Social licence in the marine sector: A review of understanding and application

Our global oceans are threatened by climate change, overfishing, pollution and a growing list of other impacts that demonstrate an urgent global need for sustainable ocean management. Whilst marine conservation initiatives and protected ocean spaces have increased over recent years, ocean management still lags behind the terrestrial sectors in incorporating and involving communities in its development. ‘Social licence to operate’ is used broadly across the terrestrial literature, but its understanding and application within the marine has been limited to date. This review sought to collate and synthesise instances of social licence in the marine realm as documented in the literature, aiming to create an understanding that may inform future research and development of social licence. Its results determine that social licence is yet an emergent concept in the marine sector but there may be great potential for its application in the marine context. Social licence has become an important theme for development in marine industry and resource use, particularly towards exploring communication and stakeholder engagement. This paper identifies future themes and areas requiring investigation and application in this domain.     

A global synthesis of the economic multiplier effects of marine sectors

As competition for use of the ocean increases, coastal managers must consider the economic impacts of competing marine sectors in decision-making processes. To capture the full extent of the economic impacts of marine industries, multiplier values can be used to estimate the sum of direct, indirect, and induced effects on associated industries. This study provides a global synthesis of multiplier effects on four economic indicators of eight marine sectors in regions of varying size and development status. The average multiplier was 1.82, indicating that every dollar generated by a direct marine industry leads to an additional 82 cents generated by associated industries. The industry of offshore energy and the economic indicator of revenue had the largest multiplier effects. No significant difference was found between multiplier values in developed and developing regions, and weak correlations were found between multiplier value and region size. This synthesis offers the first global view of the economic multiplier effects of marine industries and can serve as a tool to support city- to country-level marine industry development decisions throughout the world, especially where similar data are not available.     

Vulnerability of marine biodiversity to ocean acidification: A meta-analysis

The ocean captures a large part of the anthropogenic carbon dioxide emitted to the atmosphere. As a result of the increase in CO₂ partial pressure the ocean pH is lowered as compared to pre-industrial times and a further decline is expected. Ocean acidification has been proposed to pose a major threat for marine organisms, particularly shell-forming and calcifying organisms. Here we show, on the basis of meta-analysis of available experimental assessments, differences in organism responses to elevated pCO₂ and propose that marine biota may be more resistant to ocean acidification than expected. Calcification is most sensitive to ocean acidification while it is questionable if marine functional diversity is impacted significantly along the ranges of acidification predicted for the 21st century. Active biological processes and small-scale temporal and spatial variability in ocean pH may render marine biota far more resistant to ocean acidification than hitherto believed.     

多种海洋开发类型的综合效益评估

随着海洋开发活动的不断加剧,各海洋开发类型综合效益的评估与分析对维持海洋社会经济与海洋生态环境的可持续发展具有重大意义,不同海洋开发活动带来不同的社会、经济效益,也产生了海洋资源的损耗,影响了海洋环境和海洋生态服务功能。根据江苏省海洋资源开发活动特点,筛选出江苏海岸带资源开发中常见的4种典型的开发利用类型,选取了能够突出反映海洋开发活动综合效益的经济效益指标、社会效益指标、资源损耗指标、环境成本指标构建海洋开发类型综合效益评估体系。基于层次分析法与熵权法组合权重,运用综合效益指数评价模型分别计算了单一指标效益值、准则层效益值、各研究案例效益值、各用海类型效益值并对以上研究数据之间的相互关系进行了深入分析,探求各用海类型综合效益评估值的关键影响因素。通过实证研究发现4种海洋开发类型的综合效益评估值均介于0.4~0.6之间,处于一般的综合效益状态,综合效益从高到底依次排序:临港工业用海类型为0.551 3、海上风电用海类型为0.492 4、排污倾倒用海类型为0.441、围海养殖用海类型为0.434 3。海洋开发类型综合效益的评估对及时调整海洋开发对策,缓和海洋开发与海洋生态环境的矛盾具有积极意义。     

海洋经济高质量发展能力评价与提升路径研究

海洋是高质量发展战略要地,推动海洋经济高质量发展是建设海洋强国的必然选择。文章从海洋经济高质量发展的内涵出发,以新发展理念为基础,运用熵权-TOPSIS模型评价沿海地区海洋经济发展质量的综合能力并分析其区域差异。实证结果显示：(1)五大准则层指标按权重从高到低排序依次为：海洋科技创新、对外开放、海洋经济结构、社会民生、海洋生态环境;(2)沿海地区的海洋经济高质量发展水平在考察期间为波动上升趋势,各省(自治区、直辖市)间海洋经济发展质量差距在逐渐变小;(3)影响海洋经济发展质量各子系统中,北部海洋经济圈在5个子系统评分中均处于较低水平。为此,提出促进海洋经济高质量发展的提升路径：海洋科技创新与海洋产业结构升级协同发展、完善海洋生态环境保护政策、打造对外开放新格局等。     

海洋生态经济学：内容、属性及学科构架

21世纪是海洋世纪,人类对海洋资源开发利用的重视程度达到前所未有的高度.如何在有效开发利用海洋资源和发展海洋经济时更好地保护海洋资源环境已成为沿海国家与地区的重要战略.因此,海洋生态经济研究已引起学术界和政府部门的普遍重视.构建海洋生态经济学学科体系,对海洋经济的稳定增长和持续发展具有十分重要的意义.在分析海洋生态经济学学科体系构建基点的基础上,从海洋生态经济学研究对象与研究内容、学科属性与学科关联、学科体系构架与主要分支学科等方面探讨了海洋生态经济学学科体系构建问题,指出海洋生态经济学研究中学科体系研究的范围和侧重方向,从理论与应用方面划分海洋生态经济学的二、三级分支学科体系,并进一步探讨了其发展趋势.     

鱼类在海洋碳循环中的作用及研究展望

碳中和是应对气候变化的必由之路,海洋负排放是实现碳中和的重要途经。海洋作为地球最大碳库,研究发现越来越多的海洋和海岸带生物参与碳循环,并对海洋碳汇产生重要贡献。鱼类作为海洋生态系统中最重要组成部分之一,其在海洋碳循环中的作用还没有引起足够的重视。最新研究表明海洋鱼类在无机碳循环中发挥了重要作用,深化对鱼类参与碳循环过程的认识、量化其固碳潜力将有助于丰富海洋碳循环研究。本文首先系统梳理了鱼类参与碳循环的过程和机制等研究进展。鱼类通过产生碳酸盐粪便、水平和垂直迁移运输、生物扰动、生物碳和“尸体”碳以及食物网消耗与传输等方式参与海洋碳循环。鱼类参与碳循环的证据和参与海洋碳循环的重要性逐渐凸显。其次,本文提出目前鱼类参与碳循环研究存在的问题与挑战,包括渔业捕捞源汇之争、水产养殖业的机遇和挑战以及准确量化鱼源碳酸盐的困难,仍有待理论和方法学的深化研究和技术的革新去解决。最后本文提出鱼类参与碳循环的研究展望,及其在全球气候变化背景下的潜在机遇,同时结合当前渔业碳汇的发展进程以及行业需求,提出渔业减排固碳发展路径建议。本文旨在提升鱼类在海洋碳循环贡献和服务生态系统的潜力的认识,为海洋碳汇和渔业碳汇研究提供新的视角。     

Regional disparities in China's marine economy

Understanding the performance of each coastal area as it develops is the primary task of policy-makers in a marine economy; however, quantitative regional differences in China's marine economy have not been empirically examined. This paper offers a methodological contribution by applying a series of techniques, including the variation coefficient, Gini coefficient, and Theil index decomposition, to illustrate the relative differences among coastal areas. Additionally, the coastal areas of China were divided into two categories to reveal the provincial differences and regional disparities in China's marine economy. The results show that although the numerical economic differences in Gross Ocean Product (GOP) among coastal areas have increased significantly during the 21st century, the gaps among coastal regions have gradually decreased. In addition, China's marine economy presents three levels of regional development (developed, medium-developed, and developing). The results of the Theil index decomposition show that the overall difference in China's marine economy is derived mainly from differences within the three macro marine economic regions; these differences account for more than 95% of the overall difference. Furthermore, the underlying reasons for and driving mechanism of regional differences in China's marine economy can be illuminated in terms of differences in natural resource endowments and geographic locations; industrial agglomeration and diffusion; changes in regional development policy; and foreign investment. These findings offer basic data support and policy recommendations for marine economy management at the national and regional levels.     

海洋水文气象多时空尺度资料来源分析

目前,海洋数据获取量日益增多,根据时空分辨率、时空范围、垂向分层情况等的不同,可将海洋数据分为多种类型。了解和掌握现有的海洋数据资料,并加以利用,对国家经济发展、国防安全、军事活动等具有重要意义。经过长时间的研究和积累,本文总结了国内外海洋数据资料发布的几个主要数据源,同时归纳了几类常用的海洋数据资料,包括地形水深数据、卫星遥感数据、海洋调查观测数据、再分析产品数据,并对各类数据适用的时间尺度、空间尺度进行分析,旨在为海洋领域的科研工作者提供信息支持,为我国海洋大数据的建设提供参考。     

中国海洋卫星遥感技术进展

新中国成立70年来，中国在海洋卫星遥感技术领域取得了丰硕成果。中国制定了长远的自主海洋卫星发展规划，构建了海洋水色、海洋动力环境和海洋监视监测三大系列的海洋卫星，逐步形成了以中国自主卫星为主导的海洋空间监测网，在中国海洋资源与环境监测、海洋防灾减灾、海洋安全管理等方面发挥了重要作用。本文回顾了中国在海洋水色、海洋微波(海洋动力环境)卫星遥感技术的发展历程，重点介绍了中国在海洋卫星遥感技术领域所取得的新成果，并对中国海洋卫星遥感技术的未来发展进行了展望。     

海洋、海洋经济与人类未来

正确认识和理解海洋,对规划海洋经济是有参考价值的。从海洋资源的分类、储量与合理开发利用,海洋环境与可持续性发展的辩证关系,阐述了海洋、海洋经济与人类未来的关系。合理开发海洋资源与保护海洋环境是维护人类生存的需要,是全人类共同的义务与责任。     

What meta-analysis can tell us about vulnerability of marine biodiversity to ocean acidification?

Ocean acidification has been proposed as a major threat for marine biodiversity. Hendriks et al. [Hendriks, I.E., Duarte, C.M., Alvarez, M., 2010. Vulnerability of marine biodiversity to ocean acidification: a meta-analysis. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2009.11.022.] proposed an alternative view and suggested, based on a meta-analysis, that marine biota may be far more resistant to ocean acidification than hitherto believed. However, such a meta-analytical approach can mask more subtle features, for example differing sensitivities during the life-cycle of an organism. Using a similar metric on an echinoderm database, we show that key bottlenecks present in the life-cycle (e.g. larvae being more vulnerable than adults) and responsible for driving the whole species response may be hidden in a global meta-analysis. Our data illustrate that any ecological meta-analysis should be hypothesis driven, taking into account the complexity of biological systems, including all life-cycle stages and key biological processes. Available data allow us to conclude that near-future ocean acidification can/will have dramatic negative impact on some marine species, including echinoderms, with likely consequences at the ecosystem level.     

Guiding ecological principles for marine spatial planning

The declining health of marine ecosystems around the world is evidence that current piecemeal governance is inadequate to successfully support healthy coastal and ocean ecosystems and sustain human uses of the ocean. One proposed solution to this problem is ecosystem-based marine spatial planning (MSP), which is a process that informs the spatial distribution of activities in the ocean so that existing and emerging uses can be maintained, use conflicts reduced, and ecosystem health and services protected and sustained for future generations. Because a key goal of ecosystem-based MSP is to maintain the delivery of ecosystem services that humans want and need, it must be based on ecological principles that articulate the scientifically recognized attributes of healthy, functioning ecosystems. These principles should be incorporated into a decision-making framework with clearly defined targets for these ecological attributes. This paper identifies ecological principles for MSP based on a synthesis of previously suggested and/or operationalized principles, along with recommendations generated by a group of twenty ecologists and marine scientists with diverse backgrounds and perspectives on MSP. The proposed four main ecological principles to guide MSP—maintaining or restoring: native species diversity, habitat diversity and heterogeneity, key species, and connectivity—and two additional guidelines, the need to account for context and uncertainty, must be explicitly taken into account in the planning process. When applied in concert with social, economic, and governance principles, these ecological principles can inform the designation and siting of ocean uses and the management of activities in the ocean to maintain or restore healthy ecosystems, allow delivery of marine ecosystem services, and ensure sustainable economic and social benefits.     

基于熵值-突变级数法的环渤海地区海洋生态环境承载力评价及障碍因子诊断

随着对海洋开发力度的不断加大,海洋生态环境问题日益突出,已成为中国海洋可持续发展的制约因素。作为衡量海洋可持续发展的主要手段之一,海洋生态环境承载力的定量化评价是必不可少的重要环节。针对海洋生态环境承载力的突变特性,基于熵值-突变级数法,从压力和承压两方面构建海洋生态环境承载力评价指标体系,结合障碍因子诊断模型,考量环渤海地区4个省市2006-2014年的海洋生态环境承载力的空间差异和时序特征,剖析影响承载力发展水平的主要障碍因子。研究表明:环渤海地区2006-2014年海洋生态环境承载能力整体较差,承载力水平呈下降趋势;2014年海洋生态环境承载强度分为两类,山东和天津为较弱承载力水平,河北和辽宁为弱承载力水平;生态弹性小、环境污染重、生态资源匮乏已成为制约环渤海海洋生态环境承载力发展水平的普遍问题。     

国际海洋科技领域研究热点及未来布局

近年来,全球海洋研究呈现出若干新的特点。本文基于对近年来全球重要海洋研究进展信息,分析了全球环境变化背景下几个重要研究热点方向的最新进展,包括全球海洋物理环境变化研究、海洋塑料污染研究、海洋酸化研究、南北极和印度洋研究以及海洋技术开发等。基于对美国、英国、日本和俄罗斯等重要海洋国家最新发布的海洋科技创新政策和计划,分析了各国海洋科技未来布局和重点关注领域。最后,总结了全球海洋领域的发展趋势:(1)气候变化问题在海洋中的延伸效应将持续受到关注;(2)全球性海洋环境问题的导向作用更加明显;(3)海洋技术向智能化方向发展;(4)海洋战略规划的引领作用日渐加强。     

Mechanisms for marine regime shifts: Can we use lakes as microcosms for oceans?

Although striking regime shifts have been observed in marine systems, mechanistic explanations for these phenomena remain scarce. Here, we review studies of regime shifts in lakes and compare them to what has been found in marine systems to explore the extent to which lakes can be viewed as microcosms for studying essential ecosystem feedbacks in marine systems. We conclude that despite obvious differences, which have been discussed by several authors, lakes are in fact quite similar to oceans in many aspects. In particular, similar mechanisms may be involved in causing alternative attractors (and thus a tendency to show occasional regime shifts) in both systems. A striking similarity exists between the mechanisms that may have caused massive marine anoxic events in the distant past, and the shift of many deep lakes to a mode of anoxic phosphorus recycling. Biotic interactions are relatively poorly understood in the oceans. However, based on what we know from lakes, we expect competitive interactions and diffuse multi-species interactions to be a common cause of alternative attractors in marine communities. In addition, overexploitation traps are an obvious cause of multiple attractors to be expected in the oceans. These should not be limited to direct effects of human overexploitation. Shifts between overexploited and under-exploited states may happen at various trophic levels. Finally, we conclude from observed patterns and theoretical results that implications of alternative attractors will be quite different in benthic and open ocean systems. Benthic regime shifts might happen easily but can be relatively local. By contrast, open ocean shifts might not arise so easily but tend to be impressive in magnitude and scale when they happen.     

Global change ecotoxicology: Identification of early life history bottlenecks in marine invertebrates,variable species responses and variable experimental approaches

Climate change is a threat to marine biota because increased atmospheric CO₂ is causing ocean warming, acidification, hypercapnia and decreased carbonate saturation. These stressors have toxic effects on invertebrate development. The persistence and success of populations requires all ontogenetic stages be completed successfully and, due to their sensitivity to environmental stressors, developmental stages may be a population bottleneck in a changing ocean. Global change ecotoxicology is being used to identify the marine invertebrate developmental stages vulnerable to climate change. This overview of research, and the methodologies used, shows that most studies focus on acidification, with few studies on ocean warming, despite a long history of research on developmental thermotolerance. The interactive effects of stressors are poorly studied. Experimental approaches differ among studies. Fertilization in many species exhibits a broad tolerance to warming and/or acidification, although different methodologies confound inter-study comparisons. Early development is susceptible to warming and most calcifying larvae are sensitive to acidification/increased pCO₂. In multistressor studies moderate warming diminishes the negative impact of acidification on calcification in some species. Development of non-calcifying larvae appears resilient to near-future ocean change. Although differences in species sensitivities to ocean change stressors undoubtedly reflect different tolerance levels, inconsistent handling of gametes, embryos and larvae probably influences different research outcomes. Due to the integrative ‘developmental domino effect’, life history responses will be influenced by the ontogenetic stage at which experimental incubations are initiated. Exposure to climate change stressors from early development (fertilization where possible) in multistressor experiments is needed to identify ontogenetic sensitivities and this will be facilitated by more consistent methodologies.     

国际海洋观测技术发展趋势与中国深海台站建设实践

20世纪80年代以来,海洋观测呈现"多元化、立体化、实时化"的发展趋势,地区和国家的海洋观测系统在关键海域发挥着重要作用。随着技术的发展和理念的创新,区域海洋观测系统被广泛应用并得到不断完善。国际海洋观测台站如英国爱尔兰海区域、美国卡罗来纳州海区和加拿大维多利亚海底实验观测网的多元化观测系统(VENUS)都是值得借鉴的例子,他们把多元化、立体化的实时测量数据与海洋物理、生态和生物化学模式紧密结合起来,实现了海洋环境的可预报性。同时,美国、英德法等国和日本实施的一系列海底观测系统,使海洋观测更加完备化。在这种国际大背景下,我国积极推进的海洋观测研究网络工程中的第一个深海台站——西沙海洋观测研究站在2008年已经建设完成并投入运行,该台站实现了长时效的多参数海洋环境实时监控。西沙观测系统主要包括自动气象站、岛屿外缘坐底式海底和海底边界层观测子系统、生物捕获器、西沙上层海洋环境观测子系统和海洋光学监测子系统等。由于海洋环境结构复杂、工作环境恶劣以及资源缺乏等因素的影响,海洋观测一直是高风险的工作。最后希望通过比较国内外观测系统,中国海洋观测事业能够学习国外先进的思路和技术,自身取得更大进步。     

海洋微塑料污染现状及其对鱼类的生态毒理效应

海洋微塑料污染已成为全球性环境问题，鉴于微塑料特殊的理化性质，其对海洋生物和海洋生态系统的生态效应愈发受到关注。本文在综述海洋微塑料来源、类型和分布状况的基础上，探讨了鱼类摄入微塑料的途径及其生态毒理学效应。研究表明，全球近岸、大洋和极地海域均有微塑料分布，我国微塑料污染亦较为严重。微塑料会对包括鱼类在内的海洋生物生存造成威胁，其被鱼类摄入的主要途径是经口误食，微塑料进入鱼体后可在不同组织和器官中迁移，消化道是主要蓄积器官。微塑料对海洋鱼类的生态毒理效应主要包括:（1）影响生殖与精卵发生；（2）降低存活率；（3）影响生长发育；（4）扰乱行为；（5）导致组织病变与炎症反应；（6）导致代谢紊乱；（7）干扰神经系统；（8）导致氧化应激；（9）干扰内分泌等。未来研究应重点关注微塑料在海洋生态系统中的迁移扩散过程、不同浓度和粒径微塑料对鱼类的生态毒理效应及致毒机制研究、微塑料和其他典型海洋污染物对鱼类的联合毒性效应，以及微塑料与海洋酸化、缺氧、升温等全球环境问题的叠加效应等。     

Exploring stakeholder perceptions of marine management in Bermuda

Given competing objectives vying for space in the marine environment, the island of Bermuda may be an ideal candidate for comprehensive marine spatial planning (MSP). However, faced with other pressing issues, ocean management reform has not yet received significant traction from the government, a pattern seen in many locations. Spatial planning processes often struggle during the proposal, planning, or implementation phases due to stakeholder opposition and/or government wariness to change. Conflict among stakeholders about management reform has also proven to be a deterrent to MSP application in many locations. With these obstacles in mind, a detailed stakeholder survey was conducted in Bermuda to determine awareness, attitudes and perceptions regarding ocean health, threats to ocean environments, the effectiveness of current ocean management, and possible future changes to management. How perceptions vary for different types of stakeholders and how attitudes about specific concerns relate to attitudes about management changes were examined. Overall, the results indicate a high degree of support for spatial planning and ocean zoning and a high level of concordance even among stakeholder groups that are typically assumed to have conflicting agendas. However, attitudes were not entirely homogeneous, particularly when delving into details about specific management changes. For example, commercial fishers were generally less in favor, relative to other stakeholder groups, of increasing regulations on ocean uses with the notable exception of regulations for recreational fishing. Given the results of this survey, public support is likely to be high for government action focused on ocean management reform in Bermuda.