自动气象站雨量传感器特殊故障维修两例

自动气象站雨量计雨量传感器记数不准是一种常见故障。本文重点分析了应用常规处理方法无法解决的两例特殊故障,说明了故障处理的思路和过程,提出了在故障处理过程中仔细观察有无记录跳变,准确判断类似故障原因所在的有效处理方法即：①雨量计有规则多记数,计量翻斗翻转一次有采集记录0．2mm雨量的现象,最终导致雨量记数偏大;②雨量计不规则多记数,由于计量翻斗翻转后的惯性反弹,吸附在磁钢上的金属物尖状靠近干簧管,使干簧管开关闭合造成误记数,这种误记数使得采集记数不规则偏大。     

SL3-1型双翻斗雨量传感器测量误差试验分析

基于SL3-1型双翻斗雨量传感器的结构原理进行测量误差分析。根据传感器翻斗承水量的不同,采用模拟降水试验的方法比对降水误差,得到在大、小雨强(1mm/min和4mm/min)下计量10mm降水量时的上翻斗与计量翻斗合适的比例关系,从而使得测量误差最小且两种雨强下测量误差一致性最好。结果表明:10mm降水计量,上翻斗与计量翻斗翻动次数的比例关系为9∶10最合适。比例关系的确定为双翻斗雨量传感器的超差调整提供了技术参考和依据,为雨量观测数据的准确可靠提供了保障。     

如何提高雨量传感器的数据质量

1雨量传感器的构造及工作原理自动站雨量传感器(上海气象仪器厂造)主要由外筒(承水器)、上翻斗、计量翻斗、计数翻斗及干簧管组成。工作原理:降水通过承水器进入上翻斗,自然降水积聚到一斗后翻转,进入计量翻斗,每翻转1次为0.1 mm降水量,这样进入计量翻斗的水流速度近似于大气降     

光纤传感器在双翻斗雨量传感器超差调整中的应用

双翻斗雨量传感器标校过程中，对于不同雨强超差方向相反的雨量计需要分别调节上翻斗的定位螺钉和计量翻斗的容量调节螺钉，同时也需要记录上翻斗和计量翻斗的翻动次数。雨量计使用的是无源脉冲输出，计量翻斗的每次翻动触发干簧管产生一个脉冲，利用单片机即可采集这个信号自动记录。而上翻斗的翻动次数靠人工观察统计，由于翻斗翻动速度较快人工计数不准确，最终造成标校不准。并且人工每次只能记录1台雨量计，无法批量自动记录数据。本文采用光纤传感器在不干扰雨量计运行情况下自动统计上翻斗翻动次数，为标校提供准确数据。     

用计数器解决双翻斗雨量计超差故障

利用自动站雨量传感器工作原理和计数器计数累加功能,当仪器测雨精度超过仪器技术指标（即与雨量筒相比,10mm以下为±0．3mm,10mm以上为±0．4mm）时均为超差。通过故障判断,逐步调整,达到解决自动站雨量器超差的故障问题。     

两种翻斗式雨量传感器原理及常见故障分析

摘要：开展新观测仪器的研究应用,优化观测仪器设计是气象业务发展需求,也是提高气象观测数据质量的有效手段。通过对SL3-1型双翻斗雨量传感器和DSDZ3型智能翻斗雨量测量仪传感器结构、原理进行比较,结合两类雨量传感器常见故障,分析两类雨量传感器各自优势和存在的不足,总结常见故障处理方法,为雨量传感器改进和从事气象站保障工作的同行提供借鉴和参考。结果表明：两种雨量传感器原理相同,校准和误差调节方法相似; SL3-1型雨量传感器结构简易,便于维护,但不能及时发现堵塞、干簧管老化等问题;DSDZ3型智能翻斗式雨量测量仪具有自检功能,可实时监控传感器状态,及时发现故障并处理,有效提高观测数据质量,但其结构复杂,维护及故障处理难度较大。     

SL2-1型雨量传感器几种异常记录原因及解决方法

1 雨量传感器翻斗翻转不灵活或不翻转 这种情况造成干簧接点不闭合,不输出或少输出电路导通脉冲,就会出现雨量记录与人工观测记录相差较大.处理方法:清除翻斗支点的脏物,以减少翻斗翻转阻力,重新安装翻斗,轻轻拨动使其正常翻转,注意不要用手触摸翻斗内壁或其他物体,以免粘附油污.     

自动气象站雨量误差分析及维护

在分析翻斗式雨量传感器产生误差的现象与原因的基础上,介绍了具体的调整和维护方法,并认为雨量调整涉及的问题较多,也比较复杂,只有在确定是由于传感器基点位置不正确而造成的雨量误差时,才做基点调整,且一般不提倡台站自行进行调整.     

SL3-1型双翻斗雨量传感器常见故障处理及误差调节

通过对SL3-1型双翻斗雨量传感器结构和工作原理进行分析,找出雨量传感器易发生故障现象、原因和维修方法,总结雨量传感器在校准过程中的注意事项和误差调节方法,供同行借鉴参考。     

SL3 1型双翻斗式雨量传感器故障分析及排除方法

1 SL3-1型双翻斗式雨量传感器工作原理SL3-1型双翻斗式雨量传感器由上海气象仪器厂生产,用以测量液体降水量。传感器安装在室外,主要由承水器、上翻斗、汇集漏斗、计量翻斗、计数翻斗和干簧管等组成[1]。采集器安放在室内,两者用导线连接,用来自动遥测并连续采集液体降水。有     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences