基于MOD16产品的我国2001-2010年蒸散发时空格局变化分析

蒸散发的时空格局分析对理解气候变化与水资源之间的相互影响具有重要的作用。本文基于MODIS全球蒸散发产品(MOD16),分析了2001-2010年我国陆面蒸散发的时空格局变化,得出以下结论：(1)站点尺度和流域尺度的精度验证结果表明,MOD16产品对于我国森林、农田生态系统类型,以及辽河、海河、黄河和淮河流域的模拟精度较高;(2)2001-2010年,我国年均蒸散发为532±10 mm,年内蒸散值变化最大的是东北区,月均蒸散变异系数为0.87,而西北区变化幅度最小,变异系数为0.19;(3)2001-2010年,我国陆面蒸散发年际变化总的趋势不明显,占陆地面积11.2%区域的蒸散发呈显著减少趋势(p<0.05),主要分布在青藏高原中部,内蒙古中东部地区及新疆北部,只有2.3%的区域的蒸散发增加趋势显著,(p<0.05),主要分布在黄土高原地区、黄淮海平原及东北平原;(4)通过对比干旱指数变化趋势、植被指数变化趋势图可以看出,蒸散发显著减少的区域主要分布于干旱加剧的半干旱地区,而蒸散发显著增加的区域主要位于植被变好的地区。     

专家提醒四季度仍须防范突发性地灾

国土资源部地质环境司有关负责人日前表示,第四季度要重点做好西南、西北、中南和华东局部地区的地灾隐患排查工作,切实防范因异常强降雨引发的地质灾害,需要特别关注三峡库区及汶川、鲁甸、彝良、芦山等地震灾区。另外,还须注意防范沿海地区由于台风引发的突发性地灾。     

中央与地方对接明年地质找矿工作部署

9月16日上午,2013年度老矿山找矿项目立项论证会暨中央和地方地质找矿工作部署对接会在京开幕。会议根据各省（区、市）对基础性地质调查工作和地勘基金项目需求,协商2013年度地质找矿项目安排,使中央和地方财政投入合理统筹。据了解,项目对接将按照东北、华北、华东、中南、西南、西北六大区分组协商．地调局相关部室及大区地调中心、中央地勘基金管理中心与省级国土资源管理部门有关负责人参加。会上,各省（区、市）国土资源管理部门有关负责人汇报2013年基础性地质调查工作部署并提出地勘基金项目建议,     

20个省份完成国家地下水监测工程钻探施工

正近日,记者从中国地质环境监测院国家地下水监测工程专项办公室获悉,截至8月底,全国20个省份已完成国家地下水监测工程的钻探施工任务,完成总体任务90%以上,总计完成钻探进尺67.8万米,占工程总进尺的99%;建成地下水监测站点9364个,占工程站点总数的94%。据介绍,预计今年12月底前,国家地下水监测工程将全面完成东北片区、西北片区、西南片区和中东南部分省份的监测站点建设任务,2018年6月     

伊犁河谷蒸散量时空分布特征及变化趋势

基于2000-2014年MOD16蒸散量和气象站实测数据,借助于空间数据统计法和趋势分析法对中国西北干旱区“天山湿岛”—伊犁河谷地表蒸散量时空变化特征和多年变化趋势进行定量分析。结果表明:① MOD16-ET产品在伊犁河谷地区的精度总体上满足要求,可用于地表ET的时空分布特征研究;② 伊犁河谷地表ET、PET年际波动不大,多年平均ET为392.35 mm,多年平均PET为1331.19 mm,年均ET与PET的比例在0.26-0.33之间波动,说明研究区总体上水分不足。ET、PET年内分布处于先增大后减少的单峰型变化趋势,主要集中在5月到9月。秋季ET与PET的比例为0.29,此时研究区最干旱缺水。气温是研究区蒸散量变化的主要驱动因素之一。③ ET、PET的空间分布状况正好相反,东部喀什河及巩乃斯河上游地区、南部大面积草甸覆盖区域ET值较高,PET值较低,此区域水分比较充足。伊宁市及霍尔果斯河周边地区、察布查尔县、特克斯河下游等区域ET值均较低,PET值较高,此区域干旱缺水;④ 从2000-2014年伊犁河谷地表ET、PET变化趋势来看,ET总体上处于减少趋势,PET处于增加趋势,说明研究区近15年内干旱加重。     

今年一季度全国发生地灾413起

1-3月,我国共发生地质灾害413起,成功预报地质灾害14起,没有发生特大型地质灾害。第一季度发生的413起地质灾害中,小型地质灾害占401起,其中210起发生在农村。地灾主要分布在华东、中南、西南、西北和华北19个省（区、市）,因灾死亡25人,其中农村地区发生地质灾害造成20人死亡。有关人士称,与去年同期相比,地灾发生数量和造成的死亡失踪人数都有较大增加。     

消息报导

由中国地质学会岩溶地质专业委员会、冶金工业部西南地质勘查局和地质矿产部岩溶地质研究所联合召开的第二届全国岩溶矿床学术研讨会,于1990年9月12日至15日在四川省会理县举行。会议代表来自华东、东北、中南、西南各省(区)的地矿、冶金、有色金属、核工业、化工、石油、煤炭等有关的生产、科研和高等院校的地质工作者计49人,共提交论文65篇。会议期间,与会代表交流了国内外岩溶矿床的研究现状;参观了大宝山铅锌矿;分专题讨论了近期黑色、有色、稀有、贵金属和非金属矿产岩溶矿床的研     

近20年来济南泉水补给区景观格局及其功能变化分析

本文以济南市泉水补给区为研究对象,利用GIS空间分析方法,在其景观变化分析的基础上,参照中国陆地生态系统的生态服务价值系数,估算了泉水补给区生态服务功能价值变化,重点分析景观变化对研究区生态服务功能的影响,进而为区域可持续发展和城市建设提供理论支持。结果表明:(1)20世纪90年代以来,泉水补给区耕地和草地景观面积呈减少趋势,林地、园地和建设用地景观面积大幅增加,其中,以林地面积增加最大;从景观类型转化看,耕地与其他景观类型相互转化较为密切,特别是与建设用地和园地之间的转化;林地面积的增加主要来源于草地和耕地;(2)泉水补给区生态服务功能价值主要由林地和耕地景观生态服务价值构成,其变化对该研究区生态服务价值变化起决定作用;从生态服务价值构成类型来看,该地区土壤形成与保护服务功能单项价值所占比重最大,约占总服务功能价值的20%;(3)90年代以来,该地区总生态服务价值呈增加趋势;从单项服务价值变化来看,水源涵养、废物处理和食物生产服务功能价值则呈现出减小趋势,其中,以水源涵养减幅最大,为4.01%,主要是由该区建设用地增加,地面硬化面积增多而引起的。研究认为,济南市南部山区作为重要的泉水补给区,其生态服务功能尤为重要,特别是水源涵养功能,因此,研究区水源涵养服务功能价值的降低应在今后南部山区开发过程中得到足够的重视与保护,逐步增加泉水补给区的整体生态效益。     

1980-2015年黄河流域降雨侵蚀力时空变化分析

本文利用1980-2015年黄河流域及周边166个气象站点36 a的降雨资料,采用日降雨侵蚀力计算模型,对克里金插值后的栅格数据,通过利用主成分分析法、isodata聚类和最大似然法实现区域划分,并在此基础上应用重心模型研究了黄河流域降雨侵蚀力的时空变化。研究结果表明：黄河流域内不同区域的年降雨侵蚀力差异较大,最小的区域在200 MJ·mm·hm^-2·h^-1左右变化,最大的区域可达3000 MJ·mm·hm^-2·h^-1,年降雨侵蚀力具有由西北向东南递增的趋势。年降雨侵蚀力大的区域其侵蚀力值在不同年份中波动范围也大。西宁、呼和浩特等所在的一区、二区和三区的年降雨侵蚀力的重心总体上呈现向东北方迁移趋势。太原、西安所在的四区、五区其重心总体上呈现向西南方迁移趋势,其年降雨侵蚀力重心迁移范围小,重心点分布更紧密。各区域年降雨侵蚀力重心的迁移范围在空间和时间尺度上总体呈现由西北向东南方向逐渐缩小趋势。     

基于框架数据控制的全国土地覆盖遥感制图研究

土地覆盖研究是全球变化的一个重要内容。本文针对中国土地覆盖实际情况,从遥感制图角度和陆地生态系统观点出发,建立了一种基于陆地生态系统特点的土地覆盖遥感分类体系。充分利用目视解译的精确性和自动分类的快速性,在高精度目视解译数据提供的基本覆盖类型及其位置、边界的控制下,以250m分辨率的2005年MODIS植被指数产品为遥感分类信息源,获取主要类型的详细分类信息,并结合人机交互判读分析与相关资料等的综合运用,实现2005年全国土地覆盖遥感制图。对比实地调查结果的精度分析表明:土地覆盖制图的类型分类准确,基本上反映了各地区的土地覆盖特点和分布趋势,图斑格局与影像地理特征基本吻合,全国土地覆盖制图总体准确率为91%,各类型准确率也达89%以上。     

1990-2010年中国土地覆盖时空变化特征

本文基于CG-LTDR土地覆盖数据产品,利用GIS空间统计等方法分析了中国1990-2010年土地覆盖的变化特点。与参考数据的比较检验表明,CG-LTDR土地覆盖数据在中国具有与其他同类数据相当甚至更高的分类精度。经逐年的长时间地表覆盖数据分析发现,由于受气候与人为因素影响,土地覆盖类型有明显的年际变化波动,尤其是云南-内蒙一线的干旱区与湿润区的过渡带。1990-2010年中国的林地和荒漠呈增加趋势,而草地和耕地呈减少趋势。利用5年的合成数据分析其年际变化,结果显示1990-2000年土地覆盖类型变化大,2000-2010年的变化较为平缓。在几种主要覆盖类型中,林地增加最明显,这主要与东南地区大部分耕地、西南和东北地区大面积草地转变为林地有关,但也有部分省份由于树木砍伐和农耕区扩张导致林地面积减小。耕地面积占比最高,其减少趋势主要与耕地变为林地和草地有关。南部的耕地减少最明显,北部略有增加,新增耕地的重心从东南向北转移。林地的增加趋势与耕地的减少趋势主要与全国大范围的退耕还林工程和生态保护政策有关。草地主要分布在生态脆弱区,其面积减少最显著,在西南及东北部分地区主要是草地变为林地,在内蒙中东部-陕西北部一线发生草地与耕地相互转换,而在内蒙北部-青藏高原一线有草地与荒漠的互相转换,在土地覆盖类型交错区,其利用类型容易发生改变。荒漠主要分布于西北地区,由于受到草地退化等因素影响,荒漠化趋势在进一步加剧。     

LUCC and Accompanied Soil Degradation in China from 1960''s to 1990''s

This paper tries to qualitatively analyze land use and cover changes (LUCC) and accompanied soil degradation in China, the data of World Atlas of Agriculture in 1969, Land Cover Data of Asia in 1992 and Global Assessment of Human Induced Soil Degradation in 1992, etc. have been used. From 1960' s to 1990's, the area of forestland had increased, arable land and paddy as well as grassland had significantly decreased in China. The major type of soil degradation is due to water erosion, which is widely distributed especially in Loess Plateau and in Southeast and Southwest China, this happened in forestland, grassland and arable land and mainly resulted from deforestation. The secondary type is wind erosion, which is mainly distributed in Northwest China, it happened in arable land and grassland and was caused by overgrazing. Chemical deterioration is distributed in North and Northwest China, which happened in paddy, arable land and grassland. Physical deterioration only concentrated in local area in North China, it happened in arable and paddy. Chemical and physical deteriora-tion mainly resulted from unreasonable activity. Because of different human activities, different LUCC and different natural conditions, the types and strength of soil degradation can be different.     

LUCC and Accompanied Soil Degradation in China from 1960''''s to 1990''''s

This paper tries to qualitatively analyze land use and cover changes (LUCC) and accompanied soil degradation in China, the data of World Atlas of Agriculture in 1969, Land Cover Data of Asia in 1992 and Global Assessment of Human Induced Soil Degradation in 1992, etc. have been used. From 1960' s to 1990's, the area of forestland had increased, ara-ble land and paddy as well as grassland had significantly decreased in China. The major type of soil degradation is due to wa-ter erosion, which is widely distributed especially in Loess Plateau and in Southeast and Southwest China, this happened in forestland, grassland and arable land and mainly resulted from deforestation. The secondary type is wind erosion, which is mainly distributed in Northwest China, it happened in arable land and grassland and was caused by overgrazing. Chemical deterioration is distributed in North and Northwest China, which happened in paddy, arable land and grassland. Physical de-terioration only concentrated in local area in North     

Rainfall occurrence and its relation to flood damage in China from 2000 to 2015

China is highly susceptible to flood disasters and subjected to great damage every year. Furthermore, the flood frequency has exhibited an increasing trend in recent years. Most flood events, including flash floods and river flood, are induced by rainfall. This study investigates annual variations of rainfall occurrence over China during the period from 2000 to 2015 at the national and regional scale using daily rainfall data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission. The Mann-Kendall test is performed for trend detection, and statistical data of flood damage published by China’s government, including destroyed crop area, damaged buildings, direct economic loss, percentage of GDP (gross domestic product), and death toll are correlatively analysed with rainfall occurrences. The results show that storm rain events show the greatest variation among three rainfall types (moderate rain, heavy rain and storm rain). The variation coefficients of rainfall over Northeast China, North China, and Northwest China are the highest, whereas that for Southwest China is the smallest. Moderate rain, heavy rain over Central China, and moderate rain over Southwest China exhibits decreasing trends, whereas the remaining exhibit increasing trends. The correlation between the rainfall occurrences and these flood damage indices at the national scale shows that only direct economic loss has a strong positive correlation with rainfall occurrences, and the other indices have weaker correlations. The correlation is strong in three north regions, except for death toll in Northwest China. In contrast, the correlation between flood damage and rainfall is weak in East China, Central China, Southwest China, and South China. Overall, death toll is strongly correlated with the number of damaged buildings, implying that flood fatalities in China are likely associated with building collapse, and are dominated by specific extreme events. This study can provide a scientific reference for flood management in China.     

Analysis on Soil Degradation Resulted From Human Activities Near City Area in China By Use of DMSP/OLS and Other Data

In order to study land use and cover changes (LUCC), especially urbanization accompanied soil degradation, authors used Asia DMSP/OLS data in 1992, Land Cover Data of Asia in 1992 and Global Assessment of Human Induced Soil Degradation (GLASOD, by ISRIC) in 1992, etc. In China the major type of soil degradation is water erosion, which is widely distributed especially in Loess Plateau and in Southeast and Southwest China and happened in forestland, grassland and arable land and mainly resulted from deforestation. The secondary type is wind erosion, which is mainly distributed in Northwest China and happened in arable land and grassland and was mainly caused by overgrazing. Chemical deterioration is mainly distributed in North and Northwest China and happened in paddy, arable land and grassland. Physical deterioration only concentrated in local area in North China and happened in arable land and paddy. Chemical and physical deterioration were resulted from unreasonable agricultural activity. From city to city + 200km with different distance away from city, different types and strength of human activities resulted in different types and distributions of soil degradation. In China human activity mainly concentrated within city+ 50km, therefore, accompanied soil degradation, such as chemical and physical deterioration, mainly happened near and around city.     

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF LOW-LYING PRAIRIE WETLAND IN MIDDLE REACHES OF HEIHE RIVER IN NORTHWEST CHINA

1 IN T R O D U C T IO NW aterbalance and interactions are foundation to utilizew aterresources rationally in arid inland river basins inC hina (W U etal.,2005).W ateravailability in those ar-eas m ay be the m ain constraint to poverty alleviation,publiche…     

Agriculture development-induced surface albedo changes and climatic implications across northeastern China

To improve the understandings on regional climatic effects of past human-induced land cover changes,the surface albedo changes caused by conversions from natural vegetation to cropland were estimated across northeastern China over the last 300 years,and its climatic effects were simulated by using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model.Essential natural vegetation records compiled from historical documents and regional optimal surface albedo dataset were used.The results show that the surface albedo decreased by 0.01-0.03 due to conversions from grassland to cropland in the Northeast China Plain and it increased by 0.005-0.015 due to conversions from forests to cropland in the surrounding mountains.As a consequence,in the Northeast China Plain,the surface net radiation increased by 4-8 W/m 2,2-5 W/m 2,and 1-3 W/m 2,and the climate was therefore warmed by 0.1℃-0.2℃、0.1℃-0.2℃、 0.1℃-0.3 ℃ in the spring,autumn and winter,respectively.In the surrounding mountain area,the net radiation decreased by less than 1.5 W/m 2,and the climate was therefore cooled too slight to be detected.In summer,effects of surface albedo changes on climate were closely associated with moisture dynamics,such as evapotranspiration and cloud,instead of being merely determined by surface radiation budget.The simulated summer climatic effects have large uncertainties.These findings demonstrate that surface albedo changes resulted in warming climate effects in the non-rainy seasons in Northeast China Plain through surface radiation processes while the climatic effects in summer could hardly be concluded so far.     

Estimation of regional evapotranspiration in alpine area and its response to land use change: A case study in Three-River Headwaters region of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China

Three-River Headwaters(TRH) region involved in this paper refers to the source region of the Changjiang(Yangtze) River,the Huanghe(Yellow) River and the Lancang River in China.Taking the TRH region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as a case,the annual evapotranspiration(ET) model developed by Zhang et al.(2001) was applied to evaluate mean annual ET in the alpine area,and the response of annual ET to land use change was analyzed.The plant-available water coefficient(w) of Zhang’s model was revised by using vegetation-temperature condition index(VTCI) before annual ET was calculated in alpine area.The future land use scenario,an input of ET model,was spatially simulated by using the conversion of land use and its effects at small regional extent(CLUE-S) to study the response of ET to land use change.Results show that the relative errors between the simulated ET and that calculated by using water balance equation were 3.81% and the index of agreement was 0.69.This indicates that Zhang’s ET model based on revised plant-available water coefficient is a scientific and practical tool to estimate the annual ET in the alpine area.The annual ET in 2000 in the study area was 221.2 mm,11.6 mm more than that in 1980.Average annual ET decreased from southeast to northwest,but the change of annual ET between 1980 and 2000 increased from southeast to northwest.As a vast and sparsely populated area,the population in the TRH region was extremely unbalanced and land use change was concentrated in very small regions.Thus,land use change had little effect on total annual ET in the study area but a great impact on its spatial distribution,and the effect of land use change on ET decreased with increasing precipitation.ET was most sensitive to the interconversion between forest and unused land,and was least sensitive to the interconversion between cropland and low-covered grassland.     

东北地区近期水平形变应变场研究

根据2011年和2013年东北地区GPS观测资料计算得到的地壳水平运动场和连续主应变场,研究了东北地区地壳运动特征和应变应力状态, 求解块体运动参数,计算东北主要断裂带的错动速率和断层应变应力状态,分析断裂带活动性。研究表明,2011～2013年期间,东北地区东部运动规律性相对较好,且东部运动场收敛于珲春-龙井一带,向东位移;中部和西部运动场一致性较弱,位移方向相对分散。主应变反映出,东北地区2011～2013年主压应力轴优势方向为NE55°。两个水平主应变轴都缩短的挤压区分布面积较小,两个主应变轴都伸长的拉张区次之,最小主应变轴缩短的区域和最大主应变轴伸长的区域所占比重最大。该时段Ms≥5.0地震集中在2013年,地震多发生在运动方向转折带附近及挤压-剪切活动区,最大的5.8级地震发生在不同运动区交界带和挤压作用相对强烈的构造带。