“育婴袋”假说在西北太平洋台风生成地点的应用研究

利用2008—2009年热带对流年计划项目(Year of Tropical Convection)提供的西北太平洋地区0.25°×0.25°的观测资料和JTWC最佳路径资料,探讨了"育婴袋"假说在西北太平洋地区热带气旋生成地点的适用性问题。通过对典型台风实例的应用分析,发现在弱环境场风切变情况下,对具有深厚垂直结构的扰动,"育婴袋"假说的指示效果较好;而在强垂直风切变情况下,或初始扰动浅薄时,该假说的效果不太理想。热带气旋的生成不仅受低层环流影响,还受高低层环流的调制,由垂直平均得出的Okubo-Weiss(OW)指数可综合反映出这种高低空调制作用;同时,由于其计算方法简单实用,可作为热带气旋生成地点的一个指标。     

西太平洋副热带高压耦合模态对台风生成的影响

西太平洋副热带高压(西太副高)是影响东亚夏季气候的主要环流系统。利用再分析资料和美国联合台风预警中心的热带气旋最佳路径资料,研究了西太副高耦合模态对西北太平洋7—9月的台风生成的影响。结果表明:西太副高耦合模态与西太平洋地区的台风生成有显著抑制作用,且主要发生在西北太平洋北部;当西太副高偏强(弱)时,西北太平洋地区的台风生成频数偏少(多)。进一步研究表明西太副高耦合模态可以通过调节影响台风生成的850hPa涡度、垂直速度、600hPa相对湿度、垂直风切变等关键大尺度环境参数进而影响台风活动。     

2020年7月西北太平洋和南海“空台”环流特征分析

2020年7月西北太平洋和南海出现了史无前例的“空台”事件。利用NCEP再分析数据集、中国气象局(CMA)台风最佳路径等资料研究了此次“空台”现象的大尺度环流背景及动力和热力学特征。使用台风潜在生成指数(DGPI)分析发现2020年7月大尺度环流背景不利于台风生成,环流系统的异常通过影响对流层垂直风切变和垂直运动限制了台风的活动。2020年7月马斯克林高压较常年明显偏西偏弱,导致索马里急流强度减弱,越赤道气流不活跃,菲律宾以东洋面和南海海域盛行一致的偏东气流,历史同期活跃在该区域的季风槽无法建立,从而不利于热带扰动的生成。北半球极涡主体偏向西半球一侧,影响东半球冷空气势力较弱,副热带高压位置偏西;南亚高压较历史同期偏强且偏东,其东侧强盛的偏东气流将洋中槽截断,在西北太平洋区域出现反气旋性环流,该区域下沉气流增强,导致副热带高压强度增强,对流层中层强烈的下沉气流抑制了台风的生成和发展。此外,受中高层环流系统异常的影响,7月菲律宾吕宋岛以东洋面和南海地区环境垂直风切变较常年偏高2~4 m/s,南海部分海域偏高达4~8 m/s,同时该区域内异常偏强的下沉气流导致对流层低层相对湿度偏低,大气层结处于较为稳定的状态,动力和热力条件均不利于热带扰动的进一步发展。      

台风“莫拉非”非对称环流与强度变化的关系

利用热带气旋定位资料和NCEP同化资料,通过动态合成方法分析0906号台风"莫拉非"的非对称环流特征,探讨非对称环流与"莫拉非"强度变化的联系。结果表明:"莫拉非"的环境风场水平切变以对流层低层经向风水平切变最显著,且超前于"莫拉非"的强度变化;热带气旋中心附近-6~6m.s-1的纬向风垂直切变密集带和北侧东风切变的南移,是"莫拉非"逐渐增强的有利条件;"莫拉非"中心附近存在高低层相对涡度垂直切变正值中心,其在热带气旋发展成台风时达到极大值。     

台风“莫拉克”登陆前后的动力诊断分析

利用NCEP 0.5°×0.5°每日4次的全球预报场分析资料GFS(Global Forecast System)、日本MTSAT静止红外卫星云图,对2009年第8号台风"莫拉克"在台湾登陆前后的演变特征进行了动力学诊断分析。结果表明:(1)由于近台风中心附近对流层中低层存在切向风大值区中心,使得水平位涡通量散度项在其内侧分布密集。(2)近台风中心低层的负水平位涡通量散度项指向正水平位涡通量散度项,可以很好地示踪台风在海上的移动。(3)p坐标系下的负垂直位涡通量散度密集区可作为分析台风移动的一个重要参考指标。通过涡度方程讨论了决定台风对流层中低层气旋性涡度变化的主要因子,指出南海、华南沿海地区夏季西南气流与台风的耦合对台风结构、路径产生了重要的影响。     

台风“巨爵”近海急剧加强的特征及成因分析

源自东风波动的0915号台风"巨爵"在自东向西靠近广东沿海时出现了近海急剧加强的异常现象。利用热带气旋定位资料、NCEP全球同化分析资料、卫星云图以及海上平台自动站探测资料等对"巨爵"近海加强特征和成因进行了诊断分析。结果表明:"巨爵"形成源自于西太副高南侧的东风波动,副高演变及引起的"北高南低"和"东高西低"的形势与"巨爵"环流增强发展密切相关;弱的垂直风切变、高空明显的辐散出流以及台风中心正涡度增大并向对流层中上层拓展有利于"巨爵"强度增强;低层弱冷空气南下,一方面从增加气压梯度和温度梯度来加强台风环流和暖心结构,另一方面通过触发外围对流云团发展并往台风中心输送进而对"巨爵"近海加强产生重要的触发作用;孟加拉湾西南季风气流、105°~110°E附近越赤道气流和西太副高西侧东南气流3支气流汇合为"巨爵"近海加强提供了充沛水汽条件。     

1604号台风“妮妲”近海加强垂直结构的诊断分析

1604号强台风"妮妲"(强台风级)于2016年8月2日03:35在广东省深圳市大鹏半岛登陆。采用中央气象台台风强度路径数据、NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析资料,计算出台风"妮妲"中心附近的环境风垂直切变、相对涡度垂直切变、垂直速度、水汽通量等物理量,结果表明:1)台风"妮妲"具有明显的近海加强特征;"妮妲"中心附近存在呈纬向分布的垂直切变密集带,登陆前12~0 h密集带接近最密程度,"妮妲"中心垂直风切变平均值减小,台风强度增强,垂直风切变平均值增大,台风强度维持。2)"妮妲"中心附近相对涡度垂直切变增大,台风强度增强,相对涡度垂直切变减小,台风强度维持;"妮妲"中心附近垂直速度增大,台风强度维持或增强。3)"妮妲"中心上空的1 000~850 h Pa之间存在最大水汽通量净入流区。     

台风“凤凰”初始扰动生成过程及其结构演变特征分析

热带气旋的生成是一个由初始扰动转变成为暖心结构低压的过程,但已有的经典理论对初始流场的配置及初始扰动的触发都没有详细的描述。利用FY-2C的TBB资料和日本再分析资料,以2008年8号台风“凤凰”为例,跟踪其流场和涡度场演变,追溯该热带气旋从初始扰动生成到转为有暖心结构的热带低压的过程。分析结果显示,初始扰动在水平风垂直切变较强的鞍形场中触发。随着高层环流调整,水平风垂直切变迅速减弱,高空冷涡外围暖区云系为初始扰动的发展提供了有利动力和热力条件。在其发展为热带低压的过程中,结构上出现正涡度从对流层中层向低层加强并有中心下降的特点,低层涡度的快速增加主要受气压梯度增强导致的辐合增强的影响。由个例分析结果可以看到,高空冷涡和副热带高压对热带初始扰动的生成以及发展和结构演变都起到重要的作用。      

台风"派比安"分析

利用1°×1°NCEP/NCAR再分析资料计算了0606号台风“派比安”的物理量场,结合常规气象资料对“派比安”台风的运动路径、长时间大风以及暴雨特点进行诊断分析,结果表明:1台风过程后期华北大槽减弱北收,副高迅速加强西伸,同时“派比安”旋转风结构中始终存在向西北偏西方向偏转的倾向,副高与台风之间的气压梯度增大,引导了“派比安”向偏西北方向移动;2强散度柱与强涡度柱形成耦合机制,促成了强的垂直上升运动,使台风登陆后中心气压填塞缓慢。台风环流没有出现某一部位突然衰减或增强,是造成大风持续时间长的主要原因;3“派比安”生成于热带辐合带中,台风结构对称,登陆后,一直处在小于10m·s-1的风垂直切变环境之中,水汽源源不断的输入台风环流中,是造成暴雨持续时间长、强度大的主要成因。     

台风“达维”迅速加强数值模拟研究

利用WRF模式（V311）对0518号台风“达维”(Damrey)进行了72 h的数值模拟。重点分析了影响台风强度迅速加强的可能机制,结果表明：①缓慢加强阶段,东风波与台风高层环流相互作用形成一条东北—西南走向的外流通道,加强台风高层辐散流出,有利于台风强度加强;垂直风切变在积分前12 h减小,台风迅速加强与垂直风切变减小间存在滞后性。②迅速加强阶段,低层指向台风中心的水汽通量大大增加;海表面热通量、潜热通量和水汽通量持续增强,海表面潜热通量对台风的能量贡献远大于热通量。③台风眼壁附近的条件性对称不稳定机制激发斜升气流,倾斜涡度发展引起中心附近相对涡度增大,台风整体强度得到加强。     

一次台风变性并入东北冷涡过程的动力诊断分析

台风北移变性并入东北冷涡是造成东北地区夏季大范围暴雨的主要形式之一, 但其中的热动力结构变化特征及其物理机制尚不清晰。本文利用美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)的再分析资料对一次台风变性并入东北冷涡过程进行动力诊断分析, 分析结果显示:冷涡冷空气的不断侵入以及台风移动形成的相对冷平流使得台风暖心结构消亡, 其低层低压辐合和高层高压辐散结构消失, 变性并入东北冷涡后气旋整层偏冷, 低层出现冷中心。台风变性并入东北冷涡过程中, 冷涡中心附近高空急流南侧的反气旋切变抑制气旋直接往高空发展, 而急流轴左侧的热动力分布特征有利于垂直涡度的发展, 变性后的气旋环流向冷涡的移近有利于急流轴维持倾斜, 从而促进气旋向高空冷涡倾斜发展。同时, 冷空气在气旋低层附近堆积导致等假相当位温线发生倾斜, 造成垂直涡度在气旋中层倾斜发展。台风变性并入东北冷涡后, 高空冷涡槽底的正垂直涡度平流促进气旋由中层直接向高层发展, 而高空冷涡槽底急流促进正垂直涡度平流的维持。气旋高空环流的发展反过来削弱了东北冷涡的高层环流, 导致高空冷涡中心出现北撤。     

超强台风SANBA发展演变过程中涡度及环流收支的诊断分析

台风的增强过程与气旋性涡度的急剧发展相伴。使用滑动平均的空间滤波方法对WRF模式的模拟结果进行尺度分离, 进而诊断分析台风SANBA突然增强过程中垂直涡度及环流的发展演变特征。结果表明, 台风突然增强的过程中, 眼壁区上升速度增大, 暖心结构增强, 同时垂直涡度迅速增强。当SANBA从热带风暴发展为强热带风暴时, 对流层低层辐散辐合及垂直速度分布的不均匀对台风涡旋结构的增强强度相当, 在台风内部以增强区域为主同时与减弱区域交错分布; 当SANBA发展增强为强台风时, 对流层低层的散度项与倾斜项在台风中心附近均表现为强的正中心, 台风低层径向入流的增强导致低层辐合加强对台风的增强起到主要作用。台风中心区域平均环流强度随台风的不断增强而不断增大, 且从900 hPa高度不断向高层发展, 其中环流方程中的EED/EET项的发展变化可以表征台风发展初期散度项和倾斜项的主要变化。      

IMPACTS OF UPPER-LEVEL COLD VORTEX ON THE RAPID CHANGE OF INTENSITY AND MOTION OF TYPHOON MERANTI (2010)

Typhoon Meranti originated over the western North Pacific off the south tip of the Taiwan Island in 2010.It moved westward entering the South China Sea,then abruptly turned north into the Taiwan Strait,got intensified on its way northward,and eventually made landfall on Fujian province.In its evolution,there was a northwest-moving cold vortex in upper troposphere to the south of the Subtropical High over the western North Pacific(hereafter referred to as the Subtropical High).In this paper,the possible impacts of this cold vortex on Meranti in terms of its track and intensity variation is investigated using typhoon best track data from China Meteorological Administration,analyses data of 0.5×0.5 degree provided by the global forecasting system of National Centers for Environmental Prediction,GMS satellite imagery and Taiwan radar data.Results show as follows:(1)The upper-level cold vortex was revolving around the typhoon anticlockwise from its east to its north.In the early stage,due to the blocking of the cold vortex,the role of the Subtropical High to steer Meranti was weakened,which results in the looping of the west-moving typhoon.However,when Meranti was coupled with the cold vortex in meridional direction,the northerly wind changed to the southerly at the upper level of the typhoon;at the same time the Subtropical High protruded westward and its southbound steering flow gained strength,and eventually created an environment in which the southerly winds in both upper and lower troposphere suddenly steered Meranti to the north;(2)The change of airflow direction above the typhoon led to a weak vertical wind shear,which in return facilitated the development of Meranti.Meanwhile,to the east of typhoon Meranti,the overlapped southwesterly jets in upper and lower atmosphere accelerated its tangential wind and contributed to its cyclonic development;(3)The cold vortex not only supplied positive vorticity to the typhoon,but also transported cold advection to its outer bands.In conjunction with the warm and moist air masses at the lower levels,the cold vortex increased the vertical instability in the atmosphere,which was favorable for convection development within the typhoon circulation,and its warmer center was enhanced through latent heat release;(4)Vertical vorticity budget averaged over the typhoon area further shows that the intensification of a typhoon vorticity column mainly depends on horizontal advection of its high-level vorticity,low-level convergence,uneven wind field distribution and its convective activities.     

基于不同资料的影响南海热带气旋环流背景对比北大核心CSCD

利用1981—2020年中国热带气旋最佳路径数据集、中国大气再分析资料(CMA-RA)、欧洲中期天气预报中心ERA5及美国NCEP/NCAR再分析资料(NCEP-Ⅰ),对比不同资料在表征影响南海热带气旋活动环流背景的能力,探讨CMA-RA的适用性。结果表明:不同资料基本刻画出与热带气旋活动密切相关的环流特征,包括南方涛动、菲律宾至南海低层纬向风、热带低层纬向风反向分布型、菲律宾至南海中东部低层涡度、热带西太平洋垂直风切变及南海至菲律宾以东海域中层湿度。它们对南方涛动、关键区纬向风和中层湿度的刻画较相似,CMA-RA和ERA5对南方涛动、低层纬向风及其与热带气旋关系的描述一致性高,较NCEP-Ⅰ密切,但低层经向风、关键物理量差异较大。对极端年环流具有相似的表现能力,但异常程度存在差异,海平面气压、低层纬向风高度一致,以CMA-RA与ERA5最接近;中层湿度CMA-RA与ERA5接近,较NCEP-Ⅰ偏小;关键物理量差异较大。CMA-RA对南海热带气旋环流的刻画具有与ERA5和NCEP-Ⅰ相当的性能,并与ERA5一致性较高,可为相关工作提供可替换的再分析资料集。     

FORMATION AND STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION OF INITIAL DISTURBANCE OF TYPHOON FUNG-WONG (2008)

The formation of a tropical cyclone is the result of a process in which an initial disturbance evolves into a warm-core low-pressure system; however, the origin of the initial disturbance and the features of the initial fields are overlooked in most existing theories. In this study, based on FY-2C brightness temperature data and the Japan reanalysis dataset, the origin and evolution of the tropical disturbance that became Typhoon Fung-Wong (2008) were examined. The results demonstrated that the initial disturbance emerged within a saddle-type field with large vertical tropospheric wind shear. The vertical wind shear decreased with the adjustment of the upper circulation; moreover, accompanied by convection over the warm section around the upper cold vortex, it provided favorable thermal and dynamic conditions for the development of a tropical vortex. During its development, the zone of associated positive relative vorticity strengthened and descended from the mid-troposphere to lower levels. This rapid strengthening of lower-level vorticity was due to increasing convergence related to the intensification of the pressure gradient southwest of the subtropical high. This indicated that the upper cold vortex and West Pacific subtropical high played very important roles in this case.     

2018年一次非典型梅雨锋暴雨过程诊断分析

利用常规地面气象观测资料、NCEP/NCAR FNL 1°×1°网格点逐6 h再分析资料,对2018年6月20日浙江省一次暴雨过程的主要环流系统、等熵位涡、垂直螺旋度等进行了天气动力学诊断分析。结果表明：850 hPa低涡切变、对流层中层冷空气、200 hPa南亚高压、副热带高压是此次暴雨过程发生的主要影响系统;700 hPa上的正垂直螺旋度中心对暴雨的发生有良好的指示意义;等熵位涡的演变和形态对冷空气活动有较好的视踪作用,等熵位涡中心两侧气流辐合,有利于低压系统发展,高层等熵位涡与冷空气活动有较好的对应关系,等熵位涡大值区偏南侧的移动与强降水落区有较好的对应关系。     

Potential vorticity diagnosis of tropical cyclone Usagi (2001) genesis induced by a mid-level vortex over the South China Sea

In this study, we first show that tropical cyclone (TC) Usagi evolved from a mid-level vortex over the South China Sea (SCS) in August 2001. The initial disturbance of TC Usagi had a maximum potential vorticity (PV) near 500 hPa, and an anticyclonic circulation with a cold core near the surface. The cyclonic circulation and its warm core of the mid-level vortex developed gradually downward toward the surface when environmental easterly and dry air intruded from the upper troposphere; finally, the mid-level vortex evolved into TC Usagi under favorable environment conditions such as weak vertical wind shear, deep moist layer, etc. To investigate the dynamic and thermodynamic processes during TC Usagi genesis, the technique of piecewise PV inversion is employed. The results show that the actions of upper-layer PV and potential temperature anomalies were not important in TC Usagi genesis. Surface-layer thermal anomalies mainly produced negative disturbances of temperature at the vortex center below 800 hPa, which was unfavorable to the genesis of a cyclonic circulation near the surface. Middle-to-lower-layer latent heat played a key role in TC Usagi genesis and downward development of dynamic and thermodynamic processes. The actions of dry air intrusion from the upper troposphere, environmental westerly changing into easterly in the middle and lower troposphere, and baroclinic structure of the vortex were also important. The cyclonic circulation of the mid-level vortex could develop downward quickly from the middle troposphere toward the surface. However, whether the warm core of the vortex developed near the surface depended on the combined actions of surface-layer thermal anomaly and middle-to-lower-layer latent heat. Finally, we present a conceptual model of TC Usagi genesis induced by a mid-level vortex over the SCS.     

引发东北极端暴雪的黄渤海气旋爆发性发展机制

利用高分辨率观测资料和ERA5再分析资料, 分析造成2021年11月7—8日东北极端暴雪的温带气旋结构特征及爆发性发展机制, 结果表明:温带气旋发生在高空冷涡背景下, 地面气旋在黄海形成后出现爆发性快速增强并沿东北地区东部北上。地面降雪区主要分布在气旋西侧, 且降雪强度与气旋的发生发展密切相关;地面气旋在爆发性发展后由叶状云系演变为逗点涡旋云系, 并表现出明显的锋面断裂和暖锋包卷;其垂直结构也先后出现高空锋区断裂、干暖核形成和中性锢囚锋区加强;西伯利亚高压脊、华北高空槽和东北高压脊3个异常中心构成Rossby波列, 随着高度异常中心不断东移及波能量向下游地区频散, 华北高空槽区的波作用通量明显增大导致华北冷涡快速增强, 涡度因子的急剧增大有利于地面气旋爆发性发展;随着平流层位涡高值区沿等熵面不断向南发展和向下传播, 导致中层冷涡快速发展并向下伸展, 诱发地面气旋爆发性增强。     

Simulation of formation of a near-equatorial typhoon Vamei (2001)

Summary A community mesoscale model is used to simulate and understand processes that led to the formation and intensification of the near-equatorial typhoon Vamei that formed in the South China Sea in December, 2001. The simulated typhoon resembles the observed in that it had a short lifetime and a small size, formed near the equator (south of 2° N), and reached category-one intensity. The formation involved the interactions between the scales of the background cyclonic circulation (the Borneo Vortex of order ∼100 km) and of mesoscale convective vortices (MCVs, in the order ∼10 km). Before tropical cyclone formation MCVs formed along a convergent, horizontal shear vorticity line on the eastern edge of an exceptionally strong monsoonal northerly wind surge. The typhoon genesis is marked by three rapid intensification periods, which are associated with the rapid growth of potential vorticity (PV). A vorticity budget analysis reveals that the increases in low-level vorticity during the rapid intensification periods are attributed to enhanced horizontal vorticity fluxes into the storm core. The increase of the horizontal vorticity flux is associated with the merging of areas of high PV associated with MCVs into the storm core as they are advected by background cyclonic flows. The increases in PV at upper levels are associated with the evaporation of upper level stratiform precipitation and increases of vertical potential temperature gradient below the maximum stratiform cloud layer. It appears that two key sources of PV at upper and lower levels are crucial for the build up of high PV and a deepening of a cyclonic layer throughout the troposphere.