航线颠簸的数理分析及其预报

一、引言航空气象中的飞机颠簸是航空气象预报人员必须重视和研究的课题.飞机颠簸是飞机进入扰动的空气层中或大气湍流区飞行时,使飞机产生左右摇晃,前后冲激,上下投掷以及机身振颤等现象.如何有效准确地做好飞机颠簸的预报,世界各国的航空气象专家还在摸索和研究,我国也是如此.本文主要应用天气学、动力气象学、飞机动力学的理论来对颠簸进行分析.     

飞机颠簸及预报方法研究

文章对引起飞机颠箕的晴空湍流及预报方法进行了研究。以尺度分析和数值模式预报的产品为基础，研制开发出可供业务使用的飞机颠簸预报方法。试验表明，颠簸强度预报的效果较好，历史拟合率达７２％以上。     

飞机颠簸的气象条件分析

研究了产生飞机颠簸的天气形势和环境条件,在分析飞机颠簸预报指数和指标的基础上,揭示了产生飞机颠簸的气象条件,增强了飞机气象保障能力     

飞机颠簸的气象条件分析

研究了产生飞机颠簸的天气形势和环境条件,在分析飞机颠簸预报指数和指标的基础上,揭示了产生飞机颠簸的气象条件,增强了飞机气象保障能力.     

榆林至包头航路一次晴空颠簸分析

飞机颠簸是飞机飞经大气中的湍流扰动层而有的现象,因此,颠簸的预报,首先是对大气中湍流扰动的预报。晴空湍流一般出现在６～１５ｋｍ高度,湍流区常有明显的边界,飞机一旦进入,往往突然产生颠簸,特别是产生强颠簸时,对于飞机结构、操纵飞机、仪表指示、旅客安全都...     

WAFS网格点数据对拉萨航路颠簸的预报检验

结合2014年2月10日和11日拉萨航路的13例飞机颠簸航空器空中报告,检验了世界区域预报系统(WAFS)风场对高空急流的预报能力,并对新增下发的晴空颠簸网格点数据的预报效果和业务化应用进行分析。结果表明:WAFS风场资料具有较高的预报能力,最大晴空颠簸预报比平均晴空颠簸预报具有更高的辨识能力,可选择4为阈值的最大晴空颠簸网格点数据绘制拉萨航路颠簸预报区域图,在业务应用中验证修订使用。      

地形影响的飞机颠簸及其数值仿真实验

首先利用中尺度数值模式ARPS模拟气流过山生成飞行数值仿真所需要的风场，然后利用飞机载荷因数变量方程进行飞机飞行的数值仿真试验。研究结果表明，气流过山产生的山脉重力波由于风切变临界层破碎，一方面能在对流层产生较强的湍流引起晴空飞机颠簸，另一方面也能在山脉背风面产生强烈下坡风，背风转子环流及低空湍流，影响飞机的起飞和着陆。揭示了飞机在过山脉地形背风面所产生的大气湍流中飞行时引起飞机颠簸的物理机制，有助于增强飞机颠簸的预测能力和飞行气象保障能力。     

飞机颠簸的预报

从飞机动力学方程出发,得出了载荷系数变量方程。分析了产生颠簸的物理本质,讨论了颠簸强度与气象因子之间的关系避开了预报颠簸只注重天气形势而忽略其物理过程的常规预报方法,提出了预报飞机颠簸的几个适用可行的指标,可从进一步提高对颠簸的预报能力。     

飞机颠簸的预报

从飞机动力学方程出发,得出了载荷系数变量方程.分析了产生颠簸的物理本质 ,讨论了颠簸强度与气象因子之间的关系避开了预报颠簸只注重天气形势而忽略其物理过程的常规预报方法,提出了预报飞机颠簸的几个适用可行的指标,可从进一步提高对颠簸的预报能力.     

人工智能技术能否提高地面气温预报的精度——记AI Challenger 2018全球天气预报挑战赛

2018年8月,北京城市气象研究院与创新工场等公司联合举办了“天气预报”竞赛（WFC）——这是一项面向全球的人工智能（AI）挑战赛,旨在通过发挥AI技术的优势提高天气预报水平。全球有超过1000支队伍参加本次WFC竞赛,约250支队伍完成了实时天气预报赛程。最终,决赛排名前5的队伍获得了奖励。竞赛结果表明:多AI模型集合方法显著提高了2 m气温、2 m相对湿度和10 m风速的预报水平。与北京城市气象研究院在业务中应用的相似集合预报方法相比,基于时间序列分析、梯度提升树、深度概率预测等AI模型构建的集合预报方法,显著提升了2 m气温预报的准确率,前2名队伍在决赛期间的预报准确率分别提升24.2%和17.0%。同时,合理的数据处理技术和AI模型集合框架对预报效果的提升具有重要的作用。      

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.