X射线衍射峰五基本要素的物理学意义与应用

本文根据Bragg衍射方程、Scherrer方程、衍射强度计算原理，研究讨论了X射线衍射5构成要素中的衍射峰位置、衍射峰宽度、衍射峰高度的物理学意义。根据实验研究证明了衍射峰不对称性的几何条件特征，并用地质事实验证了衍射形态变化与晶格应变和粒度大小的内在联系。从而阐明了单个衍射峰5基本构成要素的完整物理学意义，并以实例论证了5要素的实际应用价值。     

基于麦夸特算法的X射线衍射物相定量分析的影响因素研究

X射线衍射物相定量分析方法很多,新近提出的麦夸特算法(Levenberg-Marquardt)在XRD物相定量分析中具有明显的优势,但在实际应用过程中,哪些因素会对该方法计算结果的准确度产生影响仍不清楚。为了指导实际操作过程并提高麦夸特算法在X射线衍射物相定量分析中的准确度和处理效率,本研究通过Matlab软件,将已知配比含量的刚玉、石英、方解石和钠长石与其计算值进行比较,探讨衍射峰强度、衍射峰背底、样品数量等因素对麦夸特算法应用于X射线衍射物相定量分析中计算结果的影响。结果表明:通过前三强峰法的计算结果比通过最强峰法的计算结果具有更高的准确度;由于物相晶体结构及衍射特性的差异,衍射峰背底对不同物相定量结果的影响程度各异,扣除背底后各物相计算结果的准确度整体上都有不同程度的提高;在利用麦夸特算法进行批量分析过程中,当样品数低于一定阈值时,样品数越多,计算结果的准确度提高越明显,但当计算的样品超过一定阈值时准确度不会有明显的提高。     

矽线石莫来石化的X射线定量分析

本文介绍用X射线粉晶衍射分析方法对夕线石在不同温度的烧制品中的莫来石进行定量分析;指出莫来石和矽线石的(220)峰可作为特征峰,并发现莫来石起始生成和完全莫来石化的温度随原料杂质和粒度因素而变化;认为d(020)=0.383 7nm,d(040)=0.191 7nm是矽线石JCPDS卡片中不曾标定的衍射峰,d(020)=0.3845nm是莫来石不曾标定的衍射峰,它们的强度变化是莫来石化行为特征之一。     

川西微晶白云母的X射线粉晶衍射分析

川西微晶白云母是一种新型的非金属矿物资源,采用X射线粉晶衍射分析对川西微晶白云母的进行了深入研究,发现该矿床存在白云母-多硅白云母矿物组合。该矿物组合中的微晶白云母和多硅白云母结晶度高,多型为2M1,其含量分别为80%和20%左右;二者都属二八面体型白云母类矿物,但d060和b值偏大,微晶白云母的d060=0.1502 nm,b=0.9012 nm,多硅白云母的d060=0.1505 nm,b=0.9030 nm;微晶白云母矿铝含量较低、铁镁含量较高,其原因是白云母晶体铝氧八面体中的Al离子被Fe、Mg等离子所取代,这一矿物组合是通过矿物类质同象作用所形成一种多硅白云母系列矿物。     

我国主要白云母的矿物学特征研究

利用X射线荧光光谱分析（XRF）、常规化学分析、X射线光电子能谱分析（XPS）和粉晶X射线衍射分析（XRD）等手段对我国主要白云母进行了系统的矿物学研究，并与印度白云母进行了详细的对比分析，探讨了我国白云母与印度白云母在表丽化学组成和化学态、体栩化学成分、晶体结构方面的差异。研究发现：印度白云母表面K更多地表现为缺失留下空位，表面O严重缺失、不足，四面体层中Si有更多的暴露，表面化学键的不饱和程度高于我国白云母，表现出更高的表面活性。我国主要白云母产地的白云母为2M；型白云母，晶胞参数a、b值随结构中铁和镁离子含遗的增加而增大。     

陕北奥陶系首次发现钾石盐

陕北奥陶系马家沟组含盐系石盐岩中首次发现的钾石盐,经电子探针分析,其化学组成为:K52.02%,Cl47.73%。实测折光率N=1.4903。经X 射线衍射分析及光学显微镜研究等手段证实为钾石盐确信无疑。     

黑钨矿环带构造及其成因意义

作者于1983年2月,在对大吉山脉钨矿床中六号脉黑钨矿的研究中发现,黑钨矿晶体中Mn/Fe值变化是波动的,即含铁量为突变,而非渐变.后经扫描电镜、电子探针、化学分析、原子吸收光谱分折以及用粉晶X射线衍射法与光、薄片检查发现,该黑钨矿晶体具有环带构造.自根部向顶部,环带成分为:(以Fe含量计):Ⅰ峰100 Ⅱ峰46.81 Ⅲ峰91.49Ⅳ峰66.38 Ⅴ峰31.91Ⅰ′谷(界于Ⅰ、Ⅱ峰间,以下类推)21.28Ⅱ′谷8.51 1%#11Ⅲ′谷6.38 Ⅳ′谷17.02不论峰与谷,其所代表的铁含量总体变化趋势(自结晶作用早期至晚期)都是降低的,此点与整个矿体的黑钨矿化学成分变化总趋势一致,用包体测温法证明了矿物形成过程为一降温过程(自440℃至350℃).     

谱学研究在印章石中的应用:以昌化石为例

在野外地质工作、显微镜下观察、电子探针分析和差热分析的基础上,运用X射线衍射分析、红外光谱分析对印章石(以著名的昌化石为例)进行了谱学分析。昌化石主要矿物成分为高岭石族矿物,主要为迪开石及高岭石-迪开石过渡矿物。通过X射线衍射图谱分析计算其结晶度指数(HI)表明,高岭石族矿物的结晶有序度存在明显的高低变化。红外光谱特征显示,其中属于外部羟基振动的3 697cm-1谱峰强度(A)与属于内部羟基振动的3 620cm-1谱峰强度(B)的比值随着结晶度指数的降低有逐渐升高的趋势,且比值A/B的大小可以大致用来区分高岭石和迪开石:一般高岭石比值大于1,而迪开石小于1。差热分析的结果也印证了高岭石族矿物有序度高低变化的现象,如:高岭石族矿物在加热到400℃～700℃时会出现一个强烈尖锐的吸热峰,吸热峰的强度及温度与其有序度的高低存在正相关性。当主要组成矿物成分为较纯净的迪开石时,其有序度相对较高,透明度也较好;当主要矿物成分为高岭石-迪开石过渡矿物时,其有序度较低,透明度也较差。X射线衍射分析和红外光谱都是研究分析印章石的有效方法,但X射线分析通常为有损分析,且仪器使用条件相对较高;而红外光谱则可以无损且具有扫描时间短等...     

凹凸棒粘土中坡缕石的内标法X衍射定量分析研究

用聚丙烯酸钠（PAAs）作分散剂,从凹凸棒粘土中提纯得到坡缕石纯样,再被按照5％的含量间隔将坡缕石和刚玉以及石英配比制成一系列的混和样品,采用NBS方法制成X衍射样片,扣除X射线衍射背景后计算出坡缕石110衍射峰和刚玉113衍射峰的积分强度比,以此为y轴,以坡缕石含量为x轴作图,拟合出线性方程,可用于凹凸棒粘土中坡缕石的定量分析。实例验证了该方法中定量分析线性方程的可行性,证明了粘土中非晶态物质的存在。     

土壤铁锰结核中锰矿物类型鉴定的探讨

用化学选择溶提、X射线衍射 (XRD)等技术 ,对土壤铁锰结核中锰矿物类型的鉴定进行了探讨。结果表明 :根据 0 .1mol·L-1盐酸羟胺 (HAHC)处理前后土壤铁锰结核的XRD峰的变化 ,可鉴定出其所含的锂硬锰矿和钙锰矿 ;分析HAHC处理前后同一XRD谱线上不受锰矿物干扰的相邻层状硅酸盐矿物衍射峰与所含锰矿物衍射峰强度的比值变化 ,确定了水钠锰矿的存在 ;结合铁锰结核中与锰矿物类型相关的元素含量 ,可鉴定出其所含的钡硬锰矿和铅锰矿。     

云南来利山锡矿床白云母标型特征研究

来利山锡矿床作为滇西地区著名的锡多金属矿床之一,为了探讨其矿床成因,为找矿勘探提供科学依据,对该矿区白云母进行标型特征研究。研究表明: 白云母是该矿区的重要矿物之一,主要分布在第一、二成矿阶段及其附近围岩中; 在光学显微镜下,成矿阶段白云母多呈竹叶状或扇状(放射状)集合体,围岩中白云母呈半自形—自形,解理清晰; 电子探针数据显示,不同成矿阶段的白云母成分略有差异,说明其成因受到成矿热液演化影响; 围岩中的白云母成分显示为多硅白云母,Na-Mg图解显示,围岩主要为中低温、中—高压环境,其中变质砂岩为高压环境,褪色角岩为高—中压环境。上述成果对于该区进一步找矿工作具有指导意义。     

Rare-metal pegmatites of Wamba,central Nigeria - their formation in relationship to late Pan-African granites

he Sn-(Nb, Ta) mineralization of the Wamba field (central Nigeria) occurs in muscovite-quartz-microcline pegmatites, which are related to the late-orogenic Pan-African (f 550 Ma) "Older Granites". The emplacement of granites and pegmatites was controlled by late Pan-African shear tectonics. The granitoid magmatism was multiphase and has produced peraluminous biotite granite, biotite-muscovite granite, and muscovite granite plutons. Sodic metasomatism has altered highly evolved granite cupolas and many of the pegmatite dikes. The pegmatitic mineralization of predominantly cassiterite is closely associated with albitization. Chemical data of granites and granitic and pegmatitic muscovites show that Rb, Cs, Sn, Nb, and Ta are enriched during both magmatic and postmagmatic evolution, with highest contents of these elements in early muscovites of the albitized and mineralized pegmatites. Trace-element chemistry of the pegmatitic muscovites reveals a chemical zonation of the pegmatite field related to the late-orogenic shear system.     

Petrological evidence for the development of refolded folds during a single deformational event

The Pelona Schist, which forms the lower plate of the Vincent thrust in the San Gabriel Mountains of southern California, has undergone a complex history of folding. The youngest folds in the schist (style 2 folds) range in shape from open to tight and fold both compositional layering and schistosity. These are superposed upon isoclinal folds with axial-plane schistosity (style 1 folds) that, in turn, overprint older isoclinal folds (also called style 1 folds). Samples from the hinges of style 2 folds contain two generations of muscovite. Muscovites of the older generation are parallel to the folded (style 1) schistosity. The newer muscovites recrystallized during and/or after style 2 folding. Microprobe analysis indicates that the two generations of muscovite are very similar in composition, although the new muscovites tend to have slightly higher paragonite and celadonite contents than the old muscovites. From the gross similarity of the two groups of muscovite, it is concluded that the style 1 and style 2 folds were produced during a single progressive deformation. The slightly higher paragonite and celadonite contents of the new muscovites are thought to indicate that both pressure and temperature were increasing during the deformation. This is consistent with the deformation being due to underthrusting of the Pelona Schist beneath the upper plate of the Vincent thrust.     

全风化花岗岩样品中粘土矿物含量变化对比

全风化花岗岩三大矿物组分——石英、长石和粘土矿物含量变化情况怎样?粘土矿物含量变化幅度多大?以香港九龙3个探坑中采到的18箱(边长30cm的立方体)样品为例, 将1箱样品的不同区分别取样后的XRD鉴定结果(包括全岩3种主要矿物成分变化、粘粒中高岭石和伊利石变化范围值)进行对比, 结果发现它们中矿物成分含量变化范围一般为10%~20%.高岭石相对含量变化幅度大于伊利石, 粗粒结构样品变化值大于细粒样品值.对同一样品不同分析人员得出的结果差别很大.分析后认为样品自身的非均质性和分析人员经验不同, 都可造成粘土矿物含量的明显差别.为进一步分析XRD鉴定样品间矿物成分差异值的可靠性, 还将XRD结果同薄片统计结果进行了对比.结果发现来自石硖尾样品中的石英含量普遍较高, 长石含量普遍较低, 而粘土矿物含量在石硖尾和观塘都有高有低.从两者差值看, 矿物含量相差0%~35%.这项研究说明全风化花岗岩一定范围内的非均质性程度同风化物中矿物是原矿物还是粘土矿物的认定一起对最终结果产生很大影响.      

Illite-smectite Mixed-layer Minerals in the Alteration Volcanic Ashes under Submarine Environment

The clay mineralogy of the clay intervals interbedded with siliceous mudstones across the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) in Pengda, Guiyang, Guizhou province, was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The clay mineral assemblages of the sediments are mainly I/S clays and minor smectite, kaolinite, and illite as reveled by XRD analyses. The peak-shape parameters BB1 and BB2 of I/S clays of the representative clay bed PL-01 are 4.7° and 4.4°, and the peak position of the low angle reflection is at 6.8° 2θ (13.6 ), suggesting that the I/S clays has a IS type of ordering. However, the presence of multi-order reflections and their intensities are different from those of completely ordered 1∶1 mixed-layer I/S clay rectorite, indicating that I/S clays of the Pengda section have partially ordered IS structures. HRTEM observations show that most of the I/S clays exhibit an IS stacking ordering. However, in some areas within a IS particle, smectite layer is observed in doublets, triplets, and quartets, which are interstratified by various amounts of illite layers, suggesting the presence of other irregular stacking in addition to the major 1∶1 IS ordered stacking. Transformation of smectite layer into illite layers is also observed in the I/S clays, suggesting that the Pengda I/S clays are derived from smectite illitization, in good agreement with the clay mineral assemblage. The I/S clays of the Pengda section contain up to 45% to 95% smectite layer, the notably higher contents of smectite layer relative to those of other PTB stratigraphic sets in south China can be attributed to difference in alteration and smectite illitization processes due to different sedimentary environments.     

多硅白云母压力计在退变质作用中的稳定性探讨

探讨多硅白云母地质压力计在低温退变质过程中的稳定性，在对大别山东缘和苏鲁造山带西缘郯庐左旋走滑韧性剪切带糜棱岩中的多硅白云母残斑由中心向两侧边缘进行电子探针分析后发现：由中心向两侧边缘Si减少,Al增加,Fe，Mg略有降低，部分样品中K，Na有不同程度的增加．而Ti则显示不活动富集。这是由于退变质过程中流体的活动常会改变残斑白云母的成分．并且在流体活动过程相对短暂的情况下，使残斑白云母的成分不能发生充分变化．最终会导致白云母不同部位具有不同的成分。因而,经历了富流体活动的退变质作用后,岩石中的多硅白云母残斑已不能完全保存其形成时的压力信息。     

钾盐和磷酸盐对固化土早期强度的影响研究

利用土壤板结原理,通过对硫铝酸盐水泥固化土无侧限抗压强度试验和水稳定性试验,探讨钾盐、磷酸盐对其早期强度的影响规律;通过X射线衍射（XRD）对固化土的物相成分进行了分析,探讨钾盐、磷酸盐影响固化土强度的变化内在机制。试验结果表明,钾盐、磷酸盐对固化土强度提高的阈值为0.6%,当盐掺入量低于该阈值时,固化土强度会随着盐掺量的增加而提高,当盐掺入量超过该阈值时,固化土强度会逐渐降低。盐掺入量不超过2%时,掺盐固化土水稳定性与未掺盐固化土差不多,7 d固化土软化系数基本保持在70%以上,但掺入K2SO4的固化土水稳定性较差,软化系数在60%左右。生成高强难溶具有膨胀性的矿物晶体是掺盐固化土早期强度提高的主要原因,但盐掺入量过高,固化土中矿物晶体过多膨胀作用,破坏固化土结构,而使固化土早期强度降低。     

加热白云母的穆斯堡尔效应及光学吸收光谱的研究

近年来,层状硅酸盐加热后氧化态的变化以及阳离子在各晶位的迁移引起了人们的兴趣,由于穆斯堡尔效应和光学吸收光谱是测定铁以及某些过渡族离子的氧化状态变化及位置分布的最有效的方法,因此,一些研究主要集中在黑云母等层状硅酸盐的穆斯堡尔效应和光学吸收光谱的研究上(Tripathi et al.,1978;Hogg et al.,1975)。     

Paragenetic types of muscovite from apogranites of Transbaykal

Crystallochemical interpretations of composition diagrams (fig. 1) which show muscovites as mixtures of rnuscovitic, celadomitic, and trioctahedral (Mg-Fe-Li) minerals, bring out the following relations: a) a dependence of Li content upon the degree of filling of the octahedral positions and its correlation with the content of the ferromagnesial constituents; b) acidity-alkalinity controls of variations in the K :Rb ratio; c) composition and acidity-alkalinity of the postmagmatic solution - rock system as controlling factors in compositional variations of muscovites. Paragenetically, the following groups are identifiable on such premises: a) lithium muscovites in the zones of amazonite granites; b) muscovites in the outer zones of albitization and greisenization; c) muscovites in the inner zones of intensive albitization and greisenization. -- V .P. Sokoloff.