黔南地区ECMWF_thin温度预报误差分析

利用2019年6月27日至2020年7月3日逐日ECMWF_thin(下称EC细网格)的未来7 d 2 m温度预报数据及相应时段实况资料,采用平均绝对误差、平均误差以及准确率对EC细网格最高气温（下称高温）预报和最低气温（下称低温）预报的误差进行分析。结果表明：EC细网格低温预报的平均绝对误差明显小于高温预报,且高温预报绝对误差分布的差异性比低温预报更明显,低温预报的准确率明显高于高温预报。低温预报准确率各月差距较小,高温预报准确率各月差距较为明显。黔南北部、西部、中部地区高温预报和低温预报的平均误差均较小,其余地区平均误差较大。高温预报准确率随总云量的增加而上升,低温预报准确率随总云量的增加下降。当海平面气压在1 012～1 032 hPa时,高温预报的平均误差基本在±2 ℃以内;当海平面气压超出此范围时平均误差明显增大。低温预报的平均误差与海平面气压的变化关系不大,基本稳定在±2 ℃以内。     

站点气温格点化方法在贵州区域的研究与应用

利用2019年1—12月国家气象信息中心实况格点资料、贵州地面观测站资料以及ECMWF 2m气温0场资料,讨论了相同插值方案下站点数对空间分布的反演效果以及相同测站数下不同插值方案的表现,同时对国家气象信息中心实况格点场进行了检验,并对本地建立的气温格点分析场进行初步评估。结果表明：相同的插值方案下,站数越多越能反映要素场的实际分布状态;基于贵州特殊地形,在相同站数下双线性插值法优于邻域法;通过对国家气象信息中心实况格点分析场评估,日最高、低气温在贵州区域均存在明显误差,其平均绝对误差分别为1.6 ℃与1.1 ℃左右, 平均RMSE分别达2.2 ℃与1.6 ℃。采用Cressman方案对离散观测资料重建的本地化气温格点分析场,其最高、最低气温平均绝对误差降至0.2 ℃与0.1 ℃左右,大幅度降低了与测站观测值的差异,基本可以代替国家气象信息中心下发气温格点分析场,并将为今后我省业务或研究工作中格点预报的客观订正提供新的更符合实际的参考。     

山东省旬温度预报产品的检验分析

对2013—2014年EC-thin和T639模式山东省旬温度预报产品进行检验分析,结果表明:模式旬平均温度预报产品预报准确率高于旬最高、旬最低温度预报产品,模式阈值K为2℃的预报准确率均比K为1℃高30%左右。EC-thin模式较T639模式预报旬平均温度预报效果最好,平均误差最小。EC-thin模式预报旬最高温度偏低,预报旬最低温度偏高。对于旬平均温度预报,订正后的T639模式预报准确率在鲁中西部地区略优于EC-thin模式,其他区域均为EC-thin模式较优。EC-thin模式旬最低温度预报产品在鲁西北东部和半岛部分地区预报效果最好,在鲁西北西部和鲁西南部分地区预报效果最差。旬最高温度预报产品在鲁西北东部和鲁东南地区预报效果最好,鲁中西部和半岛东部地区预报效果最差。去除平均误差的订正方法对模式旬温度预报准确率的提高有一定效果,但不能明显改善。     

基于平均滤波算法的北疆春季日最低气温格点预报产品订正分析

本文选用中国气象局下发的0.05°×0.05°的国家级格点预报指导产品和中国气象局陆面数据同化系统（CLDAS）逐时实况数据资料，使用三种平均滤波方法分别订正北疆地区08时、20时起报的240h内逐24h 最低气温的格点预报指导产品，并分别对比检验订正前后共8种产品的预报效果。检验结果表明: 订正后的预报产品相比原始格点预报指导产品的均方根误差均明显降低，气温预报准确率及稳定性均显著提高。三种订正算法均随着海拔高度越高订正效果越好，且随着预报时效延长订正效果减弱。三种算法中集成订正效果略优。     

一个简单的格点温度预报订正方法

格点气象要素预报是中国气象局目前的主推业务和未来天气预报的发展方向。本文基于欧洲中期数值预报中心ECMWF高分辨率模式2 m温度预报资料,在传统中央气象台站点温度指导预报SCMOC和回归方法建立的站点温度预报的基础上,提出"站点订正值向格点传递"的方法来订正格点温度预报。结果表明:(1)SCMOC站点最高、最低温度24~168 h预报误差2℃准确率分别平均高于ECMWF的10.0%和23.1%,ECMWF存在较大的系统性偏差,最低温度预报偏高,最高温度预报偏低。(2)"站点订正值向格点传递"方法能够订正模式格点温度预报的系统误差,且整体上不改变原ECMWF温度预报场的空间形态和原模式对地形的刻画特征。(3)利用研究区域内98个县级站SCMOC温度预报,订正ECMWF格点场,返回到区域内1289个乡镇站进行检验,结果24 h最低、最高温度1℃的准确率较ECMWF分别提高22.8%和11.9%,2℃的准确率则分别提高29.7%和17.4%。最低(高)温度绝对误差平均减小0.99℃(0.69℃),平均误差(ME)下降到0.7℃(-0.9℃)以内。(4)通过一元线性回归,得到98个县级站的温度预报,返回差值场来订正格点场,也能较好地订正ECMWF的系统性误差。对比两种方法,SCMOC差值传递在最低温度订正方面有较大的优势,而回归方法的最高温度订正效果较好。此外,回归方法能够较好地改善逐时温度预报效果。该方法已成功运用于陕西省精细化格点预报业务系统中。     

基于ECMWF的两种温度客观预报订正方法及评估

依据ECMWF细网格模式2019—2020年20:00起报未来24-216h的0.05×0.05°分辨率格点日最高、最低温度和国家气象信息中心格点温度实况资料，采用“动态训练、择优选取”的基本原则，利用递减平均法（DAM）和径向基函数神经网络方法（RBFNN）对温度进行客观预报订正，并与中央台指导预报（NMC）和EC模式预报产品进行格点检验对比分析。结果表明：（1）通过DAM和RBFNN订正后的24—216h日最高、最低温度预报准确率提高3.9～7.8%，均为“正”技巧，对预报准确率偏低的月份预报时效订正效果更显著，且夏、秋季最高温度预报订正效果较好，冬季最低温度订正能力较强；（2）分区域预报检验来看，订正后的最高、最低温度预报产品除沙坡头区的最高温度预报和贺兰山的最低温度预报误差偏大外，其他区域的误差基本都小于2℃，特别是对强降温、寒潮天气的温度预报订正效果明显优于NMC和EC模式预报产品，对预报业务有一定的参考价值。     

应用500hPa高度场、太平洋海温格点资料建立统计预报方程的试验

气候变化与大气环流、海面温度的变化关系密切。因此,应用５００ｈＰａ月平均位势高度场、太平洋海温格点资料,通过因子筛选建立了广西单站及区域气候要素的预报方程。１　初选预报因子　　采用５～３６０°Ｅ、１０～８５°Ｎ区域,１０°×５°经纬度,共５７６个格点的５００ｈＰａ月平均位势高度场资料。资料年代为１９５１～１９９６年,其数值为实际值减去５００位势什米。北太平洋海温资料为１０°。～５０°Ｎ,５°×５°经纬度,共２８６个格点,资料年代１９５１～１９９６年。初选预报因子分两步进行：第一步,进行网格点普查…     

欧洲中心细网格2 m温度产品在遵义市的检验及应用

利用遵义市14个县区站2013—2015年逐日最高气温、最低气温实况数据,检验分析了对应时段内欧洲中心(EC)细网格2 m(简称EC 2 m)温度预报产品对遵义市的预报准确率,在此基础上,根据2015年EC 2 m温度预报平均误差,对2016年1—8月EC 2 m温度进行订正检验。结果表明:2013—2015年EC 2 m温度对遵义地区预报准确率呈逐年上升趋势,最低气温预报准确率远高于最高气温。其中,2015年EC 2 m温度预报系统性偏低;最高气温的预报准确率呈冬、秋、春、夏递减,最低气温的预报准确率呈夏、秋、春、冬递减;最高气温预报准确率随时效延长呈下降趋势,最低气温预报准确率随时效延长呈波动变化趋势;播州、汇川、绥阳、赤水、习水、凤冈各时次的最低气温预报准确率都在80%以上,参考性强,其余站点相对较低。通过平均误差对EC 2 m温度进行订正并检验,订正效果明显。     

中国区域高分辨率温度实况融合格点分析产品质量评估

采用两种插值方法将2018年2m气温实况融合格点分析产品插值到2380个国家级考核站,通过相关系数、平均值误差、平均绝对误差、均方根误差及准确率等指标对该产品进行评估。结果表明:利用邻近插值法得到的评估结果略优于双线性插值法,实况融合格点分析产品的评估结果具有一定的日变化和月变化。总体而言,逐小时实况融合格点产品与站点实况基本一致,具有较高的参考性,其相关系数达到0.99以上,均方根误差在1℃以下,2℃以内准确率达到98%以上,1℃以内准确率达到95%以上。分省和分海拔评估结果表明,评估结果随海拔高度的增加而变差,因此在海拔较高、地形较复杂区域、气象站较稀疏区域应用该产品时应谨慎;由小时实况融合格点产品获得的日最高、最低温度也有很高的指示性;该产品对高温过程也有较好的监测能力。      

天津市多模式气温集成预报方法

在遗传算法和粒子群算法的基础上,采用权重分配方法开展基于混合演化算法的多模式气温集成预报方法研究。利用2012年5—10月中国气象局GRAPES模式、北京市气象局BJ-RUC模式、中国气象局T639模式、天津市气象局TJWRF模式24 h预报时效的逐6 h地面2 m高度气温和35个天津区域自动气象站点资料,通过逐日滚动建立集成预报模型,对混合演化算法的多模式气温集成预报方法进行了绝对误差在2℃以内的分级、分类及分站检验分析。结果表明:使用该方法建立的气温集成预报模型具有比较可靠的预报能力,预报误差明显小于任一成员,预报准确率高。按绝对误差不大于2℃的检验标准,2012年35个站逐6 h气温、最低气温、最高气温的集成预报平均准确率分别为76.34%,77.88%,78.00%。     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Our Warmest Thanks to AAS Reviewers 2014

正The editorial office of Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS),on behalf of all AAS editors,would like to publicly acknowledge the people listed below who served as reviewers for the journal daring 1 September 2013 to 24 August 2014.We recognize that the time and work of the reviewers is the most important resource in academic publishing.The quality of our journal depends in a crucial way upon the reviewing process and therefore all reviewers'time and efforts taken to sustain the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.     

Data selection using support vector regression

Geophysical data sets are growing at an ever-increasing rate, requiring computationally efficient data selection(thinning)methods to preserve essential information. Satellites, such as Wind Sat, provide large data sets for assessing the accuracy and computational efficiency of data selection techniques. A new data thinning technique, based on support vector regression(SVR), is developed and tested. To manage large on-line satellite data streams, observations from Wind Sat are formed into subsets by Voronoi tessellation and then each is thinned by SVR(TSVR). Three experiments are performed. The first confirms the viability of TSVR for a relatively small sample, comparing it to several commonly used data thinning methods(random selection, averaging and Barnes filtering), producing a 10% thinning rate(90% data reduction), low mean absolute errors(MAE) and large correlations with the original data. A second experiment, using a larger dataset, shows TSVR retrievals with MAE < 1 m s-1and correlations 0.98. TSVR was an order of magnitude faster than the commonly used thinning methods. A third experiment applies a two-stage pipeline to TSVR, to accommodate online data. The pipeline subsets reconstruct the wind field with the same accuracy as the second experiment, is an order of magnitude faster than the nonpipeline TSVR. Therefore, pipeline TSVR is two orders of magnitude faster than commonly used thinning methods that ingest the entire data set. This study demonstrates that TSVR pipeline thinning is an accurate and computationally efficient alternative to commonly used data selection techniques.     

Temporal vulnerability in hazardscapes: Flood memory-networks and referentiality along the North Carolina Neuse River (USA)

Social models of population vulnerability to disasters increasingly include the notion that vulnerability has a strong temporal component. While this temporality is typically conceptualized as objective (making vulnerability “dynamic,” “multiscalar,” and/or “historical”), it consistently fails to acknowledge that among stakeholders managing hazardscapes temporality is also a social process in which subjective experience of time may play a role in creating situations of population vulnerability. This paper proposes that the temporal situatedness of a population relative to past hazard events and the quality with which stakeholders engage hazard memory-chains combine to significantly influences its vulnerability to natural hazards. It is proposed that this temporal vulnerability is characterized by shared, population level potential for surprise and can be evaluated by exploration of time-series depth and temporal reference points in historical ecological narratives and documents. Based on ethnohistoric research conducted from 2002 to 2006 in flood-prone eastern North Carolina (USA), it is illustrated how temporal vulnerability was relatively higher in the Neuse River watershed located at the City of Kinston than surrounding watersheds. Due to the combination of factors including the damming of the Neuse River in the 1980s, outdated official floodplain maps, relatively unmonitored floodplain development, the stochastic timing of flood events (placing the last major flood more than a generation away), technological optimism, and turnover of floodplain officials and residents, local stakeholders were seriously misinformed about the space-time risks involved both before and after the disaster of Hurricane Floyd (1999) happened. To deal with this inconsistency, the temporal rarity of Hurricane Floyd as a “500-year event” has been motivated and embraced by many in an effort to continue life-as-is. The paper proposes that the concept of temporal vulnerability is further explored and used as key dimension in the vulnerability sciences.     

An assessment of the predictability of the East Asian Subtropical Westerly Jet based on TIGGE data

The predictability of the position, spatial coverage and intensity of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet(EASWJ) in the summers of 2010 to 2012 was examined for ensemble prediction systems(EPSs) from four representative TIGGE centers,including the ECMWF, the NCEP, the CMA, and the JMA. Results showed that each EPS predicted all EASWJ properties well, while the levels of skill of all EPSs declined as the lead time extended. Overall, improvements from the control to the ensemble mean forecasts for predicting the EASWJ were apparent. For the deterministic forecasts of all EPSs, the prediction of the average axis was better than the prediction of the spatial coverage and intensity of the EASWJ. ECMWF performed best, with a lead of approximately 0.5–1 day in predictability over the second-best EPS for all EASWJ properties throughout the forecast range. For probabilistic forecasts, differences in skills among the different EPSs were more evident in the earlier part of the forecast for the EASWJ axis and spatial coverage, while they departed obviously throughout the forecast range for the intensity. ECMWF led JMA by about 0.5–1 day for the EASWJ axis, and by about 1–2 days for the spatial coverage and intensity at almost all lead times. The largest lead of ECMWF over the relatively worse EPSs, such as NCEP and CMA, was approximately 3–4 days for all EASWJ properties. In summary, ECMWF showed the highest level of skill for predicting the EASWJ, followed by JMA.     

汉江流域极端水文事件时空分布特征

利用1960-2012年汉江流域15个气象站点的日降雨资料和3个水文站同时期日径流资料,分析了9个极端降雨指数的空间分布规律,运用广义极值分布（GEV）、Gamma分布两种极值统计模型对各站点的最大1 d降雨、最大3 d降雨极值样本进行拟合,遴选描述降雨极值分布规律最优概率模型,进而推算给定重现期下的降雨设计值,并分析其空间分布规律;选用Gumbel、Clayton和Frank这3种Copula函数建立降雨-洪量极值联合分布模型,优选最合适的Copula函数,由此计算给定重现期下的洪量设计值。结果表明：GEV分布模型能更好地模拟降雨极值序列,不同重现期下的降雨极值在空间上均呈西低东高的特征;3种Copula函数中,Frank Copula函数能更好地拟合降雨-洪量相关关系,由此推求的洪量设计值大于单变量拟合设计值。