Geochemistry of K‐feldspar and Muscovite in Rare‐element Pegmatites and Granites from the Totoral Pegmatite Field,San Luis,Argentina

The geochemistry of K‐feldspar for K, P, Sr, Ba, Rb, Cs, Ga, and of muscovite for the same elements plus Nb and Ta, was used for proving the parental relationships of S‐type granites and LCT (Li, Cs, Ta) rare‐element pegmatites in the southernmost pegmatitic field of the Pampean pegmatite province in Argentina. The variation of K/Rb‐Cs, K/Cs‐Rb, K/Rb‐Rb/Sr, K/Rb‐Ba in K‐feldspar from the granites and pegmatites show that they form an association with the evolutional sequence: granites → barren‐ to transitional pegmatites → beryl type, beryl‐columbite‐phosphate pegmatites → complex type of spodumene subtype pegmatites → albite‐spodumene type → albite type pegmatites. This sequence reflects the regional distribution of the different magmatic units. The Ta‐Cs diagram for muscovite reveals that none of the studied pegmatites exceed the threshold established in previous studies for being considered with important tantalum oxide mineralization. The granites and pegmatites constitute a rare‐element pegmatitic field in which different magmatic units form a continuous fractionation trend, extended from the less evolved granitic facies to the most geochemically specialized pegmatites     

Geochemistry of the Pegmatitic Rocks and Minerals in the Kenticha Belt, Southern Ethiopia: Implication to Geological Setting

Trace element distribution patterns are reported for whole rocks (granites, aplites, greisens, pegmatites, alaskites) and minerals from the Kenticha pegmatite field. The data shed light on the evolution, regional and local zonal pattern of the granitepegmatites and associated mineralization in the Kenticha belt. The complex mineralization of commercial concentrations of Ta, Nb, Hf, Zr, REE, U and Th is related to Be, Li, Cs, Rbbearing zones of pegmatites and is structurally controlled. Whole rock chemical signatures of the suite of felsic rocks of the Kenticha belt are predominantly similar to those generated by subduction in modern magmatic arcs and indicate a mantle derivation. Columbotantalite concentrates extracted from the pegmatitic ores represent the basic raw materials from which a number of possible byproducts can be recovered.     

Mineralogical and chemical evolution of tantalum–(niobium–tin) mineralisation in pegmatites and granites. Part 2: Worldwide examples (excluding Africa) and an overview of global metallogenetic patterns

Columbite-group minerals (CGM) account for the majority of the production of tantalum, an important metal for high-technology applications. Along with other Ta–Nb oxides such as tapiolite, wodginite, ixiolite and pyrochlore supergroup minerals, CGM are recovered from rare-metal granites and granitic rare-element pegmatites. In this paper mineralogical and geochemical data with a focus on CGM, tapiolite, wodginite and ixiolite are presented for rare-element granites and pegmatites from worldwide occurrences except Africa that has been covered in a previous contribution (Melcher et al., 2015). Major and trace element data of the Ta–Nb oxides are presented and compared for a total of 25 granite/pegmatite provinces, and one carbonatite for comparison. Based on CGM compositions, the data allow to distinguish between various subgroups of Li–Cs–Ta (LCT)-family pegmatites, Nb–Y–F (NYF)-family pegmatites, mixed LCT–NYF pegmatites, and rare-element granites.Each period of Ta-ore formation in Earth history is characterised by peculiar mineralogical and geochemical features. Some of the largest and economically most important rare-element pegmatite bodies are located within Archean terrains and intruded ultramafic and mafic host rocks (e.g., Tanco/Canada, Wodgina and Greenbushes/Western Australia, Kolmozero/Kola). They are highly fractionated, of LCT affinity throughout and yield complex mineralogical compositions. The variety of minor and trace elements incorporated attests to a rather insignificant role of the immediate host rocks to their geochemical signature and rather points to the significance of the composition of the underlying crustal protoliths, internal fractionation and the processes of melt generation. Many of the Archean pegmatites carry significant Li mineralization as spodumene, petalite, and amblygonite, and all of them are also characterised by elevated Li in CGM. In addition, Sb and Bi are important trace elements, also reflected by the occasional presence of stibiotantalite and bismutotantalite. REE_N patterns of CGM are dominated by the MREE or HREE, and range from very low to high total REE concentrations. Negative Eu anomalies are omnipresent. Scandium contents are also highly variable, from very high (Tanco) to very low concentrations (Wodgina, Kolmozero).A second period of worldwide pegmatite formation was in the Paleoproterozoic. All CGM analysed derive from LCT-family pegmatites except samples from the Amazonas region where Ta is mined from rare-metal granites at Pitinga. Pegmatites intruded highly variable lithologies including metasediments, metabasites, gneiss, granite and quartzite within a variety of structural and paleogeographic settings; however, most of them are syn- to post-orogenic with respect to major Paleoproterozoic orogenic events. Minor and trace element signatures are similar to CGM from Archean pegmatites. Some are characterised by considerable REE enrichment (São João del Rei/Brazil; Amapá/Brazil; Finnish Lapland/Finland), whereas others have normal to low total REE concentrations (Black Hills/USA, Bastar/India). Examples with high REE commonly are enriched in Sc and Y as well, and are often transitional to NYF-family pegmatites.The Mesoproterozoic period is comparatively poor in rare-element pegmatites and rare-metal granites. Mineralogical and chemical attributes of ixiolite–wodginite, tapiolite, CGM and rutile from placer material in Colombia point to an unusual pegmatite source of NYF affinity, yielding high total REE, Sc and Th at low Li and Bi. REE patterns have typical negative Eu and Y anomalies.A third major period of pegmatite formation was the Early Neoproterozoic at around 1 Ga, documented in the Grenvillian (North America), the Sveconorwegian (northern Europe) and the Kibaran in central Africa. CGM are present in numerous, mostly small pegmatites, although larger examples also occur (e.g., Manono in the D.R. Congo; Melcher et al., 2015). Pegmatite fields often display a zonal arrangement of mineralised pegmatites with respect to assumed “fertile” parent granites. They intrude metasediments, metabasites, gneiss and granite of middle to upper crustal levels and display a variety of mineralogical and chemical characteristics. Pegmatites of the Sveconorwegian and Grenville domains are usually of the NYF type and CGM are characterised by elevated Y, REE, Th and Sc. In contrast, the pegmatites of central (Kibara Belt) and southwestern Africa (Orange River Belt) are commonly of LCT affinity carrying spodumene, beryl and cassiterite (Melcher et al., 2015). These CGM have elevated conce ntrations of Li, Mg, Sn and Hf. Total REE concentrations are low except for the Sveconorwegian, and exhibit a variety of shapes in normalised diagrams.The fourth major pegmatite-forming event coincides with amalgamation of Gondwana at the Neoproterozoic/Paleozoic boundary around 550 Ma ago. This event is omnipresent in Africa (“Panafrican”) and South America (“Brasiliano event” documented in the Eastern Brazilian pegmatite and Borborema provinces). Pegmatites often intruded high-grade metamorphic terrains composed of metasediments including schist, marble, quartzite, as well as gneiss, amphibolite, ultramafic rocks, and granite. Within the Neoproterozoic, rare-metal granites of NYF affinity are locally abundant. Pegmatites show both LCT and NYF affinities, and mixed types occur in Mozambique. The Alto Ligonha and Madagascar provinces are characterised by abundant REE and Sc both within Ta–Nb-oxides and as separate mineral phases. Notably, some pegmatite provinces are almost devoid of cassiterite, whereas others carry cassiterite in economic amounts.In the Phanerozoic (younger than 542 Ma), pegmatites formed at all times in response to orogenetic processes involving various continents and terranes during the long-time amalgamation of Pangea and the Alpine orogenies. Whereas some activity is related to the Pampean, Acadian and Caledonian orogenies, the Variscan/Hercynian and Alleghanian orogenies are of utmost importance as manifested in pegmatite formation associated with Sn–W mineralised granites in central and western Europe as well as in the Appalachians. Most of the Variscan and Alleghanian pegmatites are of LCT affinity, although NYF and some mixed types have been described as well. Variscan pegmatite formation culminated at ca. 330 to 300 Ma, whereas Alleghanian pegmatites range in age from about 390 Ma to about 240 Ma. Most are syn- to post-orogenic and were emplaced at different crustal levels and into a variety of host rocks. Degree of fractionation as well as minor and trace element geochemistry of Ta–Nb oxides are rather variable and cover the complete field of CGM compositions. REE patterns are characterised by prominent negative Eu anomalies.Some Mesozoic and Cenozoic pegmatites and rare-metal granites from Southeast Asia and the Russian Far East are included in the compilation. Rare-metal granites of the Jos Plateau (Nigeria) were previously investigated (Melcher et al., 2015). The proportion of NYF pegmatites and rare-metal granites in the Mesozoic is striking, i.e. illustrated by Jos, Orlovka, Ulug Tanzek as well as the southeast Asian deposits related to tin granites. CGM from these areas are invariably rich in REE, Sc, Y and Th. In all rare-metal granites, Ta–Nb oxides are characterised by high total REE concentrations and both, negative Eu and Y anomalies in chondrite-normalised REE diagrams.Although constituting a vastly different magmatic system compared to rare metal pegmatites and granites, we included the Upper Fir carbonatite from the Canadian Cordillera, for comparison, because it is characterised by unusal high Ta contents. As expected, the CGM differ from the pegmatitic CGM by having high Mg and Th, and low U concentrations in columbite-(Fe) and lack an Eu anomaly. However, they also show similarities to primitive CGM from rare metal pegmatites of the NYF family in terms of the REE pattern and the increase in #Ta and #Mn towards the margins of the CGM. Our findings support recent results presented in Chudy (2014) indicating that the Ta enrichment in some carbonatites might be attributed to magmatic processes and conditions that are similar to the pegmatitic systems.     

湖南仁里稀有金属矿田206号锂辉石伟晶岩脉地球化学特征及成矿时代

湖南仁里稀有金属矿田是中国近年来新发现的一处重要的花岗伟晶岩型铌、钽、锂等稀有金属矿产地,文章针对矿田含锂伟晶岩地球化学特征、成矿时代及其与花岗岩的关系,选取传梓源锂铌钽矿床内规模最大的206号锂辉石伟晶岩脉开展地球化学和白云母Ar-Ar定年工作,并与区内其他伟晶岩、花岗岩的地球化学特征、成岩时代对比分析.传梓源206号锂辉石伟晶岩属高分异稀有金属伟晶岩,形成时代为(135.4±1.4)Ma,岩石地球化学表现为高硅、高铝、低钙、相对富碱、钙碱性及过铝质特征;稀土元素总量很低,以轻稀土元素为主;微量元素富集Cs、Rb、U、Ta、Nb、Zr、Hf,相对亏损Ba、Ti,Zr/Hf、Nb/Ta比值低且集中.幕阜山地区稀有金属成矿可分为2期:第1期稀有金属成矿时代约145 Ma,与燕山早期岩浆活动有关;第2期稀有金属成矿时代135～125 Ma,为主成矿期,该期稀有金属伟晶岩与燕山晚期的二云母二长花岗岩存在成因联系,两者为同源岩浆连续结晶分异过程中不同阶段的产物.稀有金属富集成矿经历了岩浆-热液两阶段作用,Be、Nb、Ta、Li、Rb、Cs等稀有元素的富集多发生于岩浆结晶分异晚期,热液作用使Ta、Li、Rb、Cs再次富集.     

白云母成分对富锂铍伟晶岩成因的指示：以卡鲁安稀有金属矿田为例

新疆阿尔泰造山带是我国重要的稀有金属矿床矿产资源基地,尤以富Li和富Be伟晶岩型矿床广泛发育为特色。本研究选择阿尔泰造山带卡鲁安-阿祖拜矿田富Li和富Be伟晶岩型矿床开展典型解剖,以贯穿岩浆阶段-伟晶岩阶段的白云母矿物为研究主线,探讨不同矿化类型伟晶岩中云母的成分演化规律、花岗岩与伟晶岩的成因联系。矿物学特征显示富Be伟晶岩中发育大量磷酸盐矿物,而富Li伟晶岩含较多橙色锰铝榴石、锂云母而缺乏典型的Fe-Mn磷酸盐。白云母成分分析显示,从白云母花岗岩→富Be伟晶岩→富Li伟晶岩,白云母总体呈Nb含量和Nb/Ta值降低,指示白云母花岗岩、富Be伟晶岩经历了不同程度的分离结晶作用,也代表了富Li伟晶岩的岩浆分异演化程度更高。尽管利用云母成分变化(尤其是K、Rb、Cs等大离子亲石元素)模拟岩浆结晶演化过程,显示可由初始花岗质岩浆经瑞利分离结晶作用依次形成白云母花岗岩→富Be伟晶岩→富Li伟晶岩的假设。但研究区年代学、矿物学、同位素证据指示富Li伟晶岩和富Be伟晶岩具有不同的熔体性质和形成时代。因此,应用云母成分探讨伟晶岩的成因联系应当建立在花岗岩-伟晶岩系统具有合理的时空分布和其它支持源自同一...     

Phyllosilicate and rutile compositions as indicators of Sn specialization in some southeastern Australian granites

Biotites from unaltered Sn granites in southeastern Australia are highly ferroan, Fe/(Fe+Mg+Mn) >0.75, whereas biotites from barren granites are less Ferich, Fe/(Fe+Mg+Mn)<0.65. Similar distinctions between Sn-specialized and barren granites can be observed in the other phyllosilicates, especially chlorite. Biotites and muscovites from Sn granites have greater Be, Cs, (F), Li, Mo, Rb, Sc, Sn, Tl, (Y) and Zn and lesser Ba abundances than corresponding micas from barren granites in the same district. Alteration of barren granites also results in similar enrichments in micas. Of these elements, Sn and Zn, because of their abundance and retention during degradation of biotite to chlorite, are the best trace element discriminants between barren granites and Sn granites/altered granites, with the Sn content of phyllosilicates being a better indicator than Zn. Rutile inclusions within phyllosilicates from unaltered Sn granites have Nb₂O₅ contents up to 26%. The Ta content tends to increase with Nb content but especially high Ta contents occur in the rutile inclusions of granites that give rise to pegmatitic deposits. The rutile inclusions in Sn granites may also have substantial Sn and W contents. The rutiles of barren granites have low Nb, Ta, Sn and W contents but Sn and W increase with alteration. Together, the ratio Fe/(Fe+Mg+Mn) and Sn contents in phyllosilicates and rutile compositions can be used to identify the Sn mineralization potential of a granite.     

The Durulgui rare-metal granite‒pegmatite system in the eastern Transbaikal region: Petrological and geochronological aspects

The Durulgui granite?pegmatite system unites the Dedova Gora granite massif and pegmatite field with the Chalotskoe beryl deposit. New geochronological data on micas from porphyric biotite granites, fine-grained biotite granites, two-mica granites, and Be-bearing pegmatites are discussed. The plateau age of 128.5(±1.5)–131.2(±1.5) should be considered as indicating the formation time of the granite?pegmatite system as a whole. The age of the system implies the possibility of its formation owing to several magmatic pulses. This assumption concerns porphyric and fine-grained biotite granites and two-mica and muscovite granites, the contact between which is locally sharp. At the same time, the succession “two-mica granites → muscovite granites → granite?pegmatites → microcline pegmatites → microcline?albite pegmatites → albite pegmatites” demonstrates gradual facies transitions between rocks, which indicates their emplacement during a single magmatic pulse.     

Petrogenetic and metallogenetic characteristics of the Xikeng granitic pegmatites,Fujian Province

The Xikeng pegmatite field lies on the eastern margin of the south China fold system in Fujian Province, and it is located at the junction of three major tectonic units. The distribution of pegmatites is obviously controlled by the fold system. There exists apparent injection relationship between the pegmatites and the surrounding Sinian schist and granulitite. The granitoids extensively distributed in the field belong either to the Variscan or to the Yenshanian cycle, and it is evident that the pegmatites are genetically related to Variscan migmatitic granites. The pegmatites can be grouped into four types: muscovite-orthoclase-albite pegmatite (I), muscovite albite-orthoclase pegmatite (II), muscovite-orthoclase-albite pegmatite (III), and muscovite-albite-spodumene pegmatite (IV). Owing to strong metasomatism and multi-stage emplacement of pegmatitic meltsolution, the sequence of interior assemblage zones in the pegmatites does not always represent the sequence of original crystallization. The mineral composition of the pegmatites is extremely complicated. 81 kinds of minerals have so far been found. From type I to type IV, the mineral assemblage tend to get increasingly complex, together with the synchronous intensification of rare-metal and Sn mineralizations. Most of the type-IV pegmatites are of economic value. The features of fluid inclusions in the minerals are significantly different not only in different types of pegmatite, but also in different parts of a single pegmatite vein. Theδ ¹⁸O values of migmatitic granite and pegmatites are comparatively low (9.3–10.4‰), and those of rock-forming fluids are higher than 9.5‰. Isotopic ages of the pegmatites range from 235 to 328 Ma with initial⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios being 0.715–0.746. According to the temporal and spatial relationships between the pegmatites and the migmatitic granite, combined with the features of the pegmatites themselves, it can be concluded that the Xikeng pegmatites are the product of differentiation closely related to the migmatitic granite.     

Geochemical characteristics and spectrometric prospecting in the muscovite-bearing pegmatites and granites,southeastern Aswan,Egypt

Rare metal mineralization of Sn, Nb-Ta and W is encountered in the Gebel Dihmit area （GDA）, southeastern Aswan, Egypt. The mineralization is related to muscovite granites and their pegmatite derivatives. The pegmatites are divided into three types according to their main mineral assemblages： K-feldspar-muscovite-tourmaline, K-feldspar-albite-muscovite and albite-K-feldspar-lepidolite veins. Petrogenetic studies indicate that Sn and Nb-Ta mineralization extends from the late-magmatic stage to the pegmatite and hydrothermal stages of the （GDA） suite. The albite-K-feldspar-lepidolite granite is composed dominantly of albite, lepidolote, and quartz, with topaz, K-feldspar and amblygonite. The accessory minerals are zircon, monazite, pollucite, columbite-tantalite, microlite and Ta-rich cassiterite. Phenocrysts of quartz, topaz and K-feldspar contain abundant inclusions of albite laths and occasional lepidolite crystals along growth zones （snowball texture）, indicating simultaneous crystallization from a subsolvus, residual magma. The origin of the pegmatites is attributed to extreme differentiation by fractional crystallization of a granitic magma. The economic potential for rare metals was evaluated in the geochemical discrimination diagrams. Accordingly, some of the pegmatites are not only highly differentiated in terms of alkalis, but also the promising targets for small-scale Ta and, to a less extent, Sn. The pegmatites also provide the first example of Fe-Mn and Nb-Ta fractionation in successive generations of granites to cassiterite-bearing pegmatites, which perfectly ex- hibit similar fractionation trends established for primary columbite-tantalite in the corresponding categories of pegmatites. Uranium and Th of magmatic origin are indicated by the presence of thorite and allanite, whereas evidence of hydrothermal mineralization is the alteration of rock- foring minerals such as feldspar and the formation of secondary minerals such as uranophane..     

喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩带伟晶岩的富铍成矿特点及向更高处找锂

喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩作为新识别的稀有金属成矿区带,已发现以Be-Nb-Ta(Sn-W)组合为主矿化且已形成大型矿床,如错那洞,但仅在为数不多的几处伟晶岩见到锂辉石,尚未发现工业锂矿床.因此,有必要剖析该区伟晶岩成矿(尤其Be同Li的对比)特点、条件及可能潜力,并与国内其他稀有金属矿带进行对比分析,从而推动喜马拉雅伟晶岩稀有金属矿床尤其是锂矿的发现.该区伟晶岩母体淡色花岗岩与华南稀有金属矿化花岗岩类似,显示高的分异程度但较窄的演化区间,并且熔体具有高的Li浓度.在印亚大陆碰撞带复杂的构造-变质-深熔作用下产生了多期次的岩浆活动,尤其新喜马拉雅期巨量的岩浆可为伟晶岩的形成、远距离迁移分异及成矿提供有利的热和物质基础.基于含Li伟晶岩形成于"远"母体、"高"海拔的特点,提出区域构造层位的上部或更高海拔地区以及淡色花岗岩岩体外侧远端的围岩内将可能是含锂伟晶岩的就位空间与找矿重点地段.     

The Kenticha rare-element pegmatite,Ethiopia: internal differentiation,U–Pb age and Ta mineralization

The Kenticha rare-element pegmatite, a globally important tantalite source in the Neoproterozoic Adola Belt of southern Ethiopia, is a highly fractionated, huge (2,000 m long and up to 100 m thick), subhorizontal, sheet-like body, discordantly emplaced in ultramafic host rock. It corresponds to the spodumene subtype of the rare-element pegmatite class and belongs to the lithium–cesium–tantalum petrogenetic family. The Kenticha pegmatite is asymmetrically zoned from bottom to top into granitic lower zone, spodumene-free intermediate zone, and spodumene-bearing upper zone. A monomineralic quartz unit is discontinuously developed within the upper zone. Whole-rock data indicate an internal geochemical differentiation of the pegmatite sheet proceeding from the lower zone (K/Rb ~36, K/Cs ~440, Al/Ga ~2,060, Nb/Ta ~2.6) to the upper zone (K/Rb ~19, K/Cs ~96, Al/Ga ~1,600, Nb/Ta ~0.7). The latter one is strongly enriched in Li₂O (up to 3.21%), Rb (up to 4,570 ppm), Cs (up to 730 ppm), Ga (up to 71 ppm), and Ta (up to 554 ppm). Similar trends of increasing fractionation from lower zone to upper zone were obtained in muscovite (K/Rb 23–14, K/Cs 580–290, K/Tl 6,790–3,730, Fe/Mn 19–10, Nb/Ta 6.5–3.8) and columbite–tantalite (Mn/Mn + Fe 0.4–1, Ta/Ta + Nb 0.1–0.9). The bottom-to-top differentiation of the Kenticha pegmatite and the Ta mineralization in its upper part are principally attributed to upward in situ fractionation of a residual leucogranitic to pegmatitic melt, largely under closed system conditions. High MgO contents (up to 5.05%) in parts of the upper zone are the result of postmagmatic hydrothermal alteration and contamination by hanging wall serpentinite. U–Pb dating of Mn-tantalite from two zones of the Kenticha pegmatite gave ages of 530.2 ± 1.3 and 530.0 ± 2.3 Ma. Mn-tantalite from the Bupo pegmatite, situated 9 km north of Kenticha, gave an age of 529.2 ± 4.1 Ma, indicating coeval emplacement of the two pegmatites. The emplacement of the pegmatites is temporally related to postorogenic granite magmatism, producing slightly peraluminous, I-type plutons in the area surrounding the Kenticha pegmatite field. Fractionated members of this suite might be envisaged as potential parental magmas.     

Interaction of crustal and mantle materials,sources of trace elements during the formation and evolution of Early Paleozoic Li-rich granite-pegmatite systems in southeastern Tuva

We present new data on the age, composition, and environments of formation of granites of the Kystarys complex and the associated Li-rich rare-element pegmatites of the South Sangilen pegmatite belt including the large Tastyg lithium deposit. It has been established that they formed during the Early Paleozoic collisional orogeny in the Tuva-Mongolian massif at the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary. The granites of the Kystarys complex are moderately alkaline high-K rocks and are enriched in Zr, Nb, Y, and REE; therefore, they are classified as postcollisional, transitional to within-plate (A-type). The spodumene pegmatites of the South Sangilen pegmatite belt are similar to the above granites in age and isotopic and geochemical parameters, which suggests a paragenetic relationship between these rocks. Pegmatites form several pegmatite fields within the belt, which differ in trace-element signatures. In addition to predominant Li, Cs, and Ta, specific to all spodumene pegmatites (LCT family), pegmatites of two fields have high contents of Nb, Y, REE, and Zr, which are indicator elements of NYF family pegmatites. It has been established that the formation of spodumene pegmatites with combined LCT-NYF geochemical signatures was preceded by the intrusion of dikes of monzogabbro with the geochemical characteristics of OIB and of alkali aegirine granites and by the formation of associated metasomatites enriched in Zr, Nb, Y, and REE. Based on the geological, mineralogical, and geochemical data, we substantiate the hypothesis of the formation of Li-bearing granite-pegmatite melts from a mixed source resulted from the influence of fluids of an alkaline igneous complex of mantle genesis on the crustal protolith.     

湖南仁里矿田锂辉石白云母伟晶岩地质特征及其找矿意义

仁里矿田位于扬子陆块与华夏陆块交汇的江南隆起造山带中段、幕阜山岩体西南缘的舌状体区域。稀有金属伟晶岩矿化类型在空间上具分带性,矿田北东部为白云母伟晶岩,西南部为锂辉石白云母伟晶岩。本文对矿田内3条代表性的锂辉石白云母伟晶岩开展了地质和地球化学特征研究。测试结果为:SiO2含量为62.0%~78.0%(平均71.8%);Al2O3为14.8%~18.0%(平均16.1%),Al2O3/(K2O+Na2O+CaO)摩尔比(A/CNK=1.52~13.0)大于1.1,分异指数(DI)89.7~97.5,∑REE=2.07~14.8μg/g,LREE/HREE=6.90~15.9。研究表明:①仁里矿田伟晶岩为过铝质岩浆系统下高分异、富碱、富稀有金属、富铪锆型花岗质伟晶岩,锂铌钽等稀有金属矿化与磷灰石化关系密切。②锂辉石白云母伟晶岩具有良好的分带性,其结晶分异时间晚于白云母伟晶岩,我们推测伟晶岩岩浆的结晶、分异时间越长越有利于Li元素的富集;矿田稀有金属矿化组合呈现Be+Nb+Ta→Be+Nb+Ta+Li→Be+Li的演化规律。③仁里矿田锂矿资源丰富,主要集中在矿田西南部,有望在进一步增加矿田钽铌资源量的基础上,提交一处高品位的大型锂矿床;在锂矿找矿工作中,尤其注意伟晶岩中的贫Nb、Ta锂辉石白云母伟晶岩地段。     

Classification and mineralization potential of the pegmatites of the Eastern Brazilian Pegmatite Province

The potential for Nb, Ta, Li, Sn-mineralization as well as for precious stones for the Eastern Brazilian Pegmatite Province (EBPP) has been evaluated on the basis of 530 K-feldspar and 550 muscovite major and trace element analyses. The EBPP is situated mainly in the State of Minas Gerais, but encompasses also parts of the States of Bahia, Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro. The EBPP is the largest pegmatite province of South America. It was divided into the pegmatite districts of Itambé, Araçuaí, Safira, Nova Era, Aimorés and Espera Feliz. This was done to test whether the pegmatites of these districts differ in their mineralization potential and how geotectonic setting influences mineralization potential. The fractionation diagrams such as Cs, Zn, Li, Be, Ba versus K/Rb, Cs versus Ta/(Ta + Nb), and U, Na₂O versus K/Cs for the pegmatite districts of Araçuaí and Safira show the widest range in fractionation. These pegmatite districts are leaders in the production of gem-quality tourmaline, aquamarine, morganite, and contain abundant spodumene, tantalite and columbite. In contrast, the Espera Feliz and Aimorés pegmatite districts are the most primitive districts examined and have a corresponding lack of rare-element mineralization. Literature data indicate that all studied pegmatites are of Brasiliano age, i.e., formed between 600 and 480?Ma. The pegmatites of Transamazonic age (1.9?Ga), found rarely in the study area, are of economic importance in the context of emerald mineralization, but seem to be of less importance for rare metal and other gemstone mineralization.     

In situ analyses of micas in the Yashan granite,South China: Constraints on magmatic and hydrothermal evolutions of W and Ta–Nb bearing granites

Most rare-metal granites in South China host major W deposits with few or without Ta–Nb mineralization. However, the Yashan granitic pluton, located in the Yichun area of western Jiangxi province, South China, hosts a major Nb–Ta deposit with minor W mineralization. It is thus important for understanding the diversity of W and Nb–Ta mineralization associated with rare-metal granites. The Yashan pluton consists of multi-stage intrusive units, including the protolithionite (-muscovite) granite, Li-mica granite and topaz–lepidolite granite from the early to late stages. Bulk-rock REE contents and La/Yb ratios decrease from protolithionite granite to Li-mica granite to topaz–lepidolite granite, suggesting the dominant plagioclase fractionation. This variation, together with increasing Li, Rb, Cs and Ta but decreasing Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf ratios, is consistent with the magmatic evolution. In the Yashan pluton, micas are protolithionite, muscovite, Li-mica and lepidolite, and zircons show wide concentration ranges of ZrO₂, HfO₂, UO₂, ThO₂, Y₂O₃ and P₂O₅. Compositional variations of minerals, such as increasing F, Rb and Li in mica and increasing Hf, U and P in zircon are also in concert with the magmatic evolution from protolithionite granite to Li-mica granite to topaz–lepidolite granite. The most evolved topaz–lepidolite granite has the highest bulk-rock Li, Rb, Cs, F and P contents, consistent with the highest contents of these elements and the lowest Nb/Ta ratio in mica and the lowest Zr/Hf ratio in zircon. Ta–Nb enrichment was closely related to the enrichment of volatile elements (i.e. Li, F and P) in the melt during magmatic evolution, which raised the proportion of non-bridging oxygens (NBOs) in the melt. The rims of zoned micas in the Li-mica and topaz–lepidolite granites contain lower Rb, Cs, Nb and Ta and much lower F and W than the cores and/or mantles, indicating an exotic aqueous fluid during hydrothermal evolution. Some columbite-group minerals may have formed from exotic aqueous fluids which were originally depleted in F, Rb, Cs, Nb, Ta and W, but such fluids were not responsible for Ta–Nb enrichment in the Yashan granite. The interaction of hydrothermal fluids with previously existing micas may have played an important role in leaching, concentrating and transporting W, Fe and Ti. Ta–Nb enrichment was associated with highly evolved magmas, but W mineralization is closely related to hydrothermal fluid. Thus these magmatic and hydrothermal processes explain the diversity of W and Ta–Nb mineralizations in the rare-metal granites.     

青藏高原东北缘茶卡北山印支期(含绿柱石)锂辉石伟晶岩脉群的发现及Li-Be成矿意义

青藏高原东北缘茶卡北山地区首次发现锂辉石伟晶岩脉群。这些伟晶岩脉沿宗务隆山南缘断裂北侧密集出露,并呈狭窄带状北西向展布。到目前为止,已发现9条含绿柱石锂辉石伟晶岩脉(Li2O平均品位为1.11%~3.13%,BeO平均品位为0.06%)和13条含绿柱石伟晶岩(BeO平均品位为0.044%~0.056%)。伟晶岩锆石U-Pb测年确定其成岩成矿年龄为217 Ma,含绿柱石伟晶岩具有高SiO2(71.62%~77.34%)、Al2O3(15.57%~17.55%)和富K2O(1.99%~2.02%)、Na2O(6.09%~6.24%),稀土元素总量非常低(ΣREE=5.2~9.1μg/g),轻稀土元素略微富集((La/Yb)N=6.8~10.1),Eu具负异常(δEu=0.25~0.92),具有Cs、Rb、Ta、P和Pb富集,以及Ba、Th、La、Ce、Sr、Nd和Ti的强烈亏损特征。含绿柱石锂辉石伟晶岩具有高SiO2(75.73%~77.34%)、Al2O3(15.58%~17.52%)和富Na2O(3.0%~3.16%)、贫K2O(0.36%~0.79%),稀土元素总量也很低(ΣREE=5.3~6.0μg/g),轻稀土元素略微富集((La/Yb)N=3.1~4.6),Eu具强烈负异常(δEu=0.17~0.23)。相对于含绿柱石伟晶岩,含绿柱石锂辉石伟晶岩更加富集Cs、U、Nb、Ta、Th、Sn和B,更亏损K和P。含绿柱石伟晶岩和含绿柱石锂辉石伟晶岩锆石具有相似的Hf同位素组成,εHf(t)值分布范围在–15.1~–12.9之间,对应的Hf同位素地壳模式年龄tDM2为1.99~2.22 Ga,表明伟晶岩源于全吉地块古元古代地壳物质的重熔再造。茶卡北山(含绿柱石)含绿柱石锂辉石伟晶岩的发现可推断宗务隆山构造带东段是青藏高原北部一条新的、重要的锂铍成矿带,除Li和Be外,Nb、Ta、Cs和Sn可能也是有潜力的成矿元素。     

阿尔金中段吐格曼地区花岗伟晶岩型稀有金属成矿特征与找矿预测

新疆若羌县阿尔金中段吐格曼地区是花岗伟晶岩型稀有金属成矿的有利地区,目前已发现吐格曼铍锂矿、吐格曼北锂铍矿和瓦石峡南锂铍矿,其中发育于吐格曼层状花岗岩中心的吐格曼铍锂矿和北部接触带的吐格曼北锂铍矿已达中型规模。本文总结了吐格曼地区稀有金属花岗伟晶岩的类型,报导了吐格曼铍锂矿和吐格曼北锂铍矿伟晶岩的特征与形成时代。并基于ASTER遥感岩体与伟晶岩光谱信息提取成果揭示花岗岩与花岗伟晶岩的分布,指出托巴片麻状二长花岗岩中段花岗伟晶岩区以及阿亚格黑云斜长花岗岩南接触带花岗伟晶岩群是稀有金属找矿靶区,指出吐格曼铍锂矿花岗伟晶岩形成于中奥陶世晚期(460Ma)南阿尔金洋闭合后阿中地块与柴达木地块碰撞过程的后碰撞阶段。     

Tantalum–(niobium–tin) mineralisation in African pegmatites and rare metal granites: Constraints from Ta–Nb oxide mineralogy,geochemistry and U–Pb geochronology

Tantalum, an important metal for high-technology applications, is recovered from oxide minerals that are present as minor constituents in rare-metal granites and granitic rare-element pegmatites. Columbite-group minerals (CGM) account for the majority of the current tantalum production; other Ta–Nb oxides (TNO) such as tapiolite, wodginite, ixiolite, rutile and pyrochlore-supergroup minerals may also be used.In this paper mineralogical and geochemical data with a focus on opaque minerals as well as age determinations on CGM using the U–Pb method are presented for 13 rare-element granite and pegmatite districts in Africa, covering Archean, Paleoproterozoic, Neoproterozoic, Paleozoic and Mesozoic provinces. Geological, economic and geochronological data are reviewed.Each period of Ta-ore formation is characterised by peculiar mineralogical and geochemical features that assist in discriminating these provinces. Compositions of CGM are extremely variable: Fe-rich types predominate in the Man Shield (Sierra Leone), the Congo Craton (Democratic Republic of the Congo), the Kamativi Belt (Zimbabwe) and the Jos Plateau (Nigeria). Mn-rich columbite–tantalite is typical of the Alto Ligonha Province (Mozambique), the Arabian–Nubian Shield and the Tantalite Valley pegmatites (southern Namibia). Large compositional variations through Fe–Mn fractionation, followed by Nb–Ta fractionation are typical for pegmatites of the Kibara Belt of Central Africa, pegmatites associated with the Older Granites of Nigeria and some pegmatites in the Damara Belt of Namibia. CGM, tapiolite, wodginite and ixiolite accommodate minor and trace elements at the sub-ppm to weight-percent level. Trace elements are incorporated in TNO in a systematic fashion, e.g. wodginite and ixiolite carry higher Ti, Zr, Hf, Sn and Li concentrations than CGM and tapiolite. Compared to tapiolite, CGM have higher concentrations of all trace elements except Hf and occasionally Zr, Ti, Sn and Mg. The composition of TNO related to rare-element pegmatites is rather different from rare-metal granites: the latter have high REE and Th concentrations, and low Li and Mg. Pegmatite-hosted TNO are highly variable in composition, with types poor in REE, typical of LCT-family pegmatites, and types rich in REE — showing affinity for NYF-family or mixed LCT–NYF pegmatites. Major and trace elements show regional characteristics that are conspicuous in normalised trace element and REE diagrams. In general, CGM from Ta-ore provinces are characterised by the predominance of one type of REE distribution pattern characterised by ratios between individual groups of REE (light, middle, heavy REE) and the presence and intensity of anomalies (e.g. Eu/Eu*).Despite textural complexities such as complex zoning patterns and multiple mineralisation stages, the chemical compositions of CGM, tapiolite and wodginite–ixiolite from rare-metal granite and rare-element pegmatite provinces indicate that they are cogenetic and reflect specific source characteristics that may be used to discriminate among rocks of different origin.Geochronological data produced for CGM from ore districts are discussed together with the respective ore mineralogy and minor and trace element geochemistry of TNO to reconsider the geodynamics of pegmatite formation. In Africa, formation of rare element-bearing pegmatites and granites is related to syn- to late-orogenic (e.g., West African Craton, Zimbabwe Craton), post-orogenic (Kibara Belt, Damara Belt, Older Granites of Nigeria, Adola Belt of Ethiopia) and anorogenic (Younger Granites of Nigeria) tectonic and magmatic episodes. The late-orogenic TNO mineralisation associated with A-type granites in the Eastern Desert of Egypt shares geochemical features with the anorogenic Younger Granites of Nigeria.     

Neoproterozoic U-Th-REE-bearing Pegmatites in Wadi Ibib,South Eastern Desert,Egypt:Structural and Geochemical Measures for a Syn-Tectonic Anatectic Model of Formation

The Wadi Ibib area is situated in the northern part of the Neoproterozoic Hamisana Shear Zone (HSZ), which is a high strain zone evolved during the late stages of the Pan-African orogeny, likely as a tectonic escape structure. Amphibolite facies pelitic metasedimentary windows crop out in the axial parts of the HSZ and are noticeably associated with numerous N-trending pegmatite dikes. Whole-rock geochemistry of the pegmatites reveals a peraluminous (S-type) affinity, with low K/Rb ratios and elevated concentrations of U, Th, REE, Rb, Li, Cs, Y, Nb and Ta. Structurally, the pegmatite sets intrude along the shear plane of the HSZ, corresponding to the regional N-trending tectonic fabrics, such as axial planar foliation and dextral-shearing in the metasedimentary host rock. Field relationships, including structural context, coupled with geochemical characteristics of the Wadi Ibib pegmatites, do not support their formation as a complementary part of evolved granitic magmas. Space-localized decompression-induced partial melting of peraluminous garnet-bearing metapelites was alternatively the underlying process for formation of these pegmatites. Such decompression was associated with regional escape tectonics and stress axes permutations during the late deformation stage (D3) in the evolution of the south Eastern Desert terrane, due to end-orogeny system pressure-release.