ECMWF集合预报统计量产品在重庆降水预报中的检验与分析

利用ECMWF集合预报降水资料和重庆市自动站降水资料,运用晴雨、TS评分、预报偏差等检验方法对重庆地区2014—2016年ECMWF集合预报降水产品在短期时效的预报性能进行检验分析。结果表明:最小值的晴雨预报准确率最高。对于TS评分检验,小雨量级可优先参考最小值、10%分位数和融合产品,中雨量级参考平均数和概率匹配平均,大雨和暴雨量级分别参考75%分位数和90%分位数。对于预报偏差检验,小雨量级可优先参考最小值、Mode,中雨量级参考融合产品、中位数,大雨量级参考控制预报、融合产品,暴雨量级参考90%分位数。对于百分位值预报产品和概率预报产品,小雨量级可参考5%～10%分位数和80%～90%概率预报产品,中雨量级可参考45%～55%分位数和40%概率预报产品,大雨量级可参考70%～80%分位数和20%概率预报产品,暴雨量级可参考90%～95%分位数和10%概率预报产品。     

基于贝叶斯原理降水订正的水文概率预报试验

利用淮河流域加密站点2008年6月1日—8月31日逐日降水资料、对应的T213模式的24 h, 48 h以及72 h集合预报,采用贝叶斯模型平均 (Bayesian Model Averaging,BMA) 方法对集合预报15个成员的降水预报进行了概率集成与偏差订正,采用排序概率评分 (CRPS)、平均绝对误差 (MAE) 对BMA的订正结果进行检验,并将订正后的降水预报输入VIC (Variable Infiltration Capacity) 水文模型中进行水文概率预报。结果表明:经BMA订正后的24 h, 48 h, 72 h降水预报精度较订正前有所提高;BMA模型给出的有效区间 (第25百分位数至第75百分位数) 预报将实况降水量包含在内的可能性比订正前更大;由水文概率预报检验指标分析可知,经BMA订正的降水集合预报,由VIC水文模型模拟得到的径流量变化趋势与实况较吻合。     

基于TIGGE资料的流域概率性降水预报评估

利用2008年7月1日至8月6日TIGGE-CMA资料存储中心的ECMWF、NCEP和CMA等业务中心1～10天的集合预报降水结果,结合淮河流域上游大坡岭—王家坝流域内19个站点的降水观测资料,对流域内的日降水预报效果进行了基于降水等级划分的确定性TS评分、概率性Brier评分以及考虑所有降水强度概率的百分位降水评估,并对2008年7月22—23日的强降水过程的预报效果进行了重点评估分析,探索了多模式概率预报降水面向流域的评估方法。结果表明,超级集合的TS评分和Brier评分优于单个中心的集合预报平均,集合平均由于平滑作用削弱了对长预报时效较强降水的预报能力;三套集合预报都体现部分成员具有捕捉实际降水的多种可能性;流域面雨量和单站百分位的分析表明:随着预报时效的延长,强降水的预报能力逐渐减弱,而超级集合由于考虑了更多的降水可能性,预报强降水的量级和空间分布同观测更为接近。     

概率匹配平均法在山东强降水预报中的应用

基于WRF集合预报系统开发了概率匹配平均降水产品,选取了山东省2014—2016年共13次强降水过程,检验评估了概率匹配平均法在山东省强降水预报中的综合表现。结果表明：对于不同的强降水过程,各预报产品的预报能力差异较大,尤其是对暴雨以上量级降水的预报存在较大偏差;概率匹配平均相对集合平均,对大雨以上量级降水预报有明显改善,较WRF确定性预报产品也有一定提高,对强降水预报具有一定指示意义;该方法的改进主要体现在对不同量级降水的调整上,尤其是强降水的落区,相对集合平均增大了强降水的范围和强度,但对整个区域的总降水量预报没有很好的改进作用。     

2013年汛期ECMWF集合统计量产品的降水预报检验与分析

2013年汛期ECMWF集合预报在江南、四川盆地和华北地区强降水过程中的表现如下:对江南和四川盆地强降水,概率匹配、融合产品、最大值、75%和90%分位数在大雨和暴雨预报中较确定性预报有明显正技巧,融合产品和90%分位数的技巧评分最稳定;对华北地区强降水,仅90%分位数在大雨预报中有一致的正技巧;上述统计量产品的中期预报技巧评分总体要高于短期预报,对四川盆地(华北地区)暖区强降水预报技巧评分总体要高(低)于对该区域锋面强降水预报技巧评分。根据概率匹配和融合产品各自特点,综合二者原理,设计出概率匹配-融合和融合-概率匹配两种新方案。结果显示,在暴雨和大暴雨降水预报中,融合-概率匹配的评分较融合产品有一定提高。     

ECMWF集合预报产品在重庆暴雨预报中的检验与应用北大核心

利用重庆地区34个国家气象站降水资料和ECMWF集合预报降水资料,系统检验和评估了集合预报统计量产品及后处理技术产品对2014—2016年5—9月重庆暴雨的预报性能。结果表明:集合统计量产品中最大值、90%分位数、融合产品、概率匹配平均、75%分位数对暴雨预报有一定参考性,其中90%分位数和融合产品对暴雨落区预报较好,最大值对暴雨强度预报有一定指示意义,但表现为明显的湿偏差。集合预报后处理技术产品的暴雨TS评分较控制预报和集合平均有明显提高,其中概率预报、最优百分位、融合—概率匹配、频率匹配法的暴雨TS评分超过最大值,对暴雨强度预报具有较好的指导意义,其预报偏差均表现为湿偏差,融合—概率匹配和频率匹配法对暴雨落区预报较好,概率匹配—融合对降低暴雨空报率较好。     

基于T639集合预报的持续性强降水中期客观预报技术研究

针对持续性强降水预报困难的问题,根据Anderson-Darling检验原理,构建基于中国气象局T639集合预报系统的持续性强降水中期客观预报方法。对比分析2010-2015年5-9月T639集合预报降水与实况降水的累积概率分布函数差异,在此基础上采用扩展时间序列和空间范围的方法构建3种模式气候累积概率方案,通过批量预报试验和检验,选取最优概率方案纳入预报模型,考察持续性强降水个例的最长预报时间。结果表明,随着预报时效的延长,集合预报模式的降水逐渐集中于小和中雨量级,无降水和暴雨以上量级的降水概率低于观测,168 h以后模式降水概率趋于稳定。通过扩展时间序列和空间范围能弥补模式气候资料年限不足所带来的偏差,根据区域气候特征细分模式气候的方法重点突出了不同区域的降水特征,明显优于简单集合所有区域数据的模式气候方案。基于集合预报的持续性强降水预报模型对持续性强降水个例的预报能力为8-9 d,随着预报时效的延长,降水强度以及雨带位置的预报能力逐渐减弱。      

海河流域东北冷涡背景下的降水预报订正研究

针对海河流域东北冷涡降水样本,应用海河流域加密自动站降水资料及欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMCWF）降水预报资料,利用滑动相关分析方法建立重组预报序列,基于加密自动站24 h累积降水量及重组24 h降水预报序列的Gamma累积概率分布曲线,采用预报—实况概率匹配方法建立1～3日的短期订正模型并进行试报检验。结果表明:欧洲中心数值模式对于海河流域东北冷涡降水的预报较实况偏慢;概率匹配法主要通过订正降水量级来改善预报结果,订正后降水预报对于小雨、大雨、暴雨预报的TS（Threat Score）评分技巧均有提升,尤其对于大雨和暴雨及以上量级预报,订正后预报量级及预报落区大小均与实况更加接近,订正效果显著。东北冷涡降水对流性强,模式预报能力弱,而订正后预报能有效提高此类强降水的预报技能,具有较好的应用价值。     

基于TIGGE多模式集合的24小时气温BMA 概率预报

利用TIGGE(THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble)单中心集合预报系统(ECMWF、United Kingdom Meteorological Office、China Meteorological Administration和NCEP)以及由此所构成的多中心模式超级集合预报系统24小时地面日均气温预报,结合淮河流域地面观测率定贝叶斯模型平均(Bayesian model averaging,BMA)参数,从而建立地面日均气温BMA概率预报模型.由此针对淮河流域进行地面日均气温BMA概率预报及其检验与评估,结果表明BMA模型比原始集合预报效果好;单中心的BMA概率预报都有较好的预报效果,其中ECMWF最好.多中心模式超级集合比单中心BMA概率预报效果更好,采用可替换原则比普通的多中心模式超级集合BMA模型计算量小,且在上述BMA集合预报系统中效果最好.它与原始集合预报相比其平均绝对误差减少近7%,其连续等级概率评分提高近10%.基于采用可替换原则的多中心模式超级集合BMA概率预报,针对研究区域提出了极端高温预警方案,这对防范高温天气有着重要意义.     

广东省ECMWF降水集合预报统计量的检验与分析

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)的降水集合预报历史资料,对广东省86个地面气象站进行分级统计检验,分析集合统计量产品的预报效果。评分结果表明,降水量级越大,确定性预报与集合产品TS越低,对应最优分位数越高;对于冬季暴雨与前汛期晴雨,集合预报产品效果较好,TS分别达到0.50和0.66,对于前汛期暴雨效果则较差,TS在0.10左右。随着预报时效增加,集合预报TS逐渐减小,预报时效72 h,前汛期集合TS下降幅度较大;预报时效72 h,后汛期集合TS下降幅度较大。对于冬季和后汛期暴雨,集合预报相对于确定性预报有明显优势,并且预报时效越长,集合TS增幅越大。对于站点降水,在广东省东部和西南部沿海地区,确定性预报对暴雨的预报能力比较欠缺,而集合预报能显著改善这些地区的暴雨预报,部分站点的TS增幅能够达到0.20以上。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.