3种再分析资料基本统计量比较

为了评估中国气象部门整理的资料的特色和应用价值,使用统计方法检验了中国资料和NCEP/NCAR、ECMWF再分析资料7月100 hPa、500 hPa位势高度场和1月海平面气压场的气候均值和年际方差的差异显著性,并比较了1月和7月北半球主要大气活动中心面积、强度指数的年际变化差异和相关程度。结果表明：1）ECMWF再分析资料7月100 hPa、500 hPa位势高度场的气候均值都显著小于中国资料,且其历年值分别小于1 660、588 dagpm,与中国资料相比不适合用于研究南亚高压、副热带高压;2）中国资料是由单层等压面图上直接读数得到的,更接近实际观测值,更适宜于诊断单个等压面上的气压系统;3）3种资料冬季蒙古高压、阿留申低压的年际变化一致性要好于夏季南亚高压、副热带高压。     

气象信息科学视算环境及其若干问题

多维动态气象数据的科学视算环境通过多视角的图形、图像表达方式 ,能够直接、准确地展示复杂多样的天气过程及其时空演变 ,辅助解释人员和预报人员形成天气系统的四维空间 /时间结构 ,已成为天气系统分析的重要工具。文中首先讨论了描述天气系统和天气过程的常用图形、图像表达方式 ,然后通过若干典型天气系统数值模拟结果的示例分析 ,介绍了目前气象信息科学视算环境的主要功能 ,最后结合当前的应用状况和气象科学发展的需求 ,讨论了气象信息科学视算环境中的若干问题及其解决方案 ,并展望了未来气象信息科学视算环境的发展前景。     

Improved reliability of ENSO hindcasts with multi-ocean analyses ensemble initialization

Currently, ensemble seasonal forecasts using a single model with multiple perturbed initial conditions generally suffer from an “overconfidence” problem, i.e., the ensemble evolves such that the spread among members is small, compared to the magnitude of the mean error. This has motivated the use of a multi-model ensemble (MME), a technique that aims at sampling the structural uncertainty in the forecasting system. Here we investigate how the structural uncertainty in the ocean initial conditions impacts the reliability in seasonal forecasts, by using a new ensemble generation method to be referred to as the multiple-ocean analysis ensemble (MAE) initialization. In the MAE method, multiple ocean analyses are used to build an ensemble of ocean initial states, thus sampling structural uncertainties in oceanic initial conditions (OIC) originating from errors in the ocean model, the forcing flux, and the measurements, especially in areas and times of insufficient observations, as well as from the dependence on data assimilation methods. The merit of MAE initialization is demonstrated by the improved El Niño and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO) forecasting reliability. In particular, compared with the atmospheric perturbation or lagged ensemble approaches, the MAE initialization more effectively enhances ensemble dispersion in ENSO forecasting. A quantitative probabilistic measure of reliability also indicates that the MAE method performs better in forecasting all three (warm, neutral and cold) categories of ENSO events. In addition to improving seasonal forecasts, the MAE strategy may be used to identify the characteristics of the current structural uncertainty and as guidance for improving the observational network and assimilation strategy. Moreover, although the MAE method is not expected to totally correct the overconfidence of seasonal forecasts, our results demonstrate that OIC uncertainty is one of the major sources of forecast overconfidence, and suggest that the MAE is an essential component of an MME system.     

Estimation of sector roughness lengths and the effect on prediction of the vertical wind speed profile

An estimate of roughness length is required by some atmospheric models and is also used in the logarithmic profile to determine the increase of wind speed with height under neutral conditions. The choice of technique for determining roughness lengths is generally constrained by the available input data. Here, we compare sets of roughness lengths derived by different methods for the same site and evaluate their impact on the prediction of the vertical wind speed profile.Wind speed and direction data have been collected at four heights over a three-year period at the North Norfolk Wind Monitoring Site. Wind speed profiles were used to generate sector roughness lengths based on the logarithmic profile formula. This is the only direct way of determining roughness lengths. The simplest and cheapest method is to use maps with published tables giving roughness length estimates for different terrain types. Alternatively Wieringa (1976, 1986) and Beljaars (1987) give formulae for determining roughness lengths from wind speed gusts or standard deviations.The four sets of estimated roughness lengths vary considerably. They were used to estimate 34 m wind speeds from 12.7 m observations. The profile-derived roughnesses are used simply as a check on the prediction of the wind speed profiles. The terrain-derived roughness lengths give reasonable results. Gust-derived and standard deviation roughnesses both predict wind speeds which are lower than the observed ones. The error is greater in the case of standard deviation roughnesses. If stability corrections are applied in the prediction of the vertical wind speed profile, the results are considerably improved.     

CLDAS陆面同化资料和ERA5-Land再分析资料气温产品在江西省的适用性评估

以江西省376个气象自动观测站的逐小时气温数据为基准,采用偏差、相关性和平均绝对误差等评价指标,对比分析2017—2022年CLDAS陆面同化和ERA5 Land再分析气温资料在江西省的适用性。结果表明： 1） ERA5 Land、CLDAS资料均能很好反映大部分站点的气温变化,CLDAS资料与观测资料的相关系数为0.99,相关系数区间分布较为集中;ERA5 Land资料与观测资料的相关系数为0.97,分布较为分散。2） 相较于观测站点多年平均气温,CLDAS资料较为接近,ERA5 Land资料则偏离较大。3） CLDAS资料的平均绝对误差明显低于ERA5 Land资料,二者均存在平原、盆地部分站点平均绝对误差较小而局部高海拔山区站点异常偏大的空间特征,以及秋季最大而冬季最小的季节特征。4） ERA5 Land资料偏差的日变化范围为-0.65—0.39 ℃,整体呈现单谷形分布;CLDAS资料偏差日变化范围为-0.05—0.05 ℃,波动幅度较小,没有明显的变化特征。5） 两种格点资料均能较好反映大部分站点的低温日数变化,但对于高温日数变化,ERA5 Land资料偏差较大,CLDAS资料偏差较小。     

云分辨尺度下一种综合调整水物质含量的闪电资料同化方法

在直接调整水汽含量（称为F12）和直接调整冰相粒子浓度（称为Q14）两种闪电资料同化方法的基础上,提出了一种综合调整冰相粒子浓度和水汽含量（称为C17）的闪电资料同化方法,选取一次具有完整闪电观测资料（云闪加地闪）的飑线过程,利用WRF在云分辨尺度进行数值模拟,详细比较了3种闪电资料同化方法的模拟结果。与不进行闪电资料同化的控制试验相比,闪电资料同化试验明显改进了模式对流活动的模拟能力,但是不同同化方法有所差异。在同化时段内,F12方法中回波强度较小,形成大范围层云区,回波中心比实测偏向下游;Q14方法回波强度和落区同实测最为接近,但是对层云区的模拟无明显改进;C17方法综合了F12和Q14方法的优势,与F12方法相比,回波强度增大,落区更加接近实测,层云区面积扩大。同化结束后,F12方法冷池有所增强,雨区向东北方向延伸,但是强度较弱,形成大范围的弱降水区,同化正面效果保持最久;Q14方法低层大气偏干,地表冷池偏强,对流系统迅速移动并衰减,降水区域比实测偏南,同化正面效果消失较快;C17方法冷池范围和强度与实际观测最为接近,降水较F12方法增强,模拟出的飑线形态得到调整,模拟出了实测中的另一降水中心,同化正面效果保持时间延长。      

适应数值模式垂直坐标的GPS掩星反演资料稀疏化方案

GPS掩星反演大气温湿资料具有高垂直分辨率、高精度、受云和降水影响小等优点,针对GRAPES同化预报系统,发展设计了一种既考虑预报模式高度-地形追随垂直坐标不均匀分层特点,又结合掩星反演资料特性的新适应性垂直稀疏化方案。通过个例试验和批量试验,探索了该适应性稀疏化方案对分析预报质量的影响。试验结果表明:选取合适的稀疏参数,新稀疏化方案的GPS掩星反演资料对背景场的调整更加有效,分析场质量更高;位势高度、比湿、温度和风场等预报场的均方根误差均更小;适应性稀疏化方案对改善台风路径预报具有积极作用。批量试验则进一步证实了适应性稀疏化方案对分析场质量有明显的改善作用。     

AMDAR资料在机场天气预报中的应用

介绍了我国航空器空中报告（AMDAR）的下传及应用情况，包括AMDAR的数据特点、资料的实时分析及应用。重点介绍了AMDAR资料在机场临近预报中的应用，包括在风场分析、颠簸的诊断及警报以及在天气分析中的应用。     

Assimilation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">HY-2A</Emphasis> scatterometer ambiguous winds based on feature thinning

This paper focuses on the data assimilation methods for sea surface winds, based on the level-2B HY-2A satellite microwave scatterometer wind products. We propose a new feature thinning method, which is herein used to screen scatterometer winds while maintaining the key structure of the wind field in the process of data thinning for highresolution satellite observations. We also accomplish feeding the ambiguous wind solutions directly into the data assimilation system, thus making better use of the retrieved information while simplifying the assimilation process of the scatterometer products. A numerical simulation experiment involving Typhoon Danas shows that our method gives better results than the traditional approach. This method may be a valuable alternative for operational satellite data assimilation.     

Assimilation of HY-2A Scatterometer Ambiguous Winds Based on Feature Thinning

This paper focuses on the data assimilation methods for sea surface winds, based on the level-2B HY-2A satellite microwave scatterometer wind products. We propose a new feature thinning method, which is herein used to screen scatterometer winds while maintaining the key structure of the wind field in the process of data thinning for highresolution satellite observations. We also accomplish feeding the ambiguous wind solutions directly into the data assimilation system, thus making better use of the retrieved information while simplifying the assimilation process of the scatterometer products. A numerical simulation experiment involving Typhoon Danas shows that our method gives better results than the traditional approach. This method may be a valuable alternative for operational satellite data assimilation.     

南极探空与两套再分析资料的对比分析

基于南极18个站点探空气象观测数据对欧洲中期天气预报中心的再分析数据(ERA-Interim)和美国国家环境预报中心的再分析数据(NECP)在南极地区高层大气的适用性进行验证。结果表明:在南极上空,随着高度抬升,探空气象观测数据与两套再分析数据中四个气象要素的差值均逐渐变大,再分析数据数值愈加偏离实际观测数值。两套再分析数据的位势高度和温度与探空观测数据偏差较小;风向则和探空观测数据相差甚远;两套再分析数据的风速与探空观测数据在300 hPa偏差较大。在季节变化中,南极的春季,再分析数据中的位势高度和温度与探空观测数据相差较大,在其他季节相差相对较小。再分析数据中的风速与探空观测数据在南极的夏季相差较小。再分析数据中的风向与探空观测数据存在较大偏差,且差值没有明显的季节变化。尽管两套再分析数据都存在很大偏差,但ERA-Interim数据整体上优于NCEP数据。对比分析也表明,采用这些再分析资料作为初始条件和边界条件驱动南极区域大气模式将带来较大的误差。未来需要加强南极探空观测,改进再分析资料同化和数值模拟系统。     

高分辨地形对华南区域GRAPES模式地面要素预报影响的研究

华南区域GRAPES模式动力框架的更新使得高分辨地形数据能够进入模式。引入SRTM数据实现静态数据更新,结合模式内置数据,进行了批量模拟试验;通过站点检验方式,对批量试验结果进行对比,得出以下结论:对比业务使用的Topo10 m地形、Topo30 s地形、SRTM地形和基于SRTM多种插值方案得到的地形,海拔偏差的空间分布和分位数统计都有明显的改善,复杂地形区域的改善效果更显著。通过地面要素平均绝对误差(MAE)箱须图统计和模式西部站点绝对误差(AE)时间序列图对比分析,发现高分辨地形试验的2 m气温和10 m风速MAE和AE有大幅度的改善。高分辨地形对模式静态数据的改善是2 m气温和10 m风速MAE下降的主要原因,地形复杂区域对MAE改善的贡献高于模式其他区域。高分辨地形进入模式后会引起动力过程计算的虚假扰动,适当的滤波平滑能够抑制扰动,从而进一步提高预报精度。      

强风事件识别及预报订正方法研究

以如东海上风电场升压站激光雷达测风资料为基础,提出了一种强风事件识别方法,设计并比较了三种预报强风事件识别方案。基于决策树和一元线性回归方法,分别开展了针对强风事件的订正方法研究。结果发现:三种预报强风事件识别方案中,等分位阈值方案明显更优,事件命中率达到76.1%,匹配时长命中率达到87.6%;采用消偏阈值方案和等分位阈值方案预报的强风事件时长会更接近观测强风事件时长;等分位阈值方案识别的事件基本可以覆盖到各次观测强风事件的全程;两个订正模型相对于模式预报都有一定提升与改进,其中决策树比一元线性回归模型更优,其平均绝对误差、相对误差和均方根误差明显更小。     

基于R语言的NetCDF文件分析和可视化应用

气象领域目前有多种广泛应用的气象数据分析和可视化工具集,包括GrADS、NCL、CDO和IDL等。R语言是一种由统计学家开发的统计计算和绘图的语言和环境,具有大数据处理的能力。R语言数量众多的扩展包为R语言用于海量气象数据分析和可视化提供了强有力的支持。基于R语言对NCEP发布的数据集进行了统计分析和可视化,展示了R语言在气象数据处理和可视化方面的应用。结合R语言提供的贝叶斯统计扩展包和高性能并行计算扩展包探讨了R语言在气象数据处理和可视化应用方面的广泛前景。     

Estimating the Correlated Observation-Error Characteristics of the Chinese FengYun Microwave Temperature Sounder and Microwave Humidity Sounder

In operational data assimilation systems, observation-error covariance matrices are commonly assumed to be diagonal.However, inter-channel and spatial observation-error correlations are inevitable for satellite radiances. The observation errors of the Microwave Temperature Sounder(MWTS) and Microwave Humidity Sounder(MWHS) onboard the FengYun-3A(FY-3A) and FY-3B satellites are empirically assigned and considered to be uncorrelated when they are assimilated into the WRF model's Community Variational Data Assimilation System(WRFDA). To assimilate MWTS and MWHS measurements optimally, a good characterization of their observation errors is necessary. In this study, background and analysis residuals were used to diagnose the correlated observation-error characteristics of the MWTS and MWHS. It was found that the error standard deviations of the MWTS and MWHS were less than the values used in the WRFDA. MWTS had small inter-channel errors, while MWHS had significant inter-channel errors. The horizontal correlation length scales of MWTS and MWHS were about 120 and 60 km, respectively. A comparison between the diagnosis for instruments onboard the two satellites showed that the observation-error characteristics of the MWTS or MWHS were different when they were onboard different satellites. In addition, it was found that the error statistics were dependent on latitude and scan positions.The forecast experiments showed that using a modified thinning scheme based on diagnosed statistics can improve forecast accuracy.     

面向带电作业的手臂末端输出力评估方法

为了解决带电作业时手臂末端输出力的准确控制,提出一种基于表面肌电信号（sEMG信号）和支持向量机回归（SVR）实现对手臂末端施力的评估方法.通过手握机械手臂末端的手柄,做往复推拉运动,记录此时手柄处的力传感器的数据F,同时利用3组肌电信号传感器同步采集手臂的肌电信号.将肌电信号提取特征后,与力F组合成样本集合S,在样本集合中随机抽取50%的样本数据作为训练集,分别训练BP神经网络、GRNN神经网络以及SVR神经网络.最后用训练好的神经网络对整个样本集中的力F进行预测,并用均方根误差和相关系数评估模型的预测效果.结果显示,SVR神经网络的预测效果较好,其均方根误差为3.074 0,相关系数为0.951 7.     

昭通市一次大范围暖区暴雨天气过程分析

利用NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析资料、昭通多普勒雷达资料 、自动站实时观测资料等,分析云南省昭通市夏季的一次伴有大范围短时强降水的暖区暴雨过程。结果表明：这是一次发生在有利的天气尺度背景下,由持续存在的地面辐合线触发抬升产生的暖区对流性降雨过程;这次过程的水汽来源于孟加拉湾、南海和西太平洋,同时700hPa水汽输送与降水的落区和量级密切相关,水汽输送越好,降雨量级越大;长期维持的上干冷下暖湿的不稳定层结,配合有利的水汽条件和适当的物理量场导致了此次连续性强对流天气的发生;垂直上升速度的大值区和降雨量级的大值区并不是一一对应关系,可以用来表征降雨的状态,但是不能用来定量表征降雨量级;持续存在的“逆风区”有利于连续性的短时强降水的发生;昭通市低层偏东风辐合导致的暖区对流性降水过程中,地形的辐合抬升起到了重要的作用。     

南海周边海域越洋航线晴空颠簸的数值预报研究

采用WRF v3模式, 利用AMDAR资料与NCEP再分析资料, 对2007年发生于南海周边海域的高空越洋航线上, 110个中度以上晴空颠簸事例与196个无颠簸事例进行数值模拟。选取布朗指数、水平风切变指数等6个晴空颠簸诊断指数, 通过计算各指数的有颠簸诊断准确率、无颠簸诊断准确率、TS评分、ETS评分等指标, 研究指数及其阈值的适用性。研究表明:(1)布朗指数是诊断南海周边海域越洋航线上的晴空颠簸的最佳指数, 并在取"3.2×10^-5"为阈值时诊断效果最佳。(2)南海周边海域的越洋航线上的晴空颠簸对于诊断指数阈值的选取十分敏感, 在晴空颠簸的数值预报中, 在合理选择指数的基础之上, 应当认真研究设定指数的阈值。     

EnKF协方差膨胀算法对雷达资料同化的影响研究

基于集合卡尔曼滤波(EnKF)方法同化模拟雷达径向风和回波,引入具有时空自适应理论优势的贝叶斯膨胀算法,通过与常数膨胀算法的对比,分析了两种协方差膨胀算法对EnKF同化效果的影响。结果表明:在对流区域的北侧,由贝叶斯膨胀算法分析得到的回波在水平和垂直结构上均增强;在对流区域,由贝叶斯膨胀算法分析得到的各变量的集合离散度增大,均方根误差减小,水平和垂直速度增大,冷池强度减弱;模拟还发现贝叶斯膨胀算法提高了强对流系统的模拟效果,回波强度增强,阵风锋区内水平和垂直风速增大。这表明贝叶斯膨胀算法有效地改进了基于常数膨胀算法的EnKF同化雷达资料的效果。     

Evaluation of a micro-scale wind model’s performance over realistic building clusters using wind tunnel experiments

The simulation performance over complex building clusters of a wind simulation model(Wind Information Field Fast Analysis model, WIFFA) in a micro-scale air pollutant dispersion model system(Urban Microscale Air Pollution dispersion Simulation model, UMAPS) is evaluated using various wind tunnel experimental data including the CEDVAL(Compilation of Experimental Data for Validation of Micro-Scale Dispersion Models) wind tunnel experiment data and the NJU-FZ experiment data(Nanjing University-Fang Zhuang neighborhood wind tunnel experiment data). The results show that the wind model can reproduce the vortexes triggered by urban buildings well, and the flow patterns in urban street canyons and building clusters can also be represented. Due to the complex shapes of buildings and their distributions, the simulation deviations/discrepancies from the measurements are usually caused by the simplification of the building shapes and the determination of the key zone sizes. The computational efficiencies of different cases are also discussed in this paper. The model has a high computational efficiency compared to traditional numerical models that solve the Navier–Stokes equations, and can produce very high-resolution(1–5 m) wind fields of a complex neighborhood scale urban building canopy(～ 1 km ×1km) in less than 3 min when run on a personal computer.