云南高原山地机场强对流短临预报系统研究

基于天气雷达、地面和探空观测资料、NCEP再分析资料、FNL 数值预报产品,应用强对流天气分类识别技术和短时临近预报技术,开展风暴临近预报、强对流天气分类预警、基于数值预报的强风暴潜势诊断等研究,获得大理、丽江、西双版纳等高原山地机场及周边区域强降水、雷暴、大风、冰雹等灾害性天气的0～2h实时定量预报产品和0～12h强对流天气潜势预报产品,建立可业务运行的机场强对流天气短时临近预报系统。通过检验,证明该预报系统有较好的强对流天气预报预警能力,满足机场业务需求。     

用中尺度非静力模式制作北京气温和风预报

利用国家气象中心与北京市气象局联合开发的“北京地区中尺度数值天气预报业务系统”针对业务预报需要,开发了２米温度、１０米风的要素预报。通过近一年的预报效果检验表明,该系统不仅对一般性天气有比较好的预报效果,同时也可以预报出转折性的大风、升（降）温等天气过程。与ＮＣＥＰ的ｅｔａ模式相比,该系统的温度预报误差与之基本相当,而风速预报误差略小于ｅｔａ模式。     

国家气象中心台风、暴雨预报服务系统的设计和研究

国家气象中心台风、暴雨预报服务系统是以国家气象中心的现代化气象业务环境为依托，系统地集成了国家气象中心和气象业务与科研单位近年来研究开始的台风、暴雨预报成果建立的实时预报服务系统。该系统目前已初具规模，1995年投入业务应用（部分投入业务试用）。文中简要介绍了该系统的设计目标、结构、功能，以及在业务中应用和试用概况。     

中尺度天气的高空地面综合图分析

中尺度强天气的预报能力非常有限,一个重要原因是在业务预报中,缺乏对中尺度对流天气发生的环境场条件和发生发展特征进行及时有效的分析。本文介绍了国家气象中心正在试行的中尺度天气的天气图分析方法。中尺度天气的天气图分析主要利用探空资料和数值预报相关参量资料,分析中尺度对流天气发生发展的环境场条件,包括高空综合图分析和地面分析。在高空分析中重视风、温度、湿度、变温、变高的分析,并通过将不同等压面上最能反映水汽、抬升、不稳定和垂直风切变状况的特征系统和特征线绘制在一张图上形成综合图,以更直观的方式反映产生中尺度深厚对流系统发生发展潜势的高低空配置环境场条件。地面分析包括气压、风、温度、湿度、对流天气现象和各类边界线(锋)的分析。国家气象中心的强对流天气预报业务试验表明,中尺度天气的天气图分析已经成为强对流天气潜势预报的重要依据。     

CAPPS在国家气象中心多城市污染指数数值预报业务系统中的应用

国家气象中心在中国气象科学研究院CAPPS系统的基础上,建立了多城市污染指数数值预报业务系统,同时预报47个重点城市的SO2、NO2和PM10的日均污染指数.从2001年6月21日至7月17日的试验预报表明,总体预报准确率和与监测值的相关都在60%以上,与各城市气象局、环境保护局联合发布的综合预报准确率和与监测值的相关比较接近.说明CAPPS用于国家气象中心多城市污染指数数值预报业务系统,能够为城市空气质量业务预报提供有参考价值的数值预报产品.     

用中尺度数值模式诊断强风暴潜势研究

利用中尺度数值预报模式,计算、输出若干与强风暴发生发展有密切关系的常规物理量和对流参数,研究应用模糊逻辑学技术的强天气潜势诊断的方法,开发出雷暴、冰雹、雷雨大风3类对流性天气落区的潜势预报产品,并进行了初步的业务试验.结果表明,融合多个中尺度数值预报模式输出的对流参数和物理量的方法能够较好地诊断强对流天气,对业务应用有一定参考价值.     

常规天气要素短期分县指导预报业务系统研究

以国家气象中心T106和HLAFS数值预报模式以及欧洲中心数值预报模式为基本资料,采用MOS、KF（卡尔曼滤波法）、灰色预测GM（0,M）模型、相关相似以及滤波集成和全集成等方法,制作天空状况、降水量、最高、最低气温,降水概率、风向、风速、最大、最小相对湿度等常规九要素短期预报,并建立了“常规天气要素短期分县指导预报业务系统”。该系统1999年6月1日在山西省气象台正式投入业务运行,其预报产品上网对下指导取得了良好的预报效果。在1999年在山西主汛期常规天气要素和重大天气预报过程中发挥了重要的作用。     

长江中游临近预报业务系统 (MYNOS) 及其应用

针对长江中游强风暴天气特点和现代预报业务需求,在借鉴世界临近预报系统, 特别是美国的Auto-Nowcaster和WDSS-II以及英国的GANDOLF等先进经验的基础上,以我国多普勒天气雷达网为重要技术手段,结合数值预报等信息资源,于2007年研究建成长江中游临近预报业务系统 (MYNOS)。MYNOS主要技术方法包括:雷达与雨量计实时同步积分结合的降水估算方法 (RASIM),雷达反演参量与中尺度模式输出物理量相结合的强风暴性质自动识别和追踪技术,基于暴雨回波生命史特性约束下的多尺度合成降水量临近预报,基于数值预报模式和模糊逻辑学的强对流天气分类落区潜势预报,集GIS功能并整合各种定量监测与预警产品于一体的短时预报工作站。MYNOS已成为短时临近预报业务的支撑平台,其中实时生成的流域定量降水估算与临近预报、强对流天气分类潜势诊断与识别预警产品等成为日常预报业务的重要参考依据。     

利用物理量场做冰雹潜势预报

利用黑龙江省2000～2003年发生冰雹的测站≥3站的个例资料共35d进行了分析,找出发生冰雹天气的物理量预报指标,根据每日的实况物理量场做冰雹潜势预报,并结合实际业务工作需求,研发冰雹潜势预报系统,为制作冰雹潜势预报提供一种可行方法。     

1994年国家气象中心台风预警评述

通过国家气象中心１９９４年热带风暴的预报服务业务中，有关热带气旋监测、预报信息的使用和预警服务的发布状况，反映我国在热带气旋及有关的灾害性天气预警服务的业条技术水平。同时，对所涉及的有关问题进行了讨论。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on