THE CONSTRUCTION AND ITS DEVELOPMENT OFTHE OVERSEAS TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN NORTHEAST CHINA

ＴＨＥＣＯＮＳＴＲＵＣＴＩＯＮＡＮＤＩＴＳＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴＯＦＴＨＥＯＶＥＲＳＥＡＳＴＲＡＮＳＰＯＲＴＳＹＳＴＥＭＩＮＮＯＲＴＨＥＡＳＴＣＨＩＮＡＧａｏＳｈａｌｉ（高莎丽）（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙ，ＮｏｒｔｈｅａｓｔＮｏｒｍ...     

BORDER PORT MANZHOULh URBAN FUNCTION AND SPACE DEVELOPMENT

Manzhouli is the largest land port city on the Sino-Russia border, transit cargo through the land port amount-ed to 5.95 million tons, transit tourists were 304 500 in 2000. It stands at the joint place of China, Mongolia and Russi-a, faces to Siberia area of Russia, receives direct support from the Northeast China and Bohai Sea Rim Area, and possess-es priorities in geographical location, land port infrastructure, water resources, coal resources, tourist resources andgreat potentiality in economic cooperation with Russia. The future urban function is a key port on the First Eurasia Continen-tal Bridge. Manzhouli Port will keep its first place between China and Russia land transport, and it is forecasted that thetransit amount through Manzhouli Port will go up to 10 million tons in 2005 and 20 million tons in 2010. It will be construct-ed to be a trade center of the peripheral area extending to Russia and Mongolia, a key export-oriented processing industri-al zone supported by industries such as export processing industries, export agriculture, trade services, technology trad-ing and the other service industries. It keeps being a well-known touring city for trade, shopping, sightseeing, vocation,local food, recreation and cultural events. To build Manzhouli Export Processing Industry Zone will improve city econom-ic structure, and the main sectors are organic food processing, livestock products processing, garment and furniture indus-try. Moreover, Manzhouli Export Processing Industry Zone will eventually be upgraded to be a border free trade zone.The city functional transition will inevitably affect urban spatial restructure and its expansion. The city space transforma-tion will develop as such: one development axis of No. 301 highway paralleling with Bin - Zhou(Harbin - Manzhouli) rail-way which cuts through central part of Manzhouli City, and links Zhalainuocr District with central city; three urban unitsincluding central city, Zhalainuocr District and Manzhouli Interchange Trade Zone; cohesion with Aoerjin and Cuogangpastures; regional dual-nuclei structure of Hailaer City and Manhzouli City; and the Manzhouli-Zabaykalsk Free TradeZone.     

地缘经济合作背景下的中国磨憨-老挝磨丁口岸地区建设用地扩张

20世纪90年代以来,在地缘经济合作机制的影响下,作为中南半岛唯一的内陆国家,老挝边境地区正在经历以建设用地扩张为主的土地利用与覆被变化（LUCC）。本文以中老磨憨-磨丁口岸为例,基于2016年2月-2018年11月10期Sentinel-2 A/B 10 m分辨率遥感影像,利用面向对象与分类后目视修改相结合方法提取2016-2018年磨憨-磨丁口岸15 km缓冲带的建设用地分布信息,并分析了建设用地的时空变化及国别差异。研究结果表明：① 中老磨憨-磨丁口岸地区经历了阶段性快速发展,由2016年年初的1098.8 hm ²激增到2018年年底的2238.8 hm ²,增加了1140.0 hm ²,其中50.8%的新增建设用地集中在海拔800~1000 m,80.9%在坡度20°以下;② 中国磨憨口岸侧建设用地占研究区建设用地的比重从63.3%递减至54.8%,但仍占规模优势,由695.4 hm ²猛增到1226.7 hm ²,平均增幅6.7%;③ 老挝磨丁口岸侧建设用地增加近1.5倍,从403.4 hm ²剧增到1012.1 hm ²,平均增幅11.1%,占比由36.7%递增到45.2%。可见,日益发展的地缘经济合作是推动中老两国边境地区（特别是口岸）土地利用变化的主要诱因。     

ANALYSIS OF LAND BRIDGE TRANSPORTATION

Land bridge transportation means transportation from one seaport to another by railway across continents instead of by ocean ship. At present, there are two common routes for using land bridge transportation in the world. One is Asia-America-Europe land bridge, the other is Europe-Asia land bridge.Eurasia land bridge has obvious advantages over Asia-America-Europe land bridge due to its shorter distance, shorter transportation time and special freight rate. China started Eurasia land bridge transportation business in 1980. It mainly used the mode of railway-railway combined transportation. The comparison between using Eurasia land bridge and using shipping transportation from China to Northern and Western Europe shows that Euraria land bridge transportation can save time and get foreign exchange in time, and commodity turnover will be speeded up. According to the port layout and railway network structure, China's land bridge transportation projects are proposed. They are Suifenhe project, Dalian project     

海上丝绸之路起点——泉州港岸线变化的遥感动态研究

泉州港作为古代海上丝绸之路的起点,今天又成为21世纪“一带一路”的新起点。本文以泉州港1990-2014年共6期的Landsat TM/OLI遥感影像为数据源,综合应用遥感和GIS技术提取了泉州港的海岸线及海域变化信息,从海岸线的长度、变化速率、分形维数、海域变化面积和海域利用类型5个方面进行海岸线变化及其驱动力分析。研究表明：近24年来,泉州港海岸线长度增加了37.78 km,海岸线的形状总体稳定,但在局部有明显变化。海岸线变化导致的海域变化面积为68.02 km²,其中,建设用地(城市和港口建设)占用的比例最大,围海养殖也是一个重要的利用类型。但泉州港围填海新增面积的利用率不高,超过一半的围填海面积尚未被合理地开发利用。总的来看,新城区建设、临港工业产业兴起和农渔业发展导致了泉州港海岸线的变化。     

Impacts of transportation arteries on land use patterns in urban-rural fringe: A comparative gradient analysis of Qixia District, Nanjing City, China

Integrated transportation and land use studies are of major interest to planners because they consider the interaction between transportation development and land use change. Quantifying the impact of transport infrastructure on land use change is necessary for evaluating the role of transportation development in the process of land use and land cover change in the urban-rural fringe. Taking Qixia District of Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China as a typical urban-rural fringe area, this paper analyzes the patterns and characteristics of land use change along three major transportation arteries using land use data from 2000 and 2008. We examine the spatial differentiation and gradient of land use pattern around railway, expressway, and highway corridors to investigate whether land use change in the urban-rural fringe is related to distance from transportation arteries and to clarify the varying impacts of different forms of transport infrastructure on land use patterns. We find that construction land generally tends to be located close to major transportation arteries, and that railways have the most obvious influence on land use change in the urban-rural fringe, while the impact of expressways was not significant. We conclude that there exists a causal relationship between the presence of transportation arteries and land use change in the urban-rural fringe, but this relationship varies across different types of linear transport infrastructure.     

LAND RECLAMATION PROCESS IN NORTHEAST CHINA SINCE 1900

Landuse/coverchange(LUCC)isafocalthemeandemergingissueinthestudyofglobalenvironmentalchange.Humanmodificationsandalterationstotheenvironmentcauseimpactsonthesurfaceoftheearth,threatenglobalsustainabilityandlivelihoodsystems,andcontributetochangeinthebiogeochemicalcyclesoftheearth,whichinturnaffectatmosphericlevelsofgreenhouseandothertracegases.ConsequentlytheInternationalGeosphere-BiosphereProgram(IGBP)andtheInternationalHumanDimensionsProgram(IHDP)initiatedLUCCProgramtodevelopabette…     

Influences of Different Transport Routes and Road Nodes on Industrial Land Conversion: A Case Study of Changchun City of Jilin Province,China

Nowadays, urban transit system has become one of the major forces underlying urban pace transformation via changing accessibility of related land parcels, which leads to the changes of land value and land use structure. This paper studied the interaction between land use changes and related transport routes, particular about how different transport routes and road nodes influence the conversion of industrial lands to residential and commercial uses respectively. Taking Changchun, an old industrial city in the rust belt of China as a case of study, we explored and compared the influences of different transport routes and road nodes on industrial land conversion. We found that surrounding the studied transport routes, more industrial lands were replaced by residential lands than by commercial lands. Also, apparent differences exist in the corridor effects of different transport routes(i.e., light rail, expressway and trunk road) and road nodes(i.e., expressway nodes and trunk road nodes) while the industrial lands convert to residential and commercial uses. Our research findings help us to illuminate the interactive relationships between transportation and industrial land conversion in old industrial cities which are undergoing social, economic and the related urban transition in Northeast China.     

CONCEPTION OF PAN-ASIAN TRUNKRAILWAY NETWORK AND DEVELOPMENTOF CHINESE RAILWAY

Inthe1960s,theAsia-PacificEconodricandfortalcounciloftheUnitedNationsproudaconceptionofconstructingPan-Asiantrunkrailwaynetworkasapreferentialdevelopmentplanofthe1960stothe1990s.Thisplan'srealizationwoulddependonthesupportofeconOAncandinvestmentorganizationinAsia(Asian~lOPmentBank)andlocaleCOnoAncandinvestmentorgedzationintechnologyandfinance,aswellasmaterialsandfinancefromcountriesinMiddleEast,sleuthAsia,SoutheastAsiaandothercountriesconcerned.I.co~ITIOWOF~~asrmTROnKaXILWWrSPa…     

同一个梦——环渤海城市圈的发展研究

依托首都铁路、航空枢纽的优势,天津又是全国最大人工海港,滨海新区,曹妃甸相继建成。秦皇岛、黄骅成为晋煤海运专运海港。营口、烟台、东营等港口各具特色,优势互补。大连、青岛分别辐射东北亚,大西北,与京、津互为崎角之势,形成向产业集群发展与区域大都市圈的优势组合。2005年跨越海峡的火车轮渡开始营运,海岸高速公路南北全线畅通,鸭绿江引水渡海方案,也在酝酿之中。渤海海上油气资源丰富,但污染严重,城市环境恶化,反差强烈,亟需加强区域协调,统筹兼顾,修复生态,共同实现繁荣富强、和谐宜居,创业环境之梦。     

知识图谱在构建东北土地环境研究知识谱系中的应用

我国东北地区的自然环境状况一直备受关注,其土地沙化、荒漠化、林地草地退化、森林退化、土地盐碱化等土地环境变化的原因及监测一直是科研的焦点。随着“美丽中国中脊带”的提出,位于该线东北段附近的土地环境相关的研究也不断开展。在涉及该区域土地状况的研究中,常用研究方法有实地考察以及基于遥感卫星影像来进行分析,而本文利用知识图谱技术来构建相关文献研究的知识谱系,从另一个角度探究东北土地的环境状况变化因素。首先,由于知识图谱可以广泛探究文本数据之间的关联,且便捷高效,因此本文用科学知识图谱的有关方法对目前探究东北地区土地环境变化影响因素的4318篇CNKI文献进行挖掘,再用关键词共现的方法提取大量文献中已探明的目标因素,从而构建比较全面的基于东北地区环境研究的知识谱系,这一方法不仅省时省力,而且可以归纳出比较全面的影响因素;其次,结合聚类分析归纳出影响东北地区土地变化的主要因素,并进行分析。最后,选取词频前十的因素进行汇总,统计得出东北地区土地环境变化的影响因素,如影响土地沙化的因素中,频数最高的关键词有生态环境破坏、水土流失、沙尘暴等,影响土地沙化的因素中,水土流失、土壤沙化、水资源不足等频数最高,这些因素分别代表了我国东北地区土地沙化、荒漠化、盐碱化、草地草场退化、林地退化、森林退化以及黑土地退化等土地环境变化的最主要因素。这一方法将为今后从知识图谱文本挖掘的方面深入探究地理、气候等自然现象的影响因素提供新的思路。     

近30年来中国陆地蒸散量和土壤水分变化特征分析

 对NOAH陆面模式模拟的近30年中国陆地蒸散量和土壤含水量,按照6大片区和5种生态系统类型进行了统计分析。讨论全国以及各大区不同生态系统类型蒸散和土壤含水量的变化,研究不同类型蒸散和土壤含水量的关系。中国陆地蒸散量总体呈增加的趋势,年内蒸散量最大的月份是7月,年末和年初蒸散量较小。而我国中南、西南、华东、东北和西北蒸散量变化趋势和全国的总趋势一致,呈增加的趋势。华北地区蒸散量近30年来总体趋势是下降的,华北蒸散量最大的年份是上世纪90年代。在所有生态系统类型中,林地蒸散最大的有东北、华东、西南和中南4区;而华北和西北草地在各类型中蒸散量所占比例最高。6大片区对比,林地蒸散水量最大的地区是西南和中南,最小的西北;草地蒸散水量最大的地区是西南,最小的是东北区;农田蒸散水量最高的是华东,最低的是西北;荒漠蒸散量最大的片区是西北;湿地蒸散最大的是东北。80年代以来,全国土壤含水量总体呈下降的趋势。从各片区的情况看,仅西北地区稍有增加,其余5区土壤含水量皆是下降的。植被覆盖度和土壤水分是影响蒸散量最重要的因子,在植被覆盖较差时,土壤水分和蒸散量相关性较好。     

基于夜光遥感与POI数据空间耦合关系的南海港口城市空间结构研究

南海港口城市研究是南海资源环境监测的重要内容,目前对于南海港口城市空间结构特别是港口在城市空间结构中的地位缺乏研究。夜光遥感数据和POI数据均为城市空间结构研究的重要数据源,但对于2种数据的空间耦合关系与集成应用研究存在不足。针对上述问题,本文选取南海港口城市典型代表的三亚市为研究区,以研究区2016年NPP-VIIRS夜光遥感数据和POI数据为数据源,利用叠加分析将夜光遥感数据和POI核密度分析结果数据分别网格化。然后,利用双因素组合制图法对两种数据的空间耦合关系进行可视化,分析空间耦合关系相异区域和城市空间结构的关系,并在此基础上探讨港口在三亚城市结构中的地位。研究表明,三亚市夜光遥感和POI数据的空间分布总体趋势相一致,空间耦合关系相近的区域占比达85.6%;夜光遥感和POI数据空间耦合关系在三亚市内存在一定量的相异区域,如新城区、经济开发区、城市边缘区和乡镇中心等,结合2种数据的特点可以更显著地表征这些区域的城市空间结构特征;三亚市作为重要的南海港口城市,其城市的中心区域与港口密切关联。本研究为港口城市空间结构研究提供了新视角。     

Application of land-use change model in guiding regional planning: A case study in Hun-Taizi River Watershed,Northeast China

This paper firstly investigated the land-use and land-cover change (LUCC) in the Hun-Taizi River watershed, Northeast China from 1988 to 2004 based on remotely sensed images and geographic information systems (GIS) technology. Then, using the famous land-use change model of Conversion of Land Use and its Effects at Small regional extent (CLUE-S), this paper simulated the land use changes under historical trend (HT), urban planning (UP) and ecological protection (EP) scenarios considering urban planning and ...     

Land use regionalization of rural settlements in China

This paper compartmentalizes regional land use of rural settlements in China by employing a hierarchical clustering method.The statistic data are sourced from the National Bureau of Statistics of China(NBSC) and the data of land use change from the Ministry of Land and Resources of China(MLRC).The population of rural settlement decreases from the southeast to the northwest of China and the density of rural settlement decreases from the east to the west of China.Land-use scale of rural settlement,the proportion of one-storey houses and the average household area decrease from the north to the south of China.The ratio of area of cultivated land to rural settlement is high in the northeast and southwest of China but low in the southeast of China.The land use regionalization of rural settlement can be divided into four regions,namely:the northern region of China,Qinghai-Tibet,Yunnan-Guizhou,and the middle and eastern region of China.The northern region of China and the middle and eastern region of China can be further divided into nine sub-regions:Xinjiang,Northeast China,Ningxia and Inner Mongolia,North China,the south of the Changjiang(Yantze) River and Sichuan Basin,Jiangsu-Shanghai,South China,the Loess Plateau,and Guangxi.In consideration of the significant regional differences,it is proposed that different policies should be implemented regarding the utilization and management of rural settlements.     

Spatial structural pattern and vulnerability of China-Japan-Korea shipping network

The economies of China-Japan-Korea(CJK) are complementary, with their proximity resulting in the three countries having a high degree of interdependence with respect to trade. Currently, trade among these countries relies mainly on port-centered shipping. The development of the shipping network is integral for in-depth integration of CJK trade. This paper analyzes the overall characteristics, centrality, spatial structure, and vulnerability of the CJK shipping network using the methods of complex network analysis, blocking flow theory, and interruption and deletion of hub ports. The main findings are as follows: 1) The CJK shipping network has a small average path length and clustering coefficient, and its degree distribution follows a power-law distribution, which make the network present obvious characteristics of a Barabási-Albert scale-free. 2) The characteristics of the multi-center point of the CJK shipping network can alleviate traffic pressure. At the same time, the network shows a clear hierarchy in the port transportation system, with cargo transport relying mainly on the ‘hub port-hub port' connection. 3) The CJK shipping network is relatively stable. Compared with ports in Japan and Korea, the main hub ports in China have a greater impact on the stability of the shipping network, in particular those ports of the central coastal region, including Shanghai, Ningbo, and Lianyungang.     

Relationship between Antarctic sea ice and the climate in summer of China

The variations of sea ice are different in different regions in Antarctica, thus have different impacts on local atmospheric circulation and global climatic system. The relationships between the sea ice in Ross Sea and Weddell Sea regions and the synoptic climate in summer of China are investigated in this paper via diagnostic analysis methods by using global sea ice concentration gridded data covering Jan. 1968 through Dec. 2002 obtained from Hadley Center, combined with Geopotential Height on 500hPa and 100hPa over North Hemisphere and monthly precipitation and air temperatures data covering the corresponding period over 160 meteorological stations in China obtained from CMA （ China Meteorological Administration）. Results disclose that both these two regions are of indicative meanings to the climate in summer of China. The Ross Sea Region is the key sea ice region to the precipitation in Northeast China in summer. More sea ice in this region in September will result in less precipitation in Northeast China in the following June. Weddell Sea Region is the key sea ice region to the air temperature in Northeast China in summer. More sea ice in this region in September will contribute to lower air temperature in Northeast China in the following June.     

Spatiotemporal evolution of land transportation networks and accessibility in inland mountainous areas 1917-2017: A case study of Southwest China

Located in the western hinterland,Southwest China is a typical mountainous area covered by plateaus, mountains and hills. Its ruggedness hinders regional internal and external connections, and its poor transportation infrastructure has long constrained the socioeconomic development of Southwest China. Based on the GIS transportation database, this paper explored the spatiotemporal evolution and characteristics of the land transportation networks and the accessibility of Southwest China from 1917 to 2017. Regional accessibility in Southwest China has significantly improved, and transportation infrastructure has gradually integrated the transportation circles of the52 central cities. The transportation network has followed an evolutionary process from a "hub-spoke pattern" to a "network pattern", while the construction of a high-speed railway(HSR) has brought about significant spatial polarization. We argue that innovation in transportation technology is one of the most effective factors for promoting a significant change in regional accessibility. In addition, the spatial distribution and evolution of accessibility in Southwest China presents a verticalcharacteristic that distinguishes it from the plains, as the spillover effects of new transportation infrastructure on accessibility improvement are partly offset by the mountainous terrain. Additionally, in Southwest China, there is significant "path dependence" in the evolution of the transportation network, since a large portion of the population is concentrated along transportation corridors in mountainous areas.     

ECONOMIC EXCHANGES AND SECTORAL AND INTER—CITY COOPERATION IN NORTHEAST ASIA

Northeast Asia with China ,Japan and South Korea as the main components has drawn more and more atten-tion worldwide.Many scholars have researchec on the prospect of some alternatives of regional economic integration in Northeast Asia/or Yellow Sea Rin as its core area.In this paper the authors start with an introduction of the major arguments embracing Yellow Sea Rim regionalism,and attemptto identify the dynamics challenging the proposed approach-es of sub-regionalism of Northeast Asia.The paper firstly gives a brief review on the undate development of bilateral econom-ic exchanges,mainly Sino-Japanese and Sino-South Korean trades and direct investments with related contemporary is-sues.When the changing pattern of economic interactions is analyzed,special concerns are given to the possibility to real-ize the supposed potential of regional economic cooperation mainly based on economic complementarity among the related regions of China ,North Korea,South Korea,and Japan.The authors then made their major efforts on putting forward possible approaches of multilateral cooperation of three countries in the near future,that is ,deepened cooperation in select-ed sectors of industry and transportation and coordinated development among major cities.The authors stress that the develop-ment of sub-regional sectoral cooperation and the formation of interactive network of city-regions via social and economic interactions at local level are significant to the future regional integrated development in Northeast Asia..     

Seasonal Dynamics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Water and Sediment of A Multi-level Ditch System in Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China

The multi-level ditch system developed in the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China has sped up water drainage process hence transferred more pollutants from farmlands into the rivers of this region.Understanding the seasonal dynamics of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) transportation in the ditch system and the role of different ditch size is thus crucial for water pollution control of the rivers in the Sanjiang Plain.In this study,an investigation was conducted in the Nongjiang watershed of the Sanjiang Plain to ...