东亚地区冬季地面气温延伸期概率预报研究

利用TIGGE资料中的ECMWF、NCEP、UKMO三个中心集合预报系统以及由此构成的多中心集合预报系统所提供的地面2 m气温10~15 d延伸期集合预报产品,建立贝叶斯模式平均(Bayesian Model Averaging,BMA)概率预报模型,对东亚地区冬季地面气温进行延伸期概率预报研究。采用距平相关系数、均方根误差、布莱尔评分、等级概率评分等指标分别对BMA确定性结果与概率预报进行评估。结果表明,BMA方法明显地改进了原始集合预报结果,预报技巧优于原始集合预报,且多中心BMA预报优于单中心BMA预报,最佳滑动训练期取35 d。BMA预报为气温的延伸期概率预报提供了更合理的概率分布,定量描述了预报的不确定性。     

超级集合预报在湖南地区的试验分析

基于TIGGE集合预报资料分析评估了欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)、日本气象厅(JMA)、美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)、中国气象局(CMA)4个模式系统在湖南2008年低温雨雪冰冻天气过程中的气温预报技巧,并对湖南地面气温和欧亚地区500 hPa天气形势进行了超级集合预报试验.结果表明,在湖南地区,ECMWF的预报效果最好,CMA的预报效果最差,并且ECMWF的168 h预报误差小于CMA的24 h预报误差.滑动训练期超级集合预报误差比较稳定,预报效果优于最好的单中心模式和固定训练期超级集合预报.对于24～ 72 h预报时效滑动窗口可选取50 d左右,而对于96 ～168 h预报时效的滑动窗口有必要选取2个月以上.此外,滑动训练期超级集合预报各时效对500 hPa天气形势的预报技巧都比单中心的预报技巧高,并且和实况资料相比,其预报效果也比较好.     

清江流域降水的多模式BMA概率预报试验

基于TIGGE资料中的ECMWF、UKMO、JMA、CMA四套模式的2016年6月1至7月31日逐日降水集合预报资料,结合清江流域10个国家基准站观测数据,建立了流域贝叶斯模型平均(BMA)概率预报模型,开展流域多模式集合BMA技术的概率预报试验与评估。结果表明,在清江流域多模式集合的BMA模型最佳滑动训练期长度为40 d,BMA模型预报比原始集合预报有更高预报技巧,比四个原始集合预报MAE平均值减少近11%左右,而对于CRPS除了CMA中心无订正效果外,较其他三个模式平均值提高近15%左右。多模式集合BMA技术能预报降水全概率PDF曲线和大于某个降水量级的概率,同时能给出确定性降水预报,对于极端强降水(大暴雨一特大暴雨量级),BMA 75～90百分位数预报效果较好,对于强降水(暴雨量级),BMA 50～75百分位数预报效果较好,对于一般性降水(小雨一大雨量级),BMA确定性预报结果或50百分位数预报效果较好。     

基于贝叶斯理论的单站地面气温的概率预报研究

基于贝叶斯理论,建立了将确定性预报向概率预报转换的基本模式,并利用TIGGE资料中欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)地面气温预报资料及地面气温观测资料,对概率化后的预报进行了评估与释用。结果表明,概率化后的预报结果不但能提供丰富的预报产品,而且所提供的预报均值优于原始的确定性预报。应用贝叶斯模式平均法(BMA)将中国气象局(CMA)、美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)和ECMWF 3个模式的预报结果进行多模式集成,得到了更为合理的概率分布,其中分布的均值可作为模式的预报结果,方差和置信区间反映了预报量的可变范围。因此,基于贝叶斯预报模式的概率预报相对于确定性预报,不但能够提供更高精度的预报,而且能提供更全面的预报信息。BMA集成预报结果不但优于集合平均预报,而且还能定量描述预报的不确定性。利用ECMWF预报中心51个预报成员进行集成贝叶斯概率预报试验,发现BMA预报融合了各成员对预报不确定性的描述,还对概率预报的均值进行了调整,使之与观测值更为接近。BMA预报的概率密度分布更能反映大气的真实分布情况。     

江苏—南黄海地区M≥6强震有序网络结构及其预测研究

基于TIGGE（THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble,全球交互式大集合）资料中欧洲中期天气预报中心（European Centre for Medium-Range Weather,ECMWF）、日本气象厅（Japan Meteorological Agency,JMA）、美国国家环境预报中心（National Centers for Environmental Prediction,NCEP）和英国气象局（United Kingdom Met Office,UKMO）4个中心的北半球地面2m气温集合平均预报资料,利用插值技术与回归分析,并引入了消除偏差集合平均（bias-removed ensemble mean,BREM）和多模式超级集合（superensemble,SUP）方法进行统计降尺度预报研究.结果表明,在2007年夏季3个月中,4个单中心的降尺度预报明显地改善了预报效果.引入SUP和BREM两种集成预报方法后,预报误差得到进一步减小.对比综合表现最好的单中心ECMWF的预报,1～7d的降尺度预报误差改进率均达20％以上.研究还发现,引入SUP方法的降尺度预报效果优于引入BREM方法的降尺度预报,利用双线性插值方法在上述两方案中的预报效果优于其他3种插值方法.     

基于TIGGE资料的北半球地面气温预报的统计降尺度研究

基于TIGGE(THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble,全球交互式大集合)资料中欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather,ECMWF)、日本气象厅(Japan Meteorological Agency,JMA)、美国国家环境预报中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction,NCEP)和英国气象局(United Kingdom Met Office,UKMO)4个中心的北半球地面2 m气温集合平均预报资料,利用插值技术与回归分析,并引入了消除偏差集合平均(bias-removed ensemble mean,BREM)和多模式超级集合(superensemble,SUP)方法进行统计降尺度预报研究。结果表明,在2007年夏季3个月中,4个单中心的降尺度预报明显地改善了预报效果。引入SUP和BREM两种集成预报方法后,预报误差得到进一步减小。对比综合表现最好的单中心ECMWF的预报,1~7 d的降尺度预报误差改进率均达20%以上。研究还发现,引入SUP方法的降尺度预报效果优于引入BREM方法的降尺度预报,利用双线性插值方法在上述两方案中的预报效果优于其他3种插值方法。     

基于深度学习的中国地面气温的多模式集成预报研究

基于TIGGE资料中的欧洲中期天气预报中心、英国气象局、美国国家环境预报中心、韩国气象厅和日本气象厅2015年1月1日—9月30日中国及周边地区地面2 m气温24～168 h集合预报资料,利用长短期记忆神经网络(Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM)、浅层神经网络(Neural Networks,NN)、滑动训练期消除偏差集合平均(BREM)和滑动训练期多模式超级集合(SUP)方法对2015年9月5—30日26 d预报期进行集成预报试验。结果表明,BREM对5个单模式进行等权集成,预报结果易受预报效果较差模式的影响,整体预报技巧略低于单个最优模式ECMWF的预报技巧。其中在新疆南部,等权集成后的预报技巧更低。SUP的预报结果比所有单个模式预报更为准确。在144 h之前,SUP的误差明显小于ECMWF的预报误差,但随预报时效增加,误差增长幅度增大。NN对地面气温的预报效果与SUP的预报效果相当。LSTM整体预报效果最好,特别是在预报时效较长(超过72 h)时,比其他方法预报准确率明显提高。LSTM神经网络方法明显改进了我国西北、华北、东北、西南和华南大部分地区的气温预报,但在南疆部分地区误差较大。     

北半球中纬度地区地面气温的超级集合预报

基于TIGGE资料中的ECMWF、JMA、NCEP和UKMO四个中心2007年6月1日-8月31日北半球中纬度地区地面气温24～168 h集合预报资料,分别利用固定训练期超级集合(SUP, Superensemble)和滑动训练期超级集合(R-SUP, Running Training Period Superensemble )对2007年8月8-31日预报期24 d进行超级集合预报试验.采用均方根误差对预报结果进行检验评估,比较了两种超级集合方法与最好的单个中心模式预报、多模式集合平均的预报效果.结果表明,SUP预报有效降低了预报误差,24～144 h的预报效果优于多模式集合平均(EMN, Ensemble Mean)和最好的单个中心预报,168 h的预报效果略差于EMN.R-SUP预报进一步改善了预报效果.对于24～168 h的预报,R-SUP预报效果都要优于EMN.尤其对于168 h的预报,R-SUP改进了预报效果,优于EMN.     

基于BMA方法的地面气温的10～15 d延伸期概率预报研究

利用TIGGE资料提供的欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)、美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)、英国气象局(UKMO)三个预报中心2013年6月1日至8月31日的地面2 m气温10~15 d预报资料,对延伸期地面气温进行贝叶斯模式平均(Bayesian Model Averaging,BMA)预报试验。结果表明,BMA方法的预报效果随训练期长度而改变,训练期长度为30 d时预报效果最优。BMA方法可提供全概率密度函数,定量描述预报不确定性的大小,且陆地上预报不确定性大于海洋上的预报不确定性,高纬度地区预报不确定性大于低纬度地区的预报不确定性。利用CRPS评分对BMA概率预报技巧进行评估,发现预报技巧随预报时效的延长降低,且预报技巧在海洋上优于陆地、低纬度地区优于高纬度地区。此外,3 d、5 d和7 d滑动平均的预报值反映某些天气过程的平均要素预报,对于提高10~15 d延伸期概率预报技巧有一定效果,且滑动天数越长,预报效果越好。     

厦门地区地面气温的多模式集成统计降尺度预报研究

利用双线性插值与线性回归方法、消除偏差集合平均(bias-removed ensemble mean,BREM)和多模式超级集合预报(Super-ensemble Prediction,SUP)方法对厦门地区的地面气温进行统计降尺度分析,结果表明:在2013年夏季的3个月中,降尺度后三个单模式对厦门地面气温的预报效果显著改善。使用多模式集成预报方法(BREM和SUP)后,预报误差进一步减小。对比整体预报效果最好的单模式ECMWF,降尺度后3~96h预报误差均在3℃以下。此外,结合SUP方法的降尺度预报能最大程度的改善地面气温的预报误差。     

Preliminary Comparison of the CMA, ECMWF, NCEP, and JMA Ensemble Prediction Systems

Based on The Observing System Research and Predictability Experiment (THORPEX) Interactive Grand Global Ensemble (TIGGE) dataset,using various verification methods,the performances of four typical ense...     

天气预报技巧和价值的关系

利用一个简单的花费-损失比模型介绍了天气预报系统的技巧和其对用户的价值之间的关系。以欧洲中期天气预报中心的集合预报系统的控制预报和集合预报为例，对确定性预报和概率预报的情况分别进行了说明。结果表明，有技巧的天气预报系统只有在用产的花费-损矢比(C／L)在某一数值区间内时对用户才是有价值的。通过对比分析集合预报系统EPS概率预报和确定性预报的相对经济价值曲线，说明概率预报系统比一个与其质量相当的确定性预报系统具有较大的价值优势，而根据C／L选择最佳概率阈值对于实现其最大预报价值尤为重要。     

Improving Multi-Model Ensemble Forecasts of Tropical Cyclone Intensity Using Bayesian Model Averaging

This paper proposes a method for multi-model ensemble forecasting based on Bayesian model averaging (BMA), aiming to improve the accuracy of tropical cyclone (TC) intensity forecasts, especially forecasts of minimum surface pressure at the cyclone center (P_min). The multi-model ensemble comprises three operational forecast models: the Global Forecast System (GFS) of NCEP, the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) models of NCEP, and the Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) of ECMWF. The mean of a predictive distribution is taken as the BMA forecast. In this investigation, bias correction of the minimum surface pressure was applied at each forecast lead time, and the distribution (or probability density function, PDF) of P_min was used and transformed. Based on summer season forecasts for three years, we found that the intensity errors in TC forecast from the three models varied significantly. The HWRF had a much smaller intensity error for short lead-time forecasts. To demonstrate the proposed methodology, cross validation was implemented to ensure more efficient use of the sample data and more reliable testing. Comparative analysis shows that BMA for this three-model ensemble, after bias correction and distribution transformation, provided more accurate forecasts than did the best of the ensemble members (HWRF), with a 5%–7% decrease in root-mean-square error on average. BMA also outperformed the multi-model ensemble, and it produced “predictive variance” that represented the forecast uncertainty of the member models. In a word, the BMA method used in the multi-model ensemble forecasting was successful in TC intensity forecasts, and it has the potential to be applied to routine operational forecasting.     

An assessment of the predictability of the East Asian Subtropical Westerly Jet based on TIGGE data

The predictability of the position, spatial coverage and intensity of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet(EASWJ) in the summers of 2010 to 2012 was examined for ensemble prediction systems(EPSs) from four representative TIGGE centers,including the ECMWF, the NCEP, the CMA, and the JMA. Results showed that each EPS predicted all EASWJ properties well, while the levels of skill of all EPSs declined as the lead time extended. Overall, improvements from the control to the ensemble mean forecasts for predicting the EASWJ were apparent. For the deterministic forecasts of all EPSs, the prediction of the average axis was better than the prediction of the spatial coverage and intensity of the EASWJ. ECMWF performed best, with a lead of approximately 0.5–1 day in predictability over the second-best EPS for all EASWJ properties throughout the forecast range. For probabilistic forecasts, differences in skills among the different EPSs were more evident in the earlier part of the forecast for the EASWJ axis and spatial coverage, while they departed obviously throughout the forecast range for the intensity. ECMWF led JMA by about 0.5–1 day for the EASWJ axis, and by about 1–2 days for the spatial coverage and intensity at almost all lead times. The largest lead of ECMWF over the relatively worse EPSs, such as NCEP and CMA, was approximately 3–4 days for all EASWJ properties. In summary, ECMWF showed the highest level of skill for predicting the EASWJ, followed by JMA.     

Comparison of Statistical Post-Processing Methods for Probabilistic Wind Speed Forecasting

In this study, the statistical post-processing methods that include bias-corrected and probabilistic forecasts of wind speed measured in PyeongChang, which is scheduled to host the 2018 Winter Olympics, are compared and analyzed to provide more accurate weather information. The six post-processing methods used in this study are as follows: mean bias-corrected forecast, mean and variance bias-corrected forecast, decaying averaging forecast, mean absolute bias-corrected forecast, and the alternative implementations of ensemble model output statistics (EMOS) and Bayesian model averaging (BMA) models, which are EMOS and BMA exchangeable models by assuming exchangeable ensemble members and simplified version of EMOS and BMA models. Observations for wind speed were obtained from the 26 stations in PyeongChang and 51 ensemble member forecasts derived from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF Directorate, 2012) that were obtained between 1 May 2013 and 18 March 2016. Prior to applying the post-processing methods, reliability analysis was conducted by using rank histograms to identify the statistical consistency of ensemble forecast and corresponding observations. Based on the results of our study, we found that the prediction skills of probabilistic forecasts of EMOS and BMA models were superior to the biascorrected forecasts in terms of deterministic prediction, whereas in probabilistic prediction, BMA models showed better prediction skill than EMOS. Even though the simplified version of BMA model exhibited best prediction skill among the mentioned six methods, the results showed that the differences of prediction skills between the versions of EMOS and BMA were negligible.     

基于贝叶斯原理降水订正的水文概率预报试验

利用淮河流域加密站点2008年6月1日—8月31日逐日降水资料、对应的T213模式的24 h, 48 h以及72 h集合预报,采用贝叶斯模型平均 (Bayesian Model Averaging,BMA) 方法对集合预报15个成员的降水预报进行了概率集成与偏差订正,采用排序概率评分 (CRPS)、平均绝对误差 (MAE) 对BMA的订正结果进行检验,并将订正后的降水预报输入VIC (Variable Infiltration Capacity) 水文模型中进行水文概率预报。结果表明:经BMA订正后的24 h, 48 h, 72 h降水预报精度较订正前有所提高;BMA模型给出的有效区间 (第25百分位数至第75百分位数) 预报将实况降水量包含在内的可能性比订正前更大;由水文概率预报检验指标分析可知,经BMA订正的降水集合预报,由VIC水文模型模拟得到的径流量变化趋势与实况较吻合。     

Probabilistic temperature forecasting with statistical calibration in Hungary

Weather forecasting is based on the outputs of deterministic numerical weather forecasting models. Multiple runs of these models with different initial conditions result in forecast ensembles which are used for estimating the distribution of future atmospheric variables. However, these ensembles are usually under-dispersive and uncalibrated, so post-processing is required. In the present work, Bayesian model averaging (BMA) is applied for calibrating ensembles of temperature forecasts produced by the operational limited area model ensemble prediction system of the Hungarian Meteorological Service (HMS). We describe two possible BMA models for temperature data of the HMS and show that BMA post-processing significantly improves calibration and probabilistic forecasts although the accuracy of point forecasts is rather unchanged.