基于GIS的精河县枸杞种植气候适应性精细化区划

摘要：研究分析精河县枸杞种植的气候适宜性，为科学规划枸杞种植布局，充分合理地利用气候资源优势具有实际意义。利用精河县及周边范围内15个气象站1981-2020年逐日平均气温和最低气温资料，采用数理统计分析和GIS空间插值技术方法，在分析枸杞种植气候生态条件的基础上，筛选出≥10 ℃积温、≥10 ℃日数和≥10 ℃期间降水量作为枸杞气候适宜性区划指标，进而对气候要素指标进行栅格化。根据区划指标等级进行重分类，将各气候要素指标图层进行等权重叠加，获得精河县枸杞种植气候适宜性区划，结果表明，精河县枸杞种植区可分为最适宜区、适宜区、次适宜区和不适宜区4个分区，最适宜种植区分布在精河县中部海拔400～600 m的带状平原区，该区综合气候条件非常利于枸杞优质高产；适宜种植区分布在沿最适宜种植区两侧海拔250～400 m和海拔600～800 m的中部平原地带，综合气候条件稍逊于最适宜区。建议在最适宜区和适宜区内发展枸杞不但产量高而且品质好。。     

基于GIS的福建省茉莉花气候适宜性区划与评估

利用福建省67个气象观测站1971—2020年气候资料、地理信息资料、茉莉花生育期调查和查阅文献资料，构建茉莉花气候适宜性指标体系，采用层次分析法确定各区划指标权重，运用隶属度函数和模糊综合评价法计算得到各站点的茉莉花气候适宜性指数，开展基于GIS的全省茉莉花气候适宜性区划。结果表明：茉莉花种植气候最适宜区主要分布在福建中部和南部沿海；适宜种植区主要分布在沿海北部和内陆的低海拔地区；次适宜种植区分布全省各地；不适宜种植区主要分布在沿山脉的高海拔地区。并通过区划结果与福建省历年茉莉花种植情况比对验证，区划结果与现有种植区较为吻合，可为福建省茉莉花种植规划提供科学依据。     

合阳县经济林果区划

根据合阳县农业气候特点，对温带主要水果苹果、梨和葡萄，以及新的经济林果黑核桃、扁桃在气候生态适应性分析的基础上，进行气候适宜性区划。结果表明：合阳县海拔800－1200m为苹果、梨优质气候区；除西北部皇甫庄以北和南部部分地区外，其余地区均适宜红地球葡萄种植；扁桃适宜种植范围亦较广，尤以西北海拔800m以上地区为佳；黑核桃在合阳县属材用型最适宜区。     

贵州茶树种植的气候资源优势及发展建议

根据气候区划结果,贵州茶树不适宜种植区分布在黔西北部的威宁、赫章等地海拔高于2000m范围内;最适宜种植地区分布在海拔高度在800～1400m范围内,主要是黔北以南地区、黔中部以东以南地区以及梵净山东部等地;适宜种植地区分布在海拔高度在1400～2000m范围内,主要是毕节地区大部、黔西南西部、黔北北部等地区;南部低热及北部低海拔河谷海拔在800m以下的地区为次适宜种植地区。     

济阳红提葡萄种植气候条件分析

通过对济阳县气候条件与红提葡萄生长所需条件对比，统计分析了种植红提葡萄有利和不利的气象条件。结果表明：济阳县气象条件适宜种植红提葡萄。对搞好引种，开发，生产管理有一定的指导意义。     

基于GIS的新疆呼图壁县棉花精细化气候区划

利用呼图壁县及周边15个气象站点1980-2020年气候资料和地理信息数据，通过地统计回归和反距离权重等方法构建≥10℃积温、无霜期、7月平均气温、≥15℃持续日数、≥20℃积温等指标因子与地理因子的空间分析推算模型，获取棉花各区划指标因子的空间分布模拟值，并将实际值与模拟值之残差部分进行空间内插订正，结合棉花区划指标等级，最终得到棉花种植精细化气候区划。区划结果表明，全县划分为适宜区、次适宜区、风险区和不适宜区4个分区。适宜种植区主要分布在呼图壁县海拔510 m以下的北部平原地区，包括园户村镇、111团场、105团场、106团场、芳草湖农场的平原地区；次适宜区主要分布在呼图壁县海拔510～650 m之间的乌奎高速公路附近地带，包括呼图壁镇、十里店镇、五工台镇和大丰镇南北两侧的平原地区；风险棉区主要分布在呼图壁县以南海拔650～850 m之间的山前倾斜平原；不宜棉区主要分布在海拔高度850 m以上，包括石梯子乡、雀尔沟镇以南中高山在内。研究成果可为当地农业种植布局调整提供科学参考。     

基于GIS的赤水市金钗石斛农业气候区划

石斛是热带、亚热带丛生植物,喜温暖湿润气候。赤水市是我国目前金钗石斛最大和最适宜种植区。根据赤水市气候资源特点及金钗石斛适宜生长环境指标,选取了年平均气温、全年≥10℃活动积温、海拔高度、月平均气温≥25.0℃月数、分蘖开花期(3-5月)空气相对湿度等5个气象因子作为种植区划指标,在综合考虑经度、纬度和海拔高度对气候资源影响的基础上,利用遵义市12个气象站1971-2000年气候资料和台站信息,采用逐步回归法分别构建了4个区划因子的细网格推算模型。基于数字高程(DEM)数据推算了分辨率为1 km的赤水市气候资源数据集。利用赋值法对5个区划指标分别计算,按照适宜种植区、次适宜种植区和不适宜种植区3个等级完成了赤水市金钗石斛种植气候区划。区划结果显示,赤水市金钗石斛的适宜种植区随地形和海拔高度而变化,主要分布在沿赤水河两岸和沿习水河两岸的沟谷或山地。次适宜和不适宜区主要分布在海拔700 m以上的半高山地区,冬季气温偏低、热量供应不足和夏秋干旱是这些区域不适宜种植的主要原因。     

天山北坡酿酒葡萄成熟期降雨特征及其影响分析

掌握新疆天山北坡酿酒葡萄成熟期降雨特征，对科学制定酿酒葡萄种植规划，采取趋利避害的生产管理技术措施具有实际意义。基于天山北坡35个气象站1961-2016年8-9月逐日降雨资料，采用线性趋势法和ArcGIS空间插值技术，对过去56a该区域酿酒葡萄成熟期（8-9月）降雨日数、降雨量、连阴雨天气次数、连阴雨天气降雨强度等要素的时空变化进行研究，并对照前人关于该区域酿酒葡萄种植气候适宜性区划成果，对酿酒葡萄不同适宜种植区葡萄成熟期降雨特征及其影响进行分析。结果表明：天山北坡酿酒葡萄成熟期（8-9月）降雨日数、降雨量、连阴雨天气次数、降雨强度、大量以上降雨日数的空间分布均总体呈现随海拔高度的升高而增加的特点。1961-2016年，研究区酿酒葡萄成熟期除降雨日数总体以-1.16d·10a-1的倾向率极显著 (P=0.001)减少，大量以上降雨日数以0.07d·10a-1的倾向率显著 (P=0.05)增多外，降雨量、连阴雨天气次数、连阴雨天气日数及其降雨量变化趋势均不显著。天山北坡酿酒葡萄种植气候最适宜和适宜区葡萄成熟期的降雨量、降雨日数、连阴雨天气次数、连阴雨天气日数及其降雨量都很小，期间总降雨量大多不足40 mm、降雨日数少于20 d、大量以上降雨日数不足1 d、连阴雨天气次数少于0.3次、连阴雨天气日数少于5d、连阴雨天气降雨量不足25mm，该分区降雨量以及连阴雨天气少，对提高酿酒葡萄产量和品质十分有利。酿酒葡萄次适宜种植区葡萄成熟期降雨天气稍多，降雨量40～90 mm、降雨日数20～25 d、大量以上降雨日数1～2 d、连阴雨天气次数0.3～1.0次、连阴雨天气日数5～8 d、连阴雨天气降雨量25～40 mm，对酿酒葡萄产量和品质有一定不利影响。天山北坡8-9月降雨量90 mm以上、降雨日数30d以上、大量以上降雨日数2d以上、连阴雨天气次数多于1.0次、连阴雨天气日数8d以上、连阴雨天气降雨量40 mm以上的区域均在海拔1500m以上的山区，该区域恰恰也是酿酒葡萄不适宜种植区，因此对酿酒葡萄无影响。综上所述，新疆天山北坡酿酒葡萄种植区尤其是适宜及最适宜种植区葡萄成熟期的降雨量、降雨日数、连阴雨天气次数和日数都较小，且近56a稳定少变，因此，对该区域酿酒葡萄生产的影响较小。     

基于GIS的叶城县核桃种植气候适宜性精细化区划

本文以叶城县特色林果—核桃为研究对象，研究叶城核桃种植的气候适宜性，以期充分利用农业气候资源，科学规划叶城县核桃种植布局和发展区域提供气候依据。利用叶城县及其周边20个气象站1981-2019年近39年的气温观测数据和同期核桃生长发育的物候资料，在分析核桃生长发育关键期与光、热、水气候条件关系的基础上，提出影响核桃生长发育的关键气候因子≥10℃积温、冬季最低气温≤-25℃日数、终霜冻日早于≥10℃初日天数作为核桃气候适宜性区划指标，基于GIS空间插值技术对叶城县核桃种植各区划指标因子进行空间特征分析，采用GIS空间加权分析法对核桃种植气候指标进行精细化分区，结果表明：叶城县影响核桃的各指标因子空间分布受海拔高度影响，≥10℃积温总体呈现“北疆多、南疆少、平原和盆地多、 山区少”的格局；最低气温≤-25℃日数呈现由山区向平原逐渐减少的特点；终霜冻日早于≥10℃初日天数的空间分布总体呈现山区少平原多的格局。在上述各指标气候要素空间特征的综合作用下，叶城县核桃种植可分为适宜、次适宜和不适宜三个分区。适宜区主要分布在县域北部海拔低于1400m的平原地带，该区能够满足核桃生长发育和优质高产对热量条件的需求，同时，核桃树遭受越冬冻害的风险很低，春季核桃树展叶、开花和结实期遭受霜冻危害的几率也很低，因此，适宜区是叶城县发展核桃种植业最理想的区域，加之，该区地处叶尔羌河上游流域，土壤肥沃，灌溉有保障，应大力发展优质核桃种植面积。次适宜区分布在县域中部海拔1400～2000m的山前倾斜平原和丘陵地带，该区核桃树具有一定的遭受越冬冻害的风险，不宜大规模发展核桃种植。不适宜区分布在叶城县南部海拔2000m以上的山区，该区域核桃树遭受越冬冻害的风险较高，因此，不宜种植核桃。     

河源市油茶种植气候适宜性精细化区划

基于1970—2019年河源市及周边地区共35个国家气象站的逐日气温、降水数据和地形高程数据，依据油茶生长发育的气候条件，筛选出了河源市油茶种植气候区划指标，并利用GIS技术对河源市油茶种植气候适宜性进行了精细化区划。结果表明：河源市油茶种植气候最适宜、适宜、次适宜和不适宜区分别占区划面积的48.26%、18.25%、33.48%和0.01%;最适宜区主要集中在龙川县、和平县、连平县大部以及东源县西北部、东南部和紫金县中东部；适宜区主要分布在和平县和连平县南部，以及龙川县中部和紫金县东南部；次适宜区主要分布在东源县大部、龙川县西南部以及紫金县中西部；不适宜区主要分布在连平县黄牛石一带零星区域。区划结果与实际种植区有很好的一致性。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on