重力惯性波及其不稳定——急流附近飞机颠簸产生的可能机制

基于不可压缩流体运动方程组研究了急流附近重力惯性波及其不稳定,结合飞机风速变化方程,分析指出重力波失稳破碎为湍流是飞机颠簸产生的可能机制。斜压大气在急流轴北侧气旋切变区是惯性稳定的,当满足条件σ=f[f-/y] N2m2/n2<0时,由于天气尺度对流不稳定发展而引起重力惯性波不稳定破碎为湍流,可能是急流北侧气旋切变区对流性天气引起飞机颠簸产生的一种机制。但是在急流轴南侧反气旋切变区是惯性不稳定的,当满足条件σ=f[f-/y] N2m2/n2<0时,可能由于惯性不稳定的作用,急流重力波不稳定发展破碎为湍流,可能是急流南侧反气旋气流中晴空湍流和飞机颠簸产生和发展的一种机制。揭示了急流附近晴空湍流和飞机颠簸产生的物理本质,有利于增强航空飞行颠簸的预测能力。     

NWP在颠簸预报中的应用

颠簸是航空气上重要预告内容之一，历史上由于颠簸引起的飞行事故及征候占有一定的比例，颠簸预报也是气象预报的难点，颠簸对飞行的影响至关重要，轻则引起航行中的飞机摆动偏航，重则造成飞机解体，近年来随着太原机场卫星广播传真数值预报产品的使用，我们也在逐步尝试使用数值产品分析颠簸，使颠簸的预报有了明显提高。     

拉萨航路一次颠簸过程的成因分析和数值模拟

颠簸是成都—拉萨航路影响飞行安全与正常的重要因素。本文分析了2009年10月23日发生在拉萨航路太昭航段的两例颠簸事件,并利用WRF模式进行了数值模拟预报。结果表明,这是一次典型的晴空颠簸过程,在高空急流区边缘,冷暖平流交汇的梯度带上,上升和下沉气流的转换区域内产生了飞机颠簸。分析WRF模式计算得到的L_P颠簸指数,能够确定飞机颠簸发生的区域、高度和强度,具有一定的预报指示意义。      

飞机颠簸及预报方法研究

文章对引起飞机颠箕的晴空湍流及预报方法进行了研究。以尺度分析和数值模式预报的产品为基础，研制开发出可供业务使用的飞机颠簸预报方法。试验表明，颠簸强度预报的效果较好，历史拟合率达７２％以上。     

一次较强飞行颠簸的成因分析及对策

分析了一次导致飞行颠簸的天气过程,其结果表明,导致飞机出现较强颠簸的主要原因是低空急流及其垂直风切变,并提出利用小球测风资料可有效地短时预报飞行颠簸,有效地预报飞行颠簸事故的发生.     

一次较强飞行颠簸的成因分析及对策

分析了一次导致飞行颠簸的天气过程 ,其结果表明 ,导致飞机出现较强颠簸的主要原因是低空急流及其垂直风切变 ,并提出利用小球测风资料可有效地短时预报飞行颠簸 ,有效地预报飞行颠簸事故的发生。     

飞行颠簸的一种客观预报技术

本文研究了飞行颠簸的一种客观预报技术。研究表明，大气中的垂直风切为、水平变形和辐合辐散对飞行颠簸的预报具有重要作用。揭示了飞行颠簸产生的物理基础，提高了飞行颠簸的预报水平，增强了飞行气象保障能力。     

榆林至包头航路一次晴空颠簸分析

飞机颠簸是飞机飞经大气中的湍流扰动层而有的现象,因此,颠簸的预报,首先是对大气中湍流扰动的预报。晴空湍流一般出现在６～１５ｋｍ高度,湍流区常有明显的边界,飞机一旦进入,往往突然产生颠簸,特别是产生强颠簸时,对于飞机结构、操纵飞机、仪表指示、旅客安全都...     

航线颠簸的数理分析及其预报

一、引言航空气象中的飞机颠簸是航空气象预报人员必须重视和研究的课题.飞机颠簸是飞机进入扰动的空气层中或大气湍流区飞行时,使飞机产生左右摇晃,前后冲激,上下投掷以及机身振颤等现象.如何有效准确地做好飞机颠簸的预报,世界各国的航空气象专家还在摸索和研究,我国也是如此.本文主要应用天气学、动力气象学、飞机动力学的理论来对颠簸进行分析.     

过山气流二维定常模式的实际应用

本文对气流流经三种不同水平宽度的地形所产生的动力学效应进行了研究。应用定常的二维模式作数值模拟,结果表明:大尺度地形可影响到山脊上游的大气运动,山脊上游出现下沉气流,造成干燥气候;中尺度山脉促使下游大气产生波状扰动,可影响飞机飞行;小尺度山丘(或建筑群)对气流中的气溶胶扩散会产生影响。充分孓解小尺度地形气流的特点,可给山区城镇工厂烟囱的合理布局以及作物育苗阶段的秧田选地提供依据。     

Along-Coast Features of Bora-Related Turbulence

The along-coast, offshore turbulence structure of the Bora flow that occurred on 7 November 1999 during the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) Intensive Observation Period 15 is examined. In this analysis we employ the aircraft and dropsonde data obtained over the Adriatic Sea, where the turbulence structure is determined by estimating turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and its dissipation rate along the flight legs. The turbulence characteristics of Bora in the lee of the Dinaric Alps is greatly influenced by the mesoscale Bora flow structure over the Adriatic Sea, which in the cross-wind direction features an interchange of jets and wakes related to mountain gaps and peaks. In order to establish the origin of turbulence, the Weather Research and Forecasting—Advanced Research WRF (WRF-ARW) numerical model is used and its results are compared to the measurements. All five TKE-prediction parametrization schemes available in the model show reasonable agreement with the measured values. Since these parametrization schemes do not have horizontal advection included, they suggest that the along-flight structure of the Bora turbulence is principally generated by the local vertical wind shear. Further evidence is needed to support this hypothesis.     

Mountain Waves Launched By Convective Activity Within The Boundary Layer Above Mountains

Mountain waves are observed in the free atmosphere, even when the mountainboundary layer (the source region of these waves) is neutral or convectivelyunstable, and filled with convective rolls, revealed by cloud streets. This paperinvestigates if mountain waves are caused not simply by air flow over mountainridges, but also by flow over boundary-layer convective activity, similar toconvection waves above plains and oceans. Disturbance of stable air flow abovemountains by convective activity, mechanical and convective turbulence and rotors,near the ground, could move the effective mountain-wave launching height to higherthan the mountain peaks.     

地形降水试验和背风回流降水机制

利用中尺度数值模式（ARPS模式）研究了湿气流过山脉地形和地形降水的产生机制。研究结果表明，地形降水是水汽、气流和地形相互作用而形成的。小山脉地形降水主要发生在山脉的迎风坡，表现出典型的迎风降水和背风雨影特征。而回流降水天气是湿气流过大的山脉地形的产物，大的山脉地形有利于风切变临界层的产生，地形降水并不只是简单的上坡降水，还有背风回流和背风波降水机制。     

A nonhydrostatic model for simulation of airflow over mesoscale bell-shaped ridges

This paper describes a nonhydrostatic and incompressible mesoscale model formulation using a terrain-following coordinate system. A tensor transformation procedure is used to derive a diagnostic equation for the nonhydrostatic pressure field. The model features a simplified second-order turbulence closure scheme. The two-dimensional version of the nonhydrostatic model, as well as the corresponding hydrostatic model, are applied to simulate stably stratified airflow over mesoscale bell-shaped mountain ridges. The results show that the nonhydrostatic model is capable of simulating nonhydrostatic dynamics of mesoscale lee wave systems such as the trapped wave phenomenon.     

Airflow patterns over and around a large three-dimensional hill

Summary Surface wind patterns and air flows within the planetary boundary layer over a large three-dimensional hill of moderate slope are grouped according to Froude number classes. An evolution of flow patterns is shown to occur as the Froude number increases.Separation of the surface flow begins at the base of the lee side of the mountain near the centerline, moving upward on the lee slope as the Froude number increases. Recirculating eddies follow the separation of the lee flow. Eventually the separation line moves forward to the windward side as the Froude number becomes very large. The recirculating eddy becomes unsteady, with indication of an intermittent counterrolating eddy near the lee surface in neutral flow. The lee-side turbulence is enhanced with respect to the windward side due to the large eddies in high Froude number regimes.The concept of a critical height for the approach flow is generally supported. The integral form of the Froude number does not appear to be superior to a bulk Froude calculation in representing a particular airflow pattern.With 6 FiguresDeceased.     

Numerical modeling studies of lee mesolows,mesovortices and mesocyclones with application to the formation of Taiwan mesolows

Summary Numerical experiments are performed for inviscid flow past an idealized topography to investigate the formation and development of lee mesolows, mesovortices and mesocyclones. For a nonrotating, low-Froude number flow over a bell-shaped moutain, a pair of mesovortices form on the lee slope move downstream and weaken at later times. The advection speed of the lee vortices is found to be about two-thirds of the basic wind velocity, which is due to the existence of a reversed pressure gradient just upstream of the vortices. The lee vortices do not concur with the upstream stagnation point in time, but rather form at a later time. It is found that a pair of lee vortices form for a flow withFr=0.66, but take a longer time to form than in lower-Froude number flows. Since the lee vortices are formed rather progressively, their formation may be explained by the baroclinically-induced vorticity tilting as the mountain waves become more and more nonlinear.A stationary mesohigh and mesolow pressure couplet forms across the mountain and is produced in both high and low-Froude number flows. The results of the high Froude number simulations agree well with the classical results predicted by linear, hydrostatic mountain wave theory. It is found that the lee mesolow is not necessarily colocated with the lee vortices. The mesolow is formed by the downslope wind associated with the orographically forced gravity waves through adiabatic warming. The earth's rotation acts to strengthen (weaken) the cyclonic (anticyclonic) vortex and shifts the lee mesolow to the right for an observer facing downstream. The cyclonic vortex then develops into a mesocyclone with the addition of planetary vorticity at later times. For a flow over a steeper mountain, the disturbance is stronger even though the Froude number is kept the same.For a southwesterly flow past the real topography of Taiwan, there is no stagnation point or lee vortices formed because the impinging angle of the flow is small. A major mesoscale low forms to the southeast of the Central Mountain Range (CMR), while a mesohigh forms upstream. For a westerly flow past Taiwan, a stagnation point forms upstream of the mountain and a pair of vortices form on the lee and move downstream at later times. The cyclonic vortex then develops into a mesocyclone. A mesolow also forms to the southeast of Taiwan. For a northeasterly flow past Taiwan, the mesolow forms to the northwest of the mountain. Similar to flows over idealized topographies, the Taiwan mesolow is formed by the downslope wind associated with mountain waves through adiabatic warming. A conceptual model of the Taiwan southeast mesolow and mesocyclone is proposed.With 16 Figures     

三维多层流过山产生的山地重力波研究

为了研究了三维多层气流过山产生的三维山地重力波和大气船波动力学理论,在本文中,改进了一个多层流过山的三维山地重力波的线性理论计算模式,分析了三维多层流过孤立山地产生的三维山地重力波和大气船舶波的物理机制及其表现特征。揭示了多层流过孤立地形产生发散模态和横波两种模态拦截背风波的气象条件,增强了人们对山地重力波动力学的理解和对山脉重力波及其相联系的山脉天气的预测能力。     

Observations of Boundary-Layer Wind-Tunnel Flow over Isolated Ridges of Varying Steepness and Roughness

Boundary-layer wind-tunnel flow is measured over isolated ridges of varyingsteepness and roughness. The steepness/roughness parameter space is chosento produce flows that range from fully attached to strongly separated. Measurementsshow that maximum speedup at the hill crest is significantly lower than predictedby linear theory and that recovery in the lee of the hill is much slower for stronglyseparated flow over steep terrain. The measurements also show that behaviour ofthe mean and turbulent components of the flow on the downwind side of the ridgeis fundamentally different between separated and non-separated flows. This suggeststhe dominance of much increased turbulence time and length scales in the lee of thehill in association with a production mechanism that scales with the hill length ratherthan the proximity to the surface as on the windward side of the hill crest.     

A New Large-Eddy Simulation Model for Simulating Air Flow and Warm Clouds Above Highly Complex Terrain. Part II: The Moist Model and its Application to Banner Clouds

In Part I the dry version of a new large-eddy simulation (LES) model was presented that is specifically designed to simulate air flow and clouds above highly complex terrain. Here the implemented moisture physics are described and a new method for the generation of turbulent inflow conditions for meteorological LES is proposed. As a typical area of application the new model is applied to simulate banner clouds developing downwind of pyramidal mountain peaks. Banner clouds are shown to be primarily a dynamical phenomenon, and form in the lee of steep mountain peaks as a result of dynamically forced lee upslope flow. Due to the highly asymmetric flow field induced by the extreme orography, banner clouds can form even under horizontally homogeneous initial conditions regarding both moisture and temperature. Thus, additional leeward moisture sources, distinct air masses on both windward and leeward sides, or radiation effects are no prerequisite for banner-cloud formation. The probability of banner-cloud formation increases with increasing obstacle height and steepness and is, to a first approximation, independent of the pyramid’s orientation. Simulations with and without moisture physics reveal that, for the set-up chosen, moisture is of only secondary importance for banner-cloud dynamics. The reinforcement of lee upslope flow and corresponding cloud formation due to latent heat release turns out to be almost negligible. Nevertheless moisture physics are shown to induce a dipole-like structure in the vertical profile of the Brunt-Väisälä frequency, which in turn leads to a moderate increase in leeward turbulence.     

水汽空间分布对大气船舶重力波影响的数 值试验

利用中尺度数值模式ARPS模拟研究了水汽在山脉重力波和大气船波的产生和演变中的作用。研究发现水汽和非绝热效应对大气船波的影响与水汽的空间分布有关,大气船波的产生和演变对水汽的空间分布具有极端的敏感性,在一定条件下水汽的引入有可能减少大气船波的活动。对于3层模式结构的气流过山而言,如果初始的水汽分布在中层大气,则水汽和非绝热效应对大气船波的影响较小,而如果初始的水汽分布在中下层大气,则引入水汽后减少了大气船波的强度,但是如果初始的水汽分布在整个模式大气层,则水汽的引入减少了大气船波的活动。