自动站雨量传感器常见故障的分析与处理

对自动站雨量传感器出现的雨量偏大或偏小、无雨量显示或雨量时有时无两例故障,分析故障原因,给出修理排除方法。介绍了对雨量传感器的硬件维护、错误数据的处理方法。     

自动站雨量传感器常见故障的分析与处理

对自动站雨量传感器出现的雨量偏大或偏小、无雨量显示或雨量时有时无两例故障,分析故障原因,给出修理排除方法。介绍了对雨量传感器的硬件维护、错误数据的处理方法。     

一次遥测雨量传感器故障的排除

通过对一次雨量数据记录故障的排查和解决,总结了遥测雨量传感器故障排除的步骤和方法。     

雨量传感器常见故障分析和基本维护方法的探讨

简述雨量传感器故障成因,对单翻斗雨量传感器常见问题分析和基本维护方法进行探讨,并提出注意事项。     

SL3-1型双翻斗雨量传感器常见故障处理及误差调节

通过对SL3-1型双翻斗雨量传感器结构和工作原理进行分析,找出雨量传感器易发生故障现象、原因和维修方法,总结雨量传感器在校准过程中的注意事项和误差调节方法,供同行借鉴参考。     

两种翻斗式雨量传感器原理及常见故障分析

摘要：开展新观测仪器的研究应用,优化观测仪器设计是气象业务发展需求,也是提高气象观测数据质量的有效手段。通过对SL3-1型双翻斗雨量传感器和DSDZ3型智能翻斗雨量测量仪传感器结构、原理进行比较,结合两类雨量传感器常见故障,分析两类雨量传感器各自优势和存在的不足,总结常见故障处理方法,为雨量传感器改进和从事气象站保障工作的同行提供借鉴和参考。结果表明：两种雨量传感器原理相同,校准和误差调节方法相似; SL3-1型雨量传感器结构简易,便于维护,但不能及时发现堵塞、干簧管老化等问题;DSDZ3型智能翻斗式雨量测量仪具有自检功能,可实时监控传感器状态,及时发现故障并处理,有效提高观测数据质量,但其结构复杂,维护及故障处理难度较大。     

自动气象站SL3 1型雨量传感器特殊故障修复处理

自动气象站雨量传感器的最大允许误差为每10 mm降雨误差±0.4 mm,运行中常见故障为雨量记录超误差,即采集器记录或计算机生成的雨量比实际值偏多或偏少.通过近几年的使用维护,积累了一些经验.例如,在确定是传感器原因时通过调整基点,即改变传感器计量翻斗的偏转角度,通常情况下可将误差控制在允许范围内.介绍的SL3-1型雨量传感器两例特殊故障的处理,是指在调整计量翻斗误差调整螺钉无效果的情况下,对传感器有规则多计数和无规则多计数超误差故障的修复处理.     

自动站雨量传感器故障时数据处理

通过对德州站雨量传感器故障统计发现:承水器过滤网堵塞,干簧管失灵、定位螺钉太紧、信号线中断等现象。雨量传感器故障常出现在20-8时,被杂物堵塞最常见,其原因是:夜间无人守班,仪器故障无法及时发现。所以,为保证降水资料准确,希望观测人员在日常值班过程中,加强对雨量传感器的维护,发现问题及时解决。另外,因在维护雨量传感器时,易出现翻斗空翻现象,建议尽量选在无风或风小时进行,若出现空翻现象,下一个正点前,要删除时降水量,然后再对时数据进行质控上传。     

翻斗式雨量传感器的检修和调校

叙述了翻斗式雨量传感器的结构原理、日常维修、故障排除、差值计算和基点调试。     

翻斗式雨量传感器的检修和调校

叙述了翻斗式雨量传感器的结构原理、日常维修、故障排除、差值计算和基点调试。     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Role of the 10–20-Day Oscillation in Sustained Rainstorms over Hainan,China in October 2010

Hainan, an island province of China in the northern South China Sea, experienced two sustained rainstorms in October2010, which were the most severe autumn rainstorms of the past 60 years. From August to October 2010, the most dominant signal of Hainan rainfall was the 10–20-day oscillation. This paper examines the roles of the 10–20-day oscillation in the convective activity and atmospheric circulation during the rainstorms of October 2010 over Hainan. During both rainstorms,Hainan was near the center of convective activity and under the influence of a lower-troposphere cyclonic circulation. The convective center was initiated in the west-central tropical Indian Ocean several days prior to the rainstorm in Hainan. The convective center first propagated eastward to the maritime continent, accompanied by the cyclonic circulation, and then moved northward to the northern South China Sea and South China, causing the rainstorms over Hainan. In addition, the westward propagation of convection from the tropical western Pacific to the southern South China Sea, as well as the propagation farther northward, intensified the convective activity over the northern South China Sea and South China during the first rainstorm.     

Field Experimental Investigations on the Fe(II)- and Fe(III)-Content in Cloudwater Samples

The Fe(II)/Fe(III)-partition in cloudwater samples collected during two field campaigns is evaluated. It turned out that the simultaneous occurrence of complexing and reducing substances in the atmosphere and the cloud processing increase the solubility of iron compounds present in aerosol particles. A correlation between the concentration of iron(II) in the liquid phase and the intensity of the solar irradiation was observed for most of the cloudwater samples. This could be due to the fact that both the photochemical reduction of the iron(III) complexes and the photochemical reductive dissolution of iron(III)(hydr)oxides are depending on the pH-value. Iron(II) seems to be oxidised back to iron(III) preferably by hydrogen peroxide during the night. Positive correlations were received e.g. between the concentration of dissolved iron and the concentration of oxalate and between the percentage of iron(III) and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide. A negative correlation was found e.g. between the concentration of dissolved iron and the pH-value. The uncertainty of the whole process of sampling and analysis was investigated and the conformity of the results was satisfying considering the sometimes difficult conditions during a field campaign.     

宁波地区海-陆下垫面差异对雷暴过程影响的数值模拟

利用耦合Noah陆面过程的WRF模式对2009年6月5日傍晚发生在宁波地区的一次雷暴过程进行数值模拟,通过改变下垫面覆盖类型的敏感性试验,探讨了海洋和陆地下垫面对雷暴过程的影响。结果表明,WRF模式能够较合理地模拟出雷暴的发生、发展过程。雷暴发生前期,由于海-陆强烈的热力差异,海风特征明显,海风引起的抬升运动触发了雷暴,海风形成的强辐合区对应雷暴过程累积降水量的大值区。当研究区域全部被替换成陆地后,地表的粗糙度增大,在研究区域东部由于摩擦辐合加强,产生了强烈的上升运动,多个发展旺盛的对流单体在上升运动区生成,使雷暴产生的降水区域东扩、降水量增大、雷暴维持时间延长。当研究区域所有陆地被替换成水体后,白天地表通量减小,大气边界层中湍流运动减弱,边界层高度降低,大气层结变得稳定,不利于对流发展。     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

弱天气系统强迫下北京地区对流下山演变的热动力机制

利用三维数值云模式和雷达资料四维变分(4DVar)同化技术,通过对京津冀地区4部新一代多普勒天气雷达观测资料进行快速更新同化和云尺度模拟,初步分析了弱天气系统强迫下两次发生在北京地区对流风暴的低层动力和热力影响机制。这两次风暴过程处于弱天气系统强迫和弱层结背景下,局地冷池和环境风场的相互配合是造成山上对流风暴是否能够顺利传播下山的关键机制。起初,两个个例平原局地热、动力不均衡形成平原冷池,而冷池的“障碍物”作用进而阻碍环境风场的传播配置。在此机制下,导致在冷池东南边缘形成较强的辐合上升、垂直风切变和螺旋度。在6月26日个例中,由于冷池强度较强且位置偏南,因此阻断了东南暖湿气流向山区的输送,形成由平原至山区的辐散区使得山区的对流风暴不断减弱。但是,随着已经消散的对流风暴下沉气流,覆盖至冷池边缘东南气流上空形成了较强的风切变和垂直螺旋度,进而促使在冷池边缘形成新的对流风暴。而且,在新对流风暴生成后,由于平原地区整体切变强度较弱,因此形成了冷池扩张强度大于对流风暴传播速度的态势。这种配置会切断暖湿入流,从而导致对流风暴快速消亡。对于8月1日个例,冷池位置偏北,因而不受冷池阻挡作用的偏南风在山脚形成较强的辐合上升,同时与下山的偏西风形成明显辐合上升区,有利于山区对流风暴的不断增强;进而,受此影响,山上风暴降水产生若干冷池,新生冷池和原有冷池的相互挤压,在迫使中、北部风暴增强的同时,最终也导致这些风暴互相靠近,最终合并组织成带状对流系统。同时,北部冷池边缘形成的辐合带也为对流风暴向山下传播提供有利条件,而回波产生的冷池进一步增强,并明显扩展。低层风场指示冷池出流(阵风锋)更加强烈且存在明显的“前冲”特征,显现出部分飑线系统的热动力特征。但是由于此时平原地区处于弱切变环境中,风切变强度不能与冷池出流强度相平衡,同样冷池扩展将领先于对流风暴移动,切断东南暖湿入流,导致原有风暴快速减弱。在文章的最后,基于观测和模拟结果,对比分析这两个个例,初步得出了与对流风暴传播下山发展演变密切相关的低层热、动力配置概念模型。     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

How the “Best” Models Project the Future Precipitation Change in China

Projected changes in summer precipitation characteristics in China during the 21st century are assessed using the monthly precipitation outputs of the ensemble of three “best” models under the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B, A2, and B1 scenarios. The excellent reproducibility of the models both in spatial and temporal patterns for the precipitation in China makes the projected summer precipitation change more believable for the future 100 years. All the three scenarios experiments indicate a consistent enhancement of summer precipitation in China in the 21st century. However, the projected summer precipitation in China demonstrates large variability between sub-regions. The projected increase in precipitation in South China is significant and persistent, as well as in North China. Meanwhile, in the early period of the 21st century, the region of Northeast China is projected to be much drier than the present. But, this situation changes and the precipitation intensifies later, with a precipitation anomaly increase of 12.4%–20.4% at the end of the 21st century. The region of the Xinjiang Province probably undergoes a drying trend in the future 100 years, and is projected to decrease by 1.7%–3.6% at the end of the 21st century. There is no significant long-term change of the projected summer precipitation in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley. A high level of agreement of the ensemble of the regional precipitation change in some parts of China is found across scenarios but smaller changes are projected for the B1 scenario and slightly larger changes for the A2 scenario.