南极大陆架的国际法学探析

在现行国际法框架体系下,文章首先通过对大陆架涵义的探讨,得出大陆架的科学与国际法双重定义,以及对涉南极大陆架划界案的分析得出南极大陆架主张国的实质要求。然后根据大陆架的定义和涉南极大陆架划界案,得出并不存在国际法意义上的南极大陆架,南极大陆架纠纷实质是南极领土纠纷的缩影。     

大陆架界限委员会审议划界案的原则和方法——委员会建议摘要案例分析

由于全球大陆边缘地貌和地质特征的复杂性,且《联合国海洋法公约》(以下简称《公约》)第76条对200海里以外大陆架外部界限划定的规则存在一定的模糊性,导致大陆架外部界限的划定极其复杂。根据《公约》设立的大陆架界限委员会(以下简称委员会)负责审议沿海国提交的划界案并给出建议,委员会在外大陆架划界方面发挥重要作用。截止2012年12月底,委员会一共收到沿海国65份划界案,目前已完成其中18份划界案的审议工作并给出了建议。本文系统分析了各委员会建议摘要,对委员会在审议划界案时采用的划界原则、审议的关键技术问题等做了综合分析总结,以便为我国今后外大陆架划界和积极应对侵害我国海洋权益的他国划界主张提供参考和借鉴。     

海沟和海槽在大陆架划界中的地位和作用

在海岸相邻或相向国家间的大陆架划界中，划界区内海沟或海槽的存在常常是使双方划界谈判复杂化的一个问题，本文通过对一般法律原则和国际习惯法、双方协议和条约以及国际法院对大陆架案的判决三个方面的讨论，从而得出海沟或海槽在地的南、地貌特征明显时是一个适当的大陆架分界线。     

专属经济区和大陆架划界(四)——“成比例”概念和作用

“成比例”概念产生于大陆架划界中,指有关各国大陆架的面积应与其岸线长度成合理的比例。1969年国际法院在北海大陆架划界案中首先提出了“成比例”概念,指出“应当考虑的最后一个因素是按照公平原则所完成的划界在归属于有关国家的大陆架范围和各自海岸线长度之间所应产生的合理比例的要素”。此后“成比例”概念在大陆架划界中起着日益重要的作用。     

国家海洋局印发《领海基点保护范围选划与保护办法》

2012年9月16日,外交部宣布,中国政府决定向根据《联合国海洋法公约》设立的大陆架界限委员会提交东海部分海域二百海里以外大陆架划界案。目前,国家海洋局已经做好该划界案的相关技术准备工作。《联合国海洋法公约》规定,沿海国的大陆架包括其领海以外依其陆地领土的全部自然延伸,扩展到大陆边外缘的海底区域的海床和底土。沿海国的大陆架如从测算领     

论等距离在大陆架划界中的地位

大陆架划界是海洋划界的最主要组成部分,等距离在国家间的大陆架划界实践中被普遍采用,对其在大陆架划界中的地位,不同的国家和学者持有不同的意见。文章从与等距离有关的国际公约、国家间的划界实践、以及国际判例三个角度出发进行分析,对等距离的地位作出了界定。     

提交东海200海里外大陆架划界案

2012年9月16日,外交部宣布,中国政府决定向根据《联合国海洋法公约》设立的大陆架界限委员会提交东海部分海域二百海里以外大陆架划界案。目前,国家海洋局已经做好该划界案的相关技术准备工作。     

大陆坡脚确定原则与方法

大陆坡脚是大陆边缘的一个重要地形特征,是沿海国扩展其大陆架权利和划定其200海里以外大陆架外部界限的基础,也是大陆架界限委员会审议沿海国划界案时特别关注的重要技术参数。《联合国海洋法公约》第76条大陆架制度的制定源于典型的被动大陆边缘。但由于全球大陆边缘的多样性和复杂性,特别是后期构造活动、沉积作用对大陆边缘的改造与影响,海底地形地貌异常复杂多变,导致大陆坡脚的识别非常困难。加上各沿海国为获得最大范围的外大陆架,对大陆坡脚的相关规定进行有利于自己的解释,使得大陆坡脚的确定成了外大陆架划界中一个颇具争议的热点问题。本文基于对《联合国海洋法公约》和《大陆架界限委员会科学和技术准则》对大陆坡脚的规定,结合不同类型大陆边缘的地质特征和各沿海国划界实践,对陆坡基部区的确定、坡度变化最大之点的选取以及相反证明规则的适用性等问题进行了探讨。     

等距离-特殊情况原则与大陆架划界习惯国际法的发展

大陆架的划界是国际海洋划界的主要问题之一,也是海洋相邻或相向国家之间容易产生纠纷的问题。而大陆架的划界结果与所采用的划界原则有着密切的联系,为了得到更多的自然资源包括石油及其他矿产资源,争端当事国往往从自己的利益出发,主张有利于己的划界原则[1],从而导致一些国家之间的大陆架划界问题被提交国际法院及其分庭审理或国际仲裁庭裁决,甚至悬而未决。同时,由于有关大陆架划界原则的公约规定只对缔约国有效,而对关于大陆架划界原则的有关国际习惯法是否存在,各国仍有分歧,等距离-特殊情况原则就是一例,探讨其在大陆架划界习惯法上…     

我国提交东海部分海域二百海里以外大陆架划界案有充分的科学和法律依据

2012年9月16日,外交部表示,我国政府决定向《联合国海洋法公约》（以下简称《公约》）设立的大陆架界限委员会（以下简称委员会）提交东海部分海域二百海里以外大陆架划界案。     

Quantitative analysis for maritime delimitation: Reassessing the Bay of Bengal delimitation between Bangladesh and Myanmar

This article examines technical aspects of the maritime boundary dispute between Bangladesh and Myanmar (the ‘Bay of Bengal case’). This dispute was the first maritime delimitation determined by the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS). The 2012 decision was also the first time that a maritime boundary for the seabed and subsoil of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and the extended continental shelf (ECS) was determined by international adjudication. This was also therefore the first time that detailed technical quantification of seabed areas within the EEZ and ECS was needed for achieving an equitable division of these maritime zones in an international forum. Following review of the principles of maritime delimitation on which the ITLOS reached its determination, this article analyzes the legal status and delimitation effect of St. Martin's Island. Concerning the question of whether the legal regimes of the EEZ and continental shelf should be treated differently in a single delimitation line, although the ITLOS determined that the legal regimes should not be distinguished in the present case, a different approach is proposed for future cases. The article identifies how quantitative modelling can be used to achieve an equitable boundary and proposes a model to adjust provisional equidistance lines in accordance with the complex geophysical rules prescribed for the outer limits of the ECS in Article 76 of the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC).     

国际海洋边界划定与目前状况

本文简要描述了国际海洋边界划定与目前状况，其内容包括海洋边界划定，边界划定与海洋法，世界海洋区域及美国、俄罗斯划界概况和专属经济区与大陆架等问题。文章呼呈我国应加速海洋立法过程，尽快划出专属经济区与大陆架边界。     

自然延伸概念及相关地质要素在海域划界中的影响效力分析

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea entitled the coastal States to naturally extend the continental shelf, which has caused more drastic disputes of maritime delimitation. This paper devotes to clarifying the significant concept of natural prolongation through an effect method combing the legal principles and technical analysis. Firstly, the classic samples with respect of the development of geological features are traced. Based on these samples, the classification with a model is proposed in order to affirm the concept''s significance under certain geomorphologic situations. Lastly, scientific analysis is used to present two potential prolongation situations and emphasize that all the technical analysis on maritime delimitation should be complied with international law and protect the common interest of all the mankind.     

China's exclusive economic zone and continental shelf: developments,problems, and prospects

China promulgated its Law on the Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf in 1998 after it had ratified the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1996. By so doing, China has formally established a legal regime for its exclusive economic zone and continental shelf. However, China has much to do in implementing the above law. Domestically, it needs some detailed regulations for the implementation; and regionally China has to negotiate with its neighboring countries on the maritime boundary delimitation of the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf.     

典型国际海洋划界案例相似性研究

简要研究了2012年国际法院最新判例——尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚领土和海洋划界案,总结了本案中国际法院关于海上争议岛屿主权判定把握的要点,国际法院受理该案件的理由和受理的内容。国际法院用三阶段方法确立尼加拉瓜和哥伦比亚海上边界。提出了维护我国海洋权益必须研究国际最新判例相似性的建议。     

Australian maritime boundaries: the Australian Antarctic Territory

Australia will include the Australian Antarctic Territory in its November 2004 submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. It is the first Claimant State to attempt delimitation of an extended continental shelf zone there. This paper investigates the complexity of Australia's Antarctic maritime boundaries from political, legal and practical perspectives that have hitherto been purely hypothetical. It concludes that the practical component is achievable, though complex, and will serve as a precedent for other Antarctic Claimant States. Irrespective of whether or not the submission succeeds, it will serve as a valuable lesson, legally and politically.     

Preliminary considerations on the potential influence of submarine fans on marine delimitation

The complex issues associated with marine delineation for the outer limit of continental shelf and the boundary delimitation have provoked considerable attention among researchers in a variety of academic circles, particularly in the juristic filed and the geo-science field. In the present contribution, we start from an overview of submarine fans, as one of common types of sediment-deposit bodies in the ocean, and ex- plore the related geological features which may be of relevance to the marine delimitation in accordance with the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. We carry out a comparative assessment of certain significant geological features of submarine fans, using the Bengal fan as an example, which is the biggest submarine fan in the world and represents an important factor in the maritime boundary dispute between the neighboring states currently. The relationship between the special geological bodies and the international principle in the 1982 United Nations Convention can be established by combining geological and juristic analyses. This preliminary observation on the effect of submarine bodies both on the marine entitlement and boundary delimitation indicates that it is important for the international society to appro- priately deal with this problem so that the marine right of any state can be protected.     

高精度缓冲区边界相向逼近求交算法研究及实验

针对海洋划界等距离线/中间线方法中双方距离比例不为1∶1时的海洋划界存在的不足,探讨了基于欧氏平面的距离等比例线法及其后续研究存在的精度无法满足海洋划界的实际应用需求的问题,提出了基于地球椭球体解算距离等比例线的高精度缓冲区边界相向逼近求交算法,并阐述了该算法的基本原理和实现步骤,最后结合海洋划界实例,对该算法的有效性进行了验证。