Guiding ecological principles for marine spatial planning |
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| Authors: | Melissa M Foley Benjamin S Halpern Fiorenza Micheli Matthew H Armsby Margaret R Caldwell Caitlin M Crain Erin Prahler Nicole Rohr Deborah Sivas Michael W Beck Mark H Carr Larry B Crowder J Emmett Duffy Sally D Hacker Karen L McLeod Stephen R Palumbi Charles H Peterson Helen M Regan Mary H Ruckelshaus Paul A Sandifer Robert S Steneck |
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| Institution: | 1. Stanford University, Center for Ocean Solutions, Woods Institute for the Environment, 99 Pacific St., Suite 155a, Monterey, CA 93940, USA;2. University of California Santa Cruz, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA;3. University of California Santa Barbara, National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, Santa Barbara, CA, USA;4. Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA;5. University of Rhode Island, Biological Sciences Department, Kingston, RI, USA;6. The Nature Conservancy, Long Marine Lab, Santa Cruz, CA, USA;g Center for Marine Conservation, Duke University, Beaufort, NC, USA;h Virginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, USA;i Oregon State University, Department of Zoology, Corvallis, OR, USA;j Communication Partnership for Science and the Sea (COMPASS), Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA;k University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, NC, USA;l University of California Riverside, Biology Department, Riverside, CA, USA;m NOAA Fisheries, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA, USA;n NOAA, National Ocean Service, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC, USA;o University of Maine, School of Marine Sciences, Darling Marine Center, Walpole, ME, USA |
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| Abstract: | The declining health of marine ecosystems around the world is evidence that current piecemeal governance is inadequate to successfully support healthy coastal and ocean ecosystems and sustain human uses of the ocean. One proposed solution to this problem is ecosystem-based marine spatial planning (MSP), which is a process that informs the spatial distribution of activities in the ocean so that existing and emerging uses can be maintained, use conflicts reduced, and ecosystem health and services protected and sustained for future generations. Because a key goal of ecosystem-based MSP is to maintain the delivery of ecosystem services that humans want and need, it must be based on ecological principles that articulate the scientifically recognized attributes of healthy, functioning ecosystems. These principles should be incorporated into a decision-making framework with clearly defined targets for these ecological attributes. This paper identifies ecological principles for MSP based on a synthesis of previously suggested and/or operationalized principles, along with recommendations generated by a group of twenty ecologists and marine scientists with diverse backgrounds and perspectives on MSP. The proposed four main ecological principles to guide MSP—maintaining or restoring: native species diversity, habitat diversity and heterogeneity, key species, and connectivity—and two additional guidelines, the need to account for context and uncertainty, must be explicitly taken into account in the planning process. When applied in concert with social, economic, and governance principles, these ecological principles can inform the designation and siting of ocean uses and the management of activities in the ocean to maintain or restore healthy ecosystems, allow delivery of marine ecosystem services, and ensure sustainable economic and social benefits. |
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| Keywords: | Marine spatial planning MSP Ecosystem-based MSP Ecological principles |
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