Numerical simulation of a South China Sea typhoon Leo (1999)

Summary ?A South China Sea typhoon, Leo (1999), was simulated using the Penn State/NCAR mesoscale model MM5 with the Betts-Miller convective parameterization scheme (BMEX). The simulation had two nested domains with resolutions at 54 and 18 km, and the forecast duration was 36 hours. The model was quite successful in predicting the track, the rapid deepening, the central pressure, and the maximum wind speed of typhoon Leo as verified with reports from the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO). The structure of the eye, the eye wall, and the spiral convective cloud band simulated in the model are found to be comparable to corresponding features identified in satellite images for the storm, and also with those reported by other authors. A trajectory analysis was performed. Three kinds of trajectory were found: (1) spirally rising trajectories near the eye wall; (2) spirally rising/descending trajectories in the convective/cloud free belt; (3) straight and fast rising trajectories in a heavy convection zone along one of the cloud bands on the periphery of the tropical cyclone. Both the HKO and the U.S. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) reported the rapid deepening of Leo started around 00 UTC 29 April. In the model, the eye was first formed in the lower troposphere, and it extended to the upper troposphere within a few hours. We speculate that the spin-up of cyclonic rotation in the low-level eye enhanced the positive vorticity along the low-level eye wall. The positive vorticity was then transported to the upper troposphere by convection, leading to an extension and growth of the eye into the upper troposphere. To examine the impact of convective parameterization scheme (CPS) on the simulation, the Grell scheme (GLEX) was also tested. The GLEX predicted a weaker typhoon with a wilder eye that extended not as high up in the upper troposphere as BMEX. The different structures of the eye between the BMEX and GLEX suggest that the mesoscale features of the eye are dependent on the convection. In other words, the vertical and horizontal distribution of convective heating is essential to the development and structure of the eye. Received December 18, 2001; accepted May 7, 2002 Published online: March 20, 2003     

Mesoscale convective systems along the Meiyu frontin a numerical model

Summary  Two organized mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) developed sequentially along the Meiyu front over the Yangzi-Huai River basin and caused severe flooding over eastern China during 12–13 June 1991. In this paper, the structure and evolution of these MCSs are studied with a high-resolution (18 km) numerical simulation using the Fifth Generation Penn-State/NCAR Mesocale Model (MM5). The model reproduced the successive development of these two MCSs along the Meiyu front. The evolution of these MCSs was recorded clearly on satellite-derived cloud-top black body temperature (T _bb ) maps. A mesoscale low-level jet (mLLJ) and a mesoscale upper-level jet (mULJ) were simulated, respectively, to the south and east of each of these two MCSs. Our analyses shows that the mLLJ and mULJ were formed as a responses to the intense convection associated with the MCS. The mLLJs transported warm, moist air with equivalent potential temperature greater than 352 K into the MCSs, and strong low-level convergence can be identified on the left-front end of the mLLJ. This strong convergence was associated with intense upward motion in the MCS with speed up to 80 cm s⁻¹. Much of inflow into the MCSs extends up to the middle and upper troposphere, and ventilated through the mULJ. The development of the MCSs was also associated with substantial increase in potential vorticity (PV). The build up of PV in the lower-level along the Meiyu front was in turn related to a local intensification of the frontal equivalent potential temperature gradient, suggesting a relationship between the MCSs and the local enhancement and cyclogenesis of the front. In a sensitivity experiment without the effect of latent heating, a series of ascent centers with average separation of about 300 km were simulated. This result suggests that the initial formation of the MCSs along the Meiyu front could occur in absence of moist-diabatic process. Since the horizontal velocity gradient across the Meiyu front near the synoptic-scale low-level jet (LLJ) was quite large while the corresponding temperature gradient across the frontal zone was rather weak, we speculate that barotropic process may be responsible for triggering these MCSs along the Meiyu front. Received December 28, 1999 Revised May 11, 2000     

登陆台风Matsa (麦莎) 中尺度扰动特征分析

地面中尺度自动站和多普勒雷达资料的分析都表明, 台风Matsa登陆后的低层螺旋云带中活跃着中尺度气旋性涡旋系统。本文使用新一代中尺度WRF模式对台风Matsa登陆后的变化特征进行了数值模拟, 使用四维变分多普勒雷达分析系统 (4D-VDRAS) 对台风Matsa多普勒雷达径向风进行了风场反演。在此基础上对台风Matsa登陆后中尺度扰动特性进行了初步探讨; 对台风Matsa与其螺旋云带的中尺度系统之间动能和涡度的相互转换进行了诊断分析。分析表明: (1) 数值模拟和雷达风场反演结果表明, 登陆台风Matsa的低层螺旋云带中活跃着中尺度气旋式涡旋系统, 与之相伴随的为较强的中尺度上升区, 而且, 中尺度垂直上升运动的强弱与雷达对流回波强度成正相关, 中尺度垂直上升运动越强, 雷达对流回波发展越旺盛。 (2) 台风Matsa与其中尺度系统动能转换的诊断分析说明, 低层中尺度系统从台风Matsa环流中获得动能而发展; Matsa在陆地上长久维持主要是从高层获得动能。 (3) 台风Matsa与其中尺度系统涡度转换的诊断分析说明, 低层中尺度系统向Matsa输送正涡度主要依靠中尺度垂直运动来完成; 高层正涡度的转换通过水平输送和垂直输送共同来完成。所以, 中尺度系统所产生的正涡度源源不断地向Matsa输送, 使Matsa的气旋性环流可以在陆地上长久维持。     

Evolution of the Mid-tropospheric Vortex during the Formation of Super Typhoon Megi(2010)

As a follow-up of a previously published article on the contribution of tropical waves, this study explores the evolution of the mid-tropospheric mesoscale cyclonic vortex(MV) during the formation of Typhoon Megi(2010) with a successful cloud-resolving simulation. It is found that the formation and intensification of the MV were related to the deep convection and subsequent stratiform precipitation, while the weakening of the MV was related to the shallow convection. Both the upward transport of vorticity related to the deep convection and the horizontal convergence associated with the stratiform precipitation contributed to the formation and intensification of the MV. Even though the latter was dominant, the former could not be ignored, especially in the early stage of the MV. The MV played dual roles in the formation of Megi. On the one hand, the formation and intensification of MV were primarily associated with the stratiform precipitation, which induced the low-level divergence inhibiting the spin-up of the near-surface cyclonic circulation. On the other hand, the coupled low-level cold core under the MV benefited the accumulation of the convective available potential energy(CAPE),which was favorable for the convective activity. A sensitivity experiment with the evaporative cooling turned off indicated that the development of the MV retarded the genesis process of Megi.     

Sensitivity of Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Structure to Planetary Boundary Layer Parameterization

The advanced weather research and forecasting model is used to investigate the influence of planetary boundary layer (PBL) processes on intensity and structure of the storm Phailin (2013). Five simulations are conducted with five PBL schemes; Yonsei University (YSU), Mellor?Yamada?Nakanishi?Niino order2.5 (MYNN2), Assymetric Convective Model2 (ACM2), Medium Range Forecast (MRF), and Bougeault and Lacarrere (BouLac). The simulation duration includes the pre???intensification and rapid intensification phase of Phailin before landfall. Results indicate that during the pre???intensification phase, storm’s track and intensity are not much sensitivity to PBL but structural changes are noted. A significant sensitivity of track and intensity to PBL parameterizations are found during rapid intensification phase. BouLac and MRF produced two extremes with 39 hPa intense and 16 km compact storm for BouLac than MRF. Further analysis reveals an outward movement of air parcel just above the boundary layer which causes spin-down for YSU and MYNN2. BouLac is associated with stronger eddy diffusivity and moisture fluxes within the boundary layer and stronger cyclonic vorticity just above the boundary layer than other experiments. Stronger cyclonic vorticity above the boundary layer in BouLac favors intense updraft, facilitating more moisture transport from the boundary layer to upper layers aiding stronger secondary circulation and robustly intensifying the storm. A relatively deeper and drier inflow layer associated with weaker cyclonic vorticity just above the boundary layer reduces the moisture transport and weaken the secondary circulation for MRF than others.     

Numerical Simulation of Torrential Rainfall and Vortical Hot Towers in a Midlatitude Mesoscale Convective System

A cloud-resolving model simulation of a mesoscale convective system （MCS） producing torrential rainfall is performed with the finest horizontal resolution of 444 m. It is shown that the model reproduces the observed MCS, including its rainfall distribution and amounts, as well as the timing and location of leading rainbands and trailing stratiform clouds. Results show that discrete convective hot towers, shown in Vis5D at a scale of 2-5 kin, are triggered by evaporatively driven cold outflows converging with the high-θe air ahead. Then, they move rearward, with respect to the leading rainbands, to form stratiform clouds. These convective towers generate vortical tubes of opposite signs, with more intense cyclonic vorticity occurring in the leading convergence zone. The results appear to have important implications for the improvement of summertime quantitative precipitation forecasts and the understanding of vortical hot towers, as well midlevel mesoscale convective vortices.     

台湾地形对台风Meranti(1010)经过海峡地区时迅速增强的影响研究

台风在趋近大陆过程中强度一般衰减, 但Meranti(1010)北上进入台湾海峡过程中却迅速加强, 且在登陆福建时达到最强。采用中国气象局台风资料、NCEP GFS 0.5°×0.5°再分析资料及台湾雷达资料, 结合中尺度数值模式WRF(The Weather Research and Forecasting Model)开展台湾地形敏感性试验, 研究Meranti进入台湾海峡过程中的结构变化及迅速加强机理。结果表明:台湾地形是Meranti迅速加强的一个重要影响因子。Meranti北上过程中, 一方面通过台湾岛地形分流作用及其背风坡效应在台湾海峡内诱生中尺度涡旋, 形成正负相间的涡度分布, 激发出与台风相关的扰动波列。地形强迫抬升及扰动波列可加强垂直运动和积云对流, 有利于台风对流发展。另一方面, 台湾地形还通过改变环境气流使台风高空辐散场加强, 环境风垂直切变减小, 形成有利于台风发展的环流背景。比较不同高度台湾地形试验中台风动能收支发现, 台湾地形激发的扰动波列和积云对流增强了次网格尺度系统与台风间能量的交换, 成为Meranti登陆前迅速加强的主要动能源。     

Sensitivity studies on vortex development over a polynya

Summary The development of a cyclonic vortex over a polynya is investigated with the primitive equation mesoscale model METRAS. The impact of different atmospheric processes on vortex development is determined by calculating the terms of the vorticity tendency equation. Sensitivity studies are performed for different large-scale situations (geostrophic winds 1 ms⁻¹, 3 ms⁻¹, 20 ms⁻¹, initial ice-water temperature difference of 35 K or 17.5 K) and for different polynya sizes and shapes. In general, the vortex develops within a few hours. It is intensified by buoyancy, mainly resulting from latent heat release. Advective and diffusive processes hinder the vortex development. The intensification depends on the actual situation and is faster over small polynyas and heterogeneous ice cover. These situations result in intensification periods of only 12 to 18 hours for the vortex, but create very strong vortices. Halved horizontal temperature gradients also about halve the vortex intensity. The lifetime and intensification of a vortex increases with the time the air mass spends over the water. Thus, weak winds show a slower development of the vortex but the vortex intensifies for more than 24 hours. Over big polynyas several vortices develop, a long polynya results in a longer and narrower vortex which intensifies over a longer period.     

A Study on a Heavy Rainfall Event Triggered by an Inverted Typhoon Trough in Shandong Province

A heavy rainfall event that occurred in Shandong Province in 26 28 August 2004 was caused mainly by Typhoon Acre and cold air activities related to a westerly trough. The event was triggered by an inverted typhoon trough, which was closely associated with the intensification of the low-level southeasterly flow and the northward transport of heat and momentum in the periphery of the typhoon low. A numerical simulation of this event is performed using the nonhydrostatic mesoscale model MM5 with two-way interactive and triply-nested grids, and the structure of the inverted typhoon trough is studied. Furthermore, the formation and development mechanism of the inverted typhoon trough and a mesoscale vortex are discussed through a vorticity budget analysis. The results show that the heavy rainfall was induced by the strong convergence between the strong and weak winds within the inverted typhoon trough. Dynamic effects of the low-level jet and the diabatic heating of precipitation played an important role in the development of the inverted typhoon trough and the formation of the mesoscale vortex. The vorticity budget analysis suggests that the divergence term in the low troposphere, the horizontal advection term, and the convection term in the middle troposphere were main contributors to positive vorticity. Nonetheless, at the same pressure level, the effect of the divergence term and that of the adveetion term were opposite to each other. In the middle troposphere, the vertical transport term made a positive contribution while the tilting term made a negative contribution, and the total vorticity tendency was the net result of their counteractions. It is found that the change tendency of the relative vorticity was not uniform horizontally. A strong positive vorticity tendency occurred in the southeast of the mesoscale vortex, which is why the heavy rainfall was concentrated there. The increase of positive vorticity in the low （upper） troposphere was caused by horizontal convergence （upward transport of vorticity from the lower troposphere）. Therefore, the development of the inverted typhoon trough and the formation of the mesoscale vortex were mainly attributed to the vorticity generated in the low troposphere, and also the vertical transport of vorticity from the low and middle troposphere.     

守恒系统中台风强度变化及其可能因子的数值研究

用一个高分辨率的 f平面正压涡度方程模式 ,实施了时间积分为 36h的 2 1组试验 ,研究相邻中尺度涡旋与台风涡旋的相互作用。结果指出 :这种相互作用能否导致台风加强 ,取决于两类因子 :一是台风涡旋最大风速的取值以及圆形基流切变的强弱 ;二是切变基流中的中尺度涡旋的自身条件 ,包括中尺度涡旋的分布、尺度、强度和结构。台风强度与初始中尺度涡旋的尺度、强度之间存在着非线性的联系     

Development of an eye-wall like structure in a tropical cyclone model simulation

Structural changes during the intensification of a tropical storm into a hurricane in a numerical simulation are examined. A 10 layer primitive equation model that employs a horizontal grid spacing of 20 km over 4400 × 4400 km area is integrated. An elongated band in vertical motion over the storm area intensifies slowly during the first few hours. In the upper troposphere high pressures arise due to condensational heating. Between 8–12 h strong outflow winds develop in the upper troposphere due to the increased pressure gradients. Strong divergence occurs in the outflow wind region, and a large increase in the vertical motion, condensational heating and intensification rate of the storm ensues. Between 12–24 h the elongated band of the storm stage transforms into an eye-wall like structure, and the tropical storm intensifies into a hurricane. Regions with negative moist potential vorticity appear in the high troposphere. Widening of area of condensation and slanting of the convergence area occurs with height in the high level negative moist potential vorticity regions. Results suggest that the formation of anvil clouds in some cases may be due to the development of slantwise convection on the outer periphery of a hurricane's eye-wall.     

台风“Chanchu”变性过程位涡及锋生特征分析

利用非静力中尺度WRF模式输出的0601号"Chanchu"台风模拟资料分析了台风变性过程中的结构演变特征,并从位涡的角度,利用湿位涡方程对"Chanchu"变性过程中强度减弱但却能引发强风暴雨的原因进行了探讨。分析表明:台风在变性过程中,尺度逐渐增大并与东移南下的高空槽不断接近,在与高空槽相互作用之前,台风眼壁及外围雨带雷达回波减弱,最大风速减小,最大风速半径圈向外拓展;高低层位涡相接之后,由于高层正位涡的下传携带冷空气侵入台风,在低层锋区上诱发出气旋性环流,进而重新引发强对流,并在角动量的输送作用下,台风外围环流风速再次增大。变性后高空槽和台风在位相上仍有一定距离,高空槽仅与台风的外围环流相互作用,冷空气没有入侵台风内部,这是"Chanchu"没有重新加强的原因之一。利用锋生函数对引起锋生的各分量进行分析,结果显示非绝热加热是造成锋生的主要原因,散度和变形项的贡献次之,倾斜项对锋生几乎没有贡献。     

东北冷涡下一次飑线和MCV的形成与水平涡度的关系

利用WRF中尺度数值模式,NCEP/NCAR分析资料,多普勒雷达观测资料等,对2016年7月25日一次东北冷涡下的飑线过程进行数值模拟,研究了飑线形成和维持与水平涡度的关系及飑线过程中中尺度对流涡旋(MCV)的形成机制,分析发现,高低层水平涡度逆时针旋转对本次飑线的形成和维持有很好的指示意义。(1)飑线发生前,高层渤海湾西侧出现水平涡度的逆时针旋转中心,并有较强的辐散配合,低层水平涡度为逆时针弯曲,为飑线产生提供了有利的上升运动条件。随后高层多个对流单体的水平涡度气旋式涡旋合并形成较大范围的气旋式涡旋结构,触发低层的上升运动,同时低层对流区前部形成一致的气旋式弯曲使得对流单体组织成带状结构,形成飑线。(2)飑线成熟时期高层水平涡度表现为统一大范围气旋式涡旋结构,低层则呈现典型的S型弯曲结构,水平涡度x方向的分量沿对流带从南至北表现为正负正,y方向的分量始终为正,并由对流带的中心向两侧减小,显示出水平涡度矢量旋转的方向对飑线影响的重要性。(3)由垂直涡度方程的分析得出,在飑线发展中期,MCV形成前,雷达反射率回波在500 hPa左右表现出明显的旋转,此时主要与500 hPa以上强的正涡度水平平流项及中层倾侧项和水平散度项有关,之后,在这几项的作用下使得中层风场产生气旋式旋转,形成MCV。      

EFFECTS OF THREE KINDS OF PHYSICAL PROCESSES ON TYPHOON INTENSITY*

This paper designs three quasi-geostrophic barotropic models with a radial/horizontal grid length being 2 kin,one in the polar coordinates,one on a stationary typhoon circulation condition and another on a non-stationary typhoon circulation condition in the Cartesian coordinates,to investigate the effects of azimuthal and radial linear advections,and nonlinear advection on the inward propagation of mesoscale vorticity and the changes of typhoon intensity.Results show that the azimuthal linear advection may result in the formation of spiral vorticity bands;the radial linear advection in a certain parameter set is able to transfer vorticity inwards,leading to a slight enhancement of typhoon;the nonlinear advection of perturbation vorticity on a stationary typhoon circulation condition may transfer more vorticities inwards,thus resulting in a distinct enhancement of typhoon;and the nonlinear advection on a non-stationary typhoon circulation condition possesses duality,i.e.on the one hand,the advection increases the vorticity of inward propagation,thus favorable to the intensification of typhoon,and on the other hand,in the inward propagation process of vorticity the originally concentric and axisymmetric structure of typhoon basic flow is damaged,and a complex flow pattern forms,which in turn tends to weaken the circulation of typhoon.At last the paper discusses the possible applications of those results in typhoon intensity prediction.     

“罗莎”台风波动特征与浙江远距离降水相互关系的初步研究

利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析格点资料和浙江省自动站降水资料,分析了2007年"罗莎"台风能量频散的波动特征与浙江省远距离台风降水之间的关系。结果表明:1)由于浙江省所处纬度相对较低,其远距离台风降水的形成过程与北方(西北和华北)典型的远距离台风暴雨存在本质区别,浙江省远距离台风降水主要是台风能量频散的波动效应所引起,而北方远距离台风暴雨的形成过程主要是西风槽和台风外围环流相互作用的结果。2)影响浙江省远距离降水的台风在整个台风环流登陆前有向降水区的能量频散过程,这种能量频散过程在对流层中低层波动特征不明显,因而能量频散的距离相对较小;在对流层中高层,台风能量频散表现出清楚的波动特征,能够影响到较远距离外的天气系统,从而引起局地降水的增加。3)台风能量频散的波动效应在远距离降水区的上空形成一个正涡量区,之后该正涡量区以波动的形式向下传播,导致降水区对流层中下层气旋性涡旋形成,造成局地降水或降水增加。     

超强台风SANBA发展演变过程中涡度及环流收支的诊断分析

台风的增强过程与气旋性涡度的急剧发展相伴。使用滑动平均的空间滤波方法对WRF模式的模拟结果进行尺度分离, 进而诊断分析台风SANBA突然增强过程中垂直涡度及环流的发展演变特征。结果表明, 台风突然增强的过程中, 眼壁区上升速度增大, 暖心结构增强, 同时垂直涡度迅速增强。当SANBA从热带风暴发展为强热带风暴时, 对流层低层辐散辐合及垂直速度分布的不均匀对台风涡旋结构的增强强度相当, 在台风内部以增强区域为主同时与减弱区域交错分布; 当SANBA发展增强为强台风时, 对流层低层的散度项与倾斜项在台风中心附近均表现为强的正中心, 台风低层径向入流的增强导致低层辐合加强对台风的增强起到主要作用。台风中心区域平均环流强度随台风的不断增强而不断增大, 且从900 hPa高度不断向高层发展, 其中环流方程中的EED/EET项的发展变化可以表征台风发展初期散度项和倾斜项的主要变化。      

The rapid growth and decay of severe cyclone JAL (2010) over the Bay of Bengal

This study investigates the life cycle of Bay of Bengal cyclone JAL, characterized by a rapid fluctuation in its intensity during 60-h interval. The cyclone JAL underwent a period of rapid intensification during 24-h from 0000 UTC 05 November to 0000 UTC 06 November 2010. It was quasi-static during subsequent 24 h followed by a 12-h period of unusually rapid decay. During the rapid cyclogenesis phase, the system intensified (by 25 kt) from deep depression (DD) to severe cyclonic storm (SCS) and weakened (by 30 kt) from SCS to DD during the 12-h period of rapid cyclolysis. European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model analysis field is used to analyze the Q vectors, K index and potential vorticity (PV) to diagnose the life cycle of this unusual cyclone. The analysis reveals that the 500–700 hPa column-averaged Q-vector convergence above the surface cyclone had strengthened and very high values of the K index produced a burst of heavy precipitation during the development stage of the cyclone. The associated latent heat release produced a substantial diabatic positive PV anomaly in the lower and middle troposphere that caused rapid cyclogenesis. The rapid cyclolysis is coincident with the weakening of the upper and lower PV anomalies and the westward shearing of the upper PV from the cyclone centre. Thus, the very latent heat release that assisted the rapid development of the cyclone also played an important role in its subsequent rapid decay. ECMWF model forecast for track and intensity is also verified.     

The effects of precipitation schemes and horizontal resolution on the major rainband in typhoon Flo (1990) predicted by the MRI mesoscale nonhydrostatic model

Summary ?This paper describes a numerical study of the major spiral rainband in typhoon Flo (1990) using the Meteorological Research Institute Mesoscale Nonhydrostatic Model (MRI-NHM). The effects of precipitation schemes and horizontal resolution on the representation of the simulated rainband are discussed. Dynamic and thermodynamic structures of the simulated major rainband to the north of the storm center are well represented in the model with a 5 km horizontal resolution. The structures are consistent with observational results reported for other tropical cyclones. Among the realistic features are: a cold pool and convergence on the inner side of the band; convergence above low-level inflow layers; and the outward slope of the updraft with height. The band is caused by the motion of the storm through its surroundings where horizontal wind has vertical shear. The simulation of the structure and precipitation pattern associated with the major rainband depends on the precipitation scheme rather than the horizontal resolution. The band appears more realistic when using explicit cloud microphysics as a precipitation scheme, rather than moist convective adjustment. This result is attributable to the difference in scheme triggering. In the simulation with moist convective adjustment, the elimination of vertical instability in low-level atmosphere is excessive, suppressing band formation. The overall structure of the band is also more realistic in the simulation using explicit cloud microphysics, because a cold pool exists in the lower layers and the vertical axis of upward flow tilts outward. This result suggests that prediction will partly depend on variables associated with cloud microphysics, such as the mixing ratio of cloud water. The horizontal grid distance, which varied between 5 and 20 km, quantitatively influenced the rainfall amount, although the large-scale band structure remained unchanged. The rainfall amount increased as the grid interval was reduced from 20 to 10-km but decreased as the interval was further reduced from 10 to 5 km. Received March 20, 2001; revised August 20, 2001     

台湾地形诱生中尺度系统对台风Meranti(1010)迅速加强影响的数值研究

台风Meranti（1010）北上进入台湾海峡过程中迅速加强,登陆时达到其最大强度。利用中国气象局上海台风研究所最佳路径资料、NCEP GFS 0.5°×0.5°资料及中尺度数值模式WRF,诊断分析台湾地形诱生的中尺度系统对台风Meranti迅速加强的影响。研究发现,Meranti在进入海峡过程中,台湾地形在台湾海峡内诱生出中尺度涡旋,激发中尺度扰动波列,加强台风环流内的垂直运动。台风水汽、热量的收支诊断表明,强烈的上升运动使热量和水汽向上输送,加强台风内的积云对流和潜热释放,使其强度增强。计算台湾地形诱生中尺度系统与台风间的动能交换发现,中尺度系统通过加强垂直运动向台风中高层输送涡动动能,使中尺度系统动能向台风动能转换,为Meranti的迅速加强提供能源。敏感性试验表明,如果台湾地形不存在,中尺度系统消失,台风的水汽、热量的向上输送和积云对流明显减弱,Meranti则不能达到迅速加强标准。     

Numerical prediction of an intense convective system associated with the July 1987 montreal flood. part II: A trailing stratiform rainband

Abstract

In this study, the internal circulation structures of the 14 July 1987 intense mesoscale convective system (MCS) are investigated using an improved high‐resolution version of the Canadian regional finite‐element model. It is found that although the MCS is characterized by a leading convective line followed by a trailing stratiform rainband, the associated circulation structures differ substantially from those in the classical midlatitude squall system. These include the rapid propagation and separation of the leading convection from the trailing rainband, the development of a surface‐based instead of an elevated rear‐to‐front descending flow and a shallow front‐to‐rear ascending flow associated with the stratiform precipitation, the generation of low‐ and mid‐level rather than mid‐ to upper‐level stratiform cloudiness and the development of a strong anticyclonic vorticity band at the back edge of the stratiform region. It is shown that the trailing stratiform rainband is dynamically forced by frontogenetical processes, and aided by the release of conditional symmetric instability and local orographical lifting. The intense leading and trailing circulations result from latent heat released by the convective and explicit cloud schemes, respectively. Sensitivity experiments reveal that the proper coupling of these two cloud schemes is instrumental in obtaining a realistic prediction of the above‐mentioned various mesoscale components. Vorticity budget calculations show that tilting of horizontal vorticity contributes the most to the amplification of the anticyclonic vorticity band, particularly during the squall's incipient stage. The sensitivity of the simulated squall system to other model physical parameters is also examined.