山天文台13：7米射电望远镜天线表面精度的首次射电全息测量

１９９２年１月，在紫金山天文台１３．７米毫米波望远镜上进行了用射电全息术的相位恢复方法测量天线表面精度的尝试。利用望远镜的２２ＧＨｚ系统，用强水脉泽源ＯＲＩＯＮ－ＫＬ作为信号源测量了天线的聚焦和偏焦方向图，采用Ｍｉｓｅｌｌ算法获得了天线口面上的相位分布，由此得到的天线表面相对于理想抛物面偏差的均方根值与１９８９年用经典的经纬仪带尺方法测量的结果基本相符。     

主反射面变形引起的天线指向误差修正方法

射电天线指向精度通常要求小于主波束宽度的1/10, 对于短厘米波段或毫米波段的大口径反射面天线, 指向精度要求高达几个角秒, 对于天线性能目标的实现是个巨大的挑战, 因此对于大口径高频段的反射面天线来说指向问题成为天线性能实现的重要关注焦点. 在众多影响天线指向精度的结构子系统因素中, 对主反射面变形因素的研究很少. 文章结合天线的结构特点建立了反射面空间坐标系统, 并基于变形后主面点的空间坐标值, 提出了3自由度下的非线性最小二乘吻合的方法去精准预测天线指向. 最后利用空间几何关系严格推导出了服务于天线指向误差修正的俯仰和方位的精确调整量, 从而构建了主面变形同指向误差之间的间接关系, 这对大型射电天线指向精度的提升具有一定的指导意义.     

PSD法测量大型射电望远镜副面位姿

指向精度是大型射电望远镜天线具有挑战性的关键技术指标.在望远镜运行中,方位俯仰角的变化、重力以及日照等对副面撑杆的综合影响会引起望远镜的副面位姿改变从而引起指向误差的增加和天线效率的降低.基于天马65 m射电望远镜,使用位置传感器装置(PSD)法构建了副面位置偏移量测定系统,可以实时采集副面的3维位移数据,构建重力模型,将测试结果与射电法构建的现有副面模型进行对比,有较好的一致性.此外,该系统可以分析日照(引起撑腿局部温度效应)引起的副面位移情况,也可以监视风载和瞬时启停对副面位姿的影响.     

Changes of the profiles of spectral lines due to mass transfer in close binaries

In this paper, the model of the ring envelope round the primary component and the stream of the gaseous mass flowing from the secondary component to the primary is constructed on the basis of theoretical computations concerning the exchange of the mass between the components of the binary. The paper studies the influence of the gaseous mass on the profiles of spectral lines before and after occultation; the influence of the stream on the profile in case the secondary is near elongation, is also investigated. The line profiles obtained by numerical computations show that their changes caused by outflowing mass should be well detectable from spectrograms taken at particular phase of the binary. Changes in the lines may influence the measurement of radial velocities. The method for distinguishing the influence of the stream from the influence of the ring is described.     

射电天文中焦面阵或多波束馈源的应用

焦面阵技术或者多波束馈源系统已经日益广泛地应用于现代射电望远镜，因为它可以充分地利用同一射电望远镜反射面所能提供的信息，在观测比射电望远镜方向瓣大得多的展源时数倍乃至数十倍地提高观测的速度；当存在大气层或电离层的起伏或不均匀影响观测成像质量时，可消除这种影响，提高观测质量；利用焦面阵各单个馈源接收到的信息的互相关，则可以实时监控射电望远镜的反射面、二次反射面、指向精度，从而降低地面上大射电望远镜或空间射电望远镜的精度要求和造价。目前焦面阵已经愈来愈广泛地配置在毫米波射电望远镜和大型射电望远镜的主要波段。对此作了一个较新和全面的评述，对焦面阵应用中的限制，包括相位误差的限制和性能价格比的考虑和可能的前景作了简要的介绍。还分析了在计划中的大型主动球反射面射电望远镜（即FAST）上，配置焦面阵的相应限制、问题和难点，提出了初步的建议，并给出经中英双方讨论后初步拟定的FAST频段、波束及低噪声放大器的配置。     

单频GPS接收机天线扼流圈的研制与测试

讨论了多路径效应对GPS共视比对的影响及削弱其影响的方法。结合综合原子时项目的需求,研制了适用于单频GPS接收机的天线扼流圈,并用零基线比对方法进行了测试。结果表明,研制的天线扼流圈可有效地削弱多路径效应的影响,并可明显地改善单频GPS接收机NTSCGPS-1的抗干扰能力。     

The speckle polarimeter of the 2.5-m telescope: Design and calibration

The speckle polarimeter is a facility instrument of the 2.5-mSAIMSU telescope that combines the features of a speckle interferometer and a polarimeter. The speckle polarimeter is designed for observations in several visible bands in the following modes: speckle interferometry, polarimetry, speckle polarimetry, and polaroastrometry. In this paper we describe the instrument design and the procedures for determining the angular scale of the camera and the position angle of the camera and the polarimeter. Our measurements of the parameters for the binary star HD 9165 are used as an example to demonstrate the technique of speckle interferometry. For bright objects the accuracy of astrometry is limited by the error of the correction for the distortion caused by the atmospheric dispersion compensator. At zenith distances less than 45? the additional relative measurement error of the separation is 0.7%, while the additional error of the position angle is 0.3°. In the absence of a dispersion compensator the accuracy of astrometry is limited by the uncertainty in the scale and position angle of the camera, which are 0.15% and 0.06°, respectively. We have performed polarimetric measurements of unpolarized stars and polarization standards. The instrumental polarization at the Cassegrain focus in the V band does not exceed 0.01%. The instrumental polarization for the Nasmyth focus varies between 2 and 4% within the visible range; we have constructed its model and give a method for its elimination from the measurements. For stars with an intrinsic polarization of less than 0.2% during observations at the Cassegrain focus the error is determined mainly by the photon and readout noises and can reach 5 × 10^?5.     

基于QTT促动器的热误差补偿

即将用于新疆奇台110 m射电望远镜(Qi Tai radio Telescope,QTT)的促动器需在-40~60℃范围内满足±15μm的精度要求。由于在无任何补偿的情况下,热误差可以达到约400μm,因此需要建立热误差模型,以预测促动器位移随温度的变化规律,并在此基础上进行位移主动控制补偿,从而保证促动器在给定温度下能满足定位精度的要求。首先,结合模型基本要求与显著性检验,从促动器上的16个温度测量点中优选出一个最适合模型建立的点;然后,采用灰色预测理论建立促动器的热误差模型;最后,根据实际情况对该模型进行修正。研究表明:创新地采用统计学与工程实践相结合的方式选取测温点,建立的热误差模型可以指导促动器的位移主动控制补偿,从而使促动器在要求的-40~60℃范围内达到±15μm±4μm的定位精度。