龙须菜新品系ZC的生长和生理生化参数的测定及其SCAR标记的开发

对龙须菜新品系ZC与栽培品系981、07-2及湛山湾野生四分孢子体的生长速度和总蛋白质含量等生理生化参数进行比较,从而为新品系ZC在栽培产业的开发利用提供理论支持。结果显示,ZC的线性生长速度高达9.89mm/d,比栽培品系981、07-2分别提高16.6%、51.7%,表明ZC相比现有的栽培品系具备较高的生长速度。藻红蛋白含量与981无明显不同,但显著低于07-2,叶绿素a含量则显著低于2个栽培品系;其总蛋白质含量7.21mg/g显著高于其他3个龙须菜材料,可作为一种提供更高蛋白质来源的鲍鱼饵料使用。在光合放氧和呼吸耗氧速率方面,ZC并未与其他龙须菜材料表现出显著差异。另外,由于ZC在外观形态上与栽培品系很难区分,本实验通过分析上述4种龙须菜的RSAP指纹图谱,筛选获得了ZC的特异条带,并将其转化为稳定可靠、特异性高的SCAR标记,用以鉴定龙须菜新品系。     

青岛不同野生群体的单倍体和二倍体龙须菜的AFLP遗传多样性分析与比较

以青岛湛山湾的单倍体和二倍体龙须菜以及青岛台湾路的单倍体和二倍体龙须菜为实验材料,采用AFLP技术,分析了不同地理群体内单倍体和二倍体种群以及不同世代种群间的遗传变异参数.湛山湾单倍体种群的Na(1.169 9)、Ne(1.095 0)、H(0.058 2)、I(0.088 4)与二倍体种群的Na(1.333 3)、Ne(1.227 0)、H(0.129 7)、I(0.190 8),以及台湾路单倍体种群的Na(1.137 3)、Ne(1.089 9)、H(0.050 4)、I(0.074 6)与二倍体种群的Na(1.209 2)、Ne(1.138 6)、H(0.082 5)、I(0.121 9)相比较,可以看出不同世代倍性的龙须菜的遗传多样性是有差别的,同一地理群体的二倍体在遗传变异上高于单倍体;而且湛山湾-台湾路单倍体种群间的Ht(0.058 1)、Gst(0.066 9)、Nm(6.968 3)和二倍体种群间Ht(0.179 9)、Gst(0.327 1)、Nm(1.028 5)的数值也有很大差别,单倍体和二倍体是处于不同分化层次的2个种群,根据Wright对Nm的研究可知,单倍体种群是中度分化的种群,二倍体种群是高度分化的种群.通过分析可知,龙须菜的遗传多样性水平较低,这为育种策略的选择提供了依据.     

龙须菜微卫星DNA标记筛查及系统分析

利用生物信息学方法,从龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)公共核苷酸数据库中筛查到8条含有微卫星DNA的序列,并根据筛查出的微卫星DNA序列设计合成了5对引物,此外还使用了细江蓠的4对已知微卫星DNA引物共9对引物在采集自青岛的26株野生龙须菜个体中进行扩增,结果筛选到2对引物可扩增出具有多态性的产物.然后利用5对龙须菜的微卫星引物对6个龙须菜品系和另外2个种外物种细基江蓠和菊花心江蓠进行系统学分析.根据计算得到的不同样品之间Nei氏遗传相似系数进行聚类分析,显示青岛野生龙须菜QD与栽培品系981、石岛的龙须菜样品SD与龙须岛的龙须菜样品LD之间的遗传相似系数最高,而来自委内瑞拉的龙须菜样品LV与青岛野生龙须菜之间的差异远远高于种内水平的差异.     

斜带髭鲷野生与养殖群体遗传结构的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术,对斜带髭鲷3个群体(柘林湾人工繁育群体、厦门湾人工繁育群体和厦门近海捕捞野生群体)的遗传多样性水平和群体遗传结构进行了研究.筛选出17个ISSR引物对3个群体共54个样品进行扩增,共得到145个清晰的扩增位点,其中多态性位点80个,多态位点百分率为55.17%.Popgene分析结果表明:厦门野生群体的遗传多样性水平最高(PPB=51.72%,h=0.182 6,I=0.271 9),略高于其他2个人工繁育群体的遗传多样性水平.群体间的Nei's遗传分化系数和基因流分别为:0.087 6和5.209 8.表明斜带髭鲷3个群体的遗传分化尚未达到种群的分化水平.本文通过对斜带髭鲷野生群体及人工繁育群体遗传结构和遗传多样性水平的研究,为其种质资源的科学管理提供理论依据.     

龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)选育品系及其野生型的ISSR指纹分析

采用ISSR标记对龙须菜一个野生型群体和选育品系两个不同年代的栽培群体，进行了亲缘关系分析，构建了龙须菜选育品系的指纹图谱。通过实验从22个ISSR引物中筛选出16条引物，可以产生清晰稳定及可重复的带，共扩增出118个位点；野生型和选育品系两个群体的遗传相似率分别为0．7301、0．7189，选育品系的两养殖种群间的遗传相似率为0．9375；遗传距离聚类分析证明，龙须菜选育品系与其青岛野生型亲缘关系很近。7条引物产生的12条特异片段可用于龙须菜选育品系的种质鉴定，每条引物都能将龙须菜选育品系和其野生型分开；根据引物S848扩增的位点构建了指纹图谱，可用于区分龙须菜选育种群及野生种群。     

舟山近海条石鲷野生群体与人工放流群体遗传多样性的AFLP 分析

利用AFLP技术对舟山近海条石鲷(Oplegnathus fasciatus)野生和放流群体的遗传多样性进行比较分析,旨在为条石鲷的人工增殖及其种质资源的保护和利用提供遗传学的基础资料.采用8对引物组合在2个群体中共扩增得到位点316个,多态性位点为162个,多态性比例为51.67％.野生群体和放流群体的多态性位点比例(P),Nei's基因多样性指数(H)和Shannon's多样性指数(I)分别为46.75％和44.67％,0.097和0.089,0.16和0.15.野生群体的遗传多样性水平略高于放流群体,但差异并不显著(P＞0.05).两群体间的遗传相似系数(S)和遗传距离(D)分别为0.99和0.0073;基因分化系数(Gst)为0.036,群体间无显著遗传分化(P＞0.05).分子方差(AMOVA)分析表明96.82％的遗传变异来源于群体内的个体间,群体间无显著的遗传差异(P＞0.05).以上研究结果表明条石鲷的放流群体与野生群体间无明显的遗传分化,放流群体的遗传多样性水平尚处于一个合理状态.但为了避免放流群体对野生群体产生负面的遗传效应,应当增加放流群体繁育亲本的数量,并对放流群体的遗传变异水平进行持续监测.     

两个龙须菜新品系经济性状及琼胶特性的初步研究

2008年2～5月在广东省南澳县深澳海区对选育的龙须菜新品系07-1,07-2和对照组福建宁德栽培的981品系进行海上栽培比较试验,测定了3个品系的藻体日平均生长速率,试验了敌害生物(藻钩虾和团水虱)对3个品系的影响,比较了琼胶特性.结果显示,在水温11～20 ℃,盐度32.4～32.8的条件下,品系07-1,07-2的藻体日平均生长速率分别为3.8%/d和4.1%/d,宁德栽培品系的藻体日平均生长速率为3.2%/d.品系07-1,07-2的生长适应水温下限为16 ℃,比宁德栽培品系降低了2 ℃.与宁德栽培的981品系相比较,选育的龙须菜品系07-1,07-2对藻钩虾和团水虱有较强的耐受能力.品系07-1,07-2的琼胶含量比福建宁德栽培的981品系分别提高10.0%和14.4%,凝胶强度也分别提高了5.46%和14.5%,表明2个新品系具有潜在的推广应用价值.     

青岛裙带菜孢子体野生种群遗传多样性的AFLP分析

采用优化的基因组总DNA提取方法,按照经典的AFLP分析路线,对30株青岛近海野生裙带菜(Undaria pinnatifida)孢子体种群内遗传多样性进行了AFLP分析.利用1对引物扩增出38条清晰可重复的带,其中32条呈现多态性,多态位点比例为84.21%,根据引物扩增的指纹图谱,计算出的种群内部平均观测等位基因数(Na)为1.8421、平均有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.375 4、平均基因多样性指数,即Nei's基因多样性指数(H)为0.235 1,Shannon's 多样性信息指数(I)为0.368 4.该种群内遗传距离的分布范围从0.026 7～0.804 4,结果显示,野生种群内个体间各项遗传指数水平均较高,种群内遗传变异丰富.聚类分析表明,在遗传距离为0.21的阈值处,30个个体划分为2大类群,推测青岛野生裙带菜进化上在遗传距离为0.21时发生第一次分化.     

许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegeli)微卫星标记开发及野生、养殖群体遗传多样性分析

对许氏平鲉进行简化基因组测序,设计微卫星引物200对,可稳定扩增的引物190对,占95%。利用一个荣成野生群体对24个多态性较高的微卫星标记进行了评价,每个位点的等位基因数(Na)为2—21个,观测杂合度(Ho)为0.0417—0.9167,期望杂合度(He)为0.0278—0.9722,多态信息含量(PIC)为0.1948—0.9496,结果显示有20个微卫星位点为中高度多态。利用这些引物对荣成野生群体和烟台养殖群体的遗传多样性进行了比较分析,野生和养殖群体的平均等位基因数(Na)分别为8.5000、6.9583,有效等位基因数(Ne)的均值分别为4.5484、3.6365,期望杂合度(He)均值分别为0.6421、0.5840,多态信息含量均值(PIC)分别为0.6088、0.5490,平均香农-威纳指数均值为1.4605、1.2834,但F检验发现无显著差异,发现两个群体的遗传多样性都处于高度多态水平,但养殖群体遗传多样性水平低于野生群体。本研究结果说明许氏平鲉的人工繁育中,通过使用较大数量的亲本进行繁育可有效防止选育群体的遗传多样性降低,但人工定向选育对选育群体的遗传多样性也产生了一定的影响。Bonferroni校正后在两个群体中各有4个位点偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡。本研究开发的微卫星标记为许氏平鲉遗传图谱构建、分子标记辅助育种等提供了更多标记选择,对野生和养殖群体遗传多样性分析为下一步的遗传育种提供参考。     

大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)养殖群体遗传多样性的降低

采用AFLP技术方法,对福建二个野生及二个养殖大黄鱼群体进行了遗传多样性的研究.实验采用7对引物组合,在四个群体的120个个体中共扩增出472个位点,其中多态位点为220个,多态位点比例为46.61%.结果表明,大黄鱼养殖群体的遗传多样性降低:宁德野生群体和湄州野生群体多态位点比例分别为42.42%和45.14%,Nei遗传多样性指数分别为0.1046和0.1245,shannon多样性指数分别为0.1659和0.1942,平均有效等位基因数(Ne)分别为1.4153和1.4428;宁德养殖群体和连江养殖群体多态位点比例分别为40.83%和40.53%,Nei遗传多样性指数分别为0.1027和0.1039,shannon多样性指数分别为0.1615和0.1633,平均有效等位基因数(Ne)分别为1.3919和1.3856.四个群体间遗传距离为0.0359-0.1465,平均为0.079,群体间基因流为1.0808.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Net Sand Transport Direction in a Tidal Inlet, using Foraminiferal Tests as Natural Tracers

The relationship between the flux of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests (i.e. tests which are supplied from open-sea sources alone) in a tidal inlet and that of bulk sediment was analysed, which can be expressed as two first-order linear equations. According to this relationship, in order to determine net sediment transport directions in the entrance, the test concentration in surficial sediments of the tidal basin can be compared against a ‘ critical level ’. The critical level is determined for the conditions that no net transport of bulk sediment is present within the entrance. If the observed concentration (averaged over the tidal basin) is higher than the simulated critical level, then the net sediment transport is directed to landward. This method is applied to the analysis of net sand transport at Christchurch Harbour, a tidal inlet system located in southern England. In this investigation, concentrations of exotic foraminiferal tests in the surficial sediments of the tidal basin and ebb tidal delta area were obtained from the analysis of sea-bed sediment samples. A series of probable critical levels were calculated based upon the data sets with regard to: (1) sediment discharge from the rivers; (2) magnitude of sediment discharge within the entrance during the ebb; (3) the test concentration outside the harbour; (4) the thickness of the moving layer; and (5) two parameters associated with dispersive processes. The results show that the concentration in the tidal basin sediment is higher than a number of simulated critical concentrations for representative cases. Consequently, the high level of the concentration of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests within the harbour should be explained as a result of landward net transport of sands within the entrance.     

Sea Levels and Coastal Inundation Due to Tropical Cyclones in Indian Coastal Regions of Andhra and Orissa

Coastal inundation associated with extreme sea levels is the main factor which leads to the loss of life and property whenever a severe tropical cyclonic storm hits the Indian coasts. The Andhra and Orissa coasts are most vulnerable for coastal inundation due to extreme rise in sea levels associated with tropical cyclones. Loss of life may be minimized if extreme sea levels and associated coastal flooding is predicted well in advance. Keeping this in view, location specific coastal inundation models are developed and applied for the Andhra and Orissa coasts of India. Several numerical experiments are carried out using the data of past severe cyclones that struck these regions. The simulated inland inundation distances are found to be in general agreement with the reported flooding.     

Role of Siliceous Fossil Dissolution in Downcore Variations of Grain Size and Water Content: Western Margin of Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone, NE Equatorial Pacific

Grain size and water content in box-core sediments from the Clarion-Clipperton fracture zone (C-C zone) in the northeast equatorial Pacific were analyzed in detail to understand the downcore variations across a hiatus between Quaternary and Tertiary layers. Grain-size distributions in the topmost core sediments show two modes: a coarse mode (peaked at 50 μm) and a fine mode (at 2-25 μm). The coarse mode disappears gradually with depth accompanied by the dissolution of siliceous fossil tests, whereas the fine mode coarsens due to the formation of authigenic minerals. Water content increases abruptly across a color boundary between an upper pale brown layer and a lower dark brown layer that is the hiatus between Quaternary and Tertiary layers. Abundant smectites and microvoid molds, which are created by the prolonged fossil dissolution in the underlying sediment, are attributed for the abrupt downcore variation of water content. Overall variations in grain size and water content in the topmost core sediments in the western C-C zone are possibly constrained by the dissolution of biogenic siliceous fossils. Variations in geotechnical properties related to these changes must be considered in the design of nodule collectors.     

Sea Levels and Western Boundary Flow Near a Tectonic Zone in the Northern Pacific

This article concerns an interrelation between the sea levels and the western boundary flow near a tectonic boundary in a local zone in the Northwestern Pacific. In this zone, sea level variations at stations located on the coast facing the Pacific are studied to find the interrelation between variations of the Kurosio flow as an index of the distance of the flow axis off a specific coast. The result is discussed after data processing of the monthly means of the sea levels, and a notice is taken of variations caused by active crustal upheavals during a seismic event, a local earthquake.