阿勒泰地区强降雪灾害风险研究

强降雪是阿勒泰地区常见的灾害性天气之一。基于1961—2013年11月至次年3月该地区7个气象观测站逐日降雪量和积雪深度资料,定义了强降雪特征量,运用信息扩散理论等方法研究了该地区强降雪特征量的异常特征及风险区划。结果表明,阿勒泰地区2009年冬季雪灾为全区型、2010年为西部型异常雪灾年。强降雪频次异常偏高年,福海和青河出现1a、其它各县市出现了2~3 a;强降雪量异常偏多年,地区北部和东部各县市出现1a,西部和南部各县出现2 a。阿勒泰地区各县市强降雪风险分析结果表明,地区强降雪高风险区在阿勒泰市以及富蕴县,青河县为中风险区,哈巴河县、吉木乃县为低风险区,布尔津县和福海县为极端低风险区。     

1961-2021年青藏高原前后冬强降雪特征分析

研究青藏高原冬季强降雪的气候特征对高原冬季降水预测及雪灾防御有重要意义。基于1961-2021年冬季（11月至次年2月）青藏高原99个地面气象观测站的逐日降雪资料,采用线性倾向估计、相关性分析、集合经验模态分解等方法,揭示青藏高原前、后冬强降雪时空分布特征,对比分析前、后冬强降雪量和强降雪日数差异性,探讨不同海盆海表温度、北极涛动与前、后冬强降雪量和强降雪日数的关系。结果表明：近61 a来,青藏高原前冬初期最易出现较大量级降雪过程,而后冬降雪过程多且持续时间长;前冬高原强降雪量、强降雪日数总体呈“少—多—少—多”变化特征,后冬强降雪量和强降雪日数均呈显著增加趋势;前冬强降雪量和强降雪日数的贡献率明显大于后冬;前、后冬高原中东部主体为强降雪高值区,前冬东北侧强降雪量也较大。热带印度洋、北大西洋、太平洋海表温度异常是影响青藏高原冬季强降雪的重要因子,前冬强降雪量与热带中东太平洋、热带印度洋西部海表温度呈显著正相关,后冬强降雪量与热带印度洋、西北太平洋、北大西洋海表温度的正相关最显著;自20世纪90年代中期开始印度洋偶极子与前冬强降雪量由弱正相关转为显著正相关并维持至今,北极涛动异常对后冬强...     

三江源地区降雪量演变特征及其对径流的影响

利用1961-2019年三江源地区19个气象台站逐日气温、降水量等气象观测数据,分析了三江源地区降雪量、降雪日数和雪雨比的时空演变特征及其对径流量的影响。结果表明：（1）1961-2019年三江源地区平均降雪量为146.5 mm,降雪量以14.8 mm·（10a）^-1的速率在减少,1985-1999年为降雪量偏多期,2000年以来为降雪量偏少期;（2）三江源地区年平均雪雨比以4.0%·（10a）-1的速率在减少,长江源区西部及黄河源区西部是雪雨比减少最为明显的区域,其余地区减少速率相对缓慢;（3）三江源地区年平均降雪日数为91天,曲麻莱、五道梁、沱沱河一带以及黄河源区中西部是降雪日数的大值区,降雪日数以14 d·（10a）^-1的速率在减少,黄河源区西部是降雪日数减少最为明显的区域;（4）三江源地区各月降雪量及降雪日数均呈双峰型分布,降雪量和降雪日数最多出现在5月,小雪易出现在3月或4月,中雪和大雪以上量级在秋末、春季出现的概率最高;（5）随着海拔的抬升,降雪量和降雪日数增加,随经度的增加而减少;冷季降雪量多的年份,径流量也随之增大,且径流量相...     

阿勒泰地区冬季降雪的集中度和集中期变化特征

利用1961~2010年阿勒泰地区冬季台站降水资料,计算并分析了阿勒泰地区降雪集中度和集中期的时空变化特征。结果表明:降雪集中度(PCD)和集中期(PCP)能够定量表征降雪量在时空场上的非均一性。阿勒泰地区降雪平均集中度为0.27,平均集中期为第7.8候(12月上旬)。平均集中度和集中期空间分布不均匀,东部的降雪集中度和集中期较西部大。Morlet小波分析表明,阿勒泰地区降雪集中度和集中期存在各自的年际尺度周期变化。通过降雪量与集中度和集中期的合成分析表明,多雪年集中度较少雪年偏小,集中期较少雪年偏早。     

黑龙江省一次暴雪过程分析

正1天气实况2016年11月13-14日黑龙江省发生一次暴雪天气过程,过程系统移动速度快,降雪强度大,最大降雪量出现在龙江,降雪量为18.0 mm。过程出现东西两个降雪中心,西部中心位于齐齐哈尔附近,东部地区降雪中心位于鹤岗附近, 6 h最大降雪量西部出现在龙江(14 mm),东部出现在鹤岗(7.6 mm)。2形势分析2016年11月13日08时-14日08时,500 hPa     

青海南部地区初冬雪灾变化及环流特征

利用青海南部地区1961~2004年气温、降水、积雪等资料,分析了初冬雪灾变化及环流特征。结果表明:青海南部地区初冬降雪量呈缓慢减少的变化趋势,平均积雪量变化与年及其它季相比,呈微弱的减少趋势,平均积雪量与气温呈反相关,而与降雪量呈正相关;影响青海南部地区初冬降雪的主要天气系统是西风带南北槽结合类、移动性高原槽类、高原低涡类、高原切变类、孟加拉湾风暴类;典型多雪(少雪)年高原及南亚与中亚地区850 hPa温度距平场配置为“南正北负”(“南负北正”)型5、00 hPa高原与东部沿海地区距平分布为“西低东高”(“西高东低”)型。     

我国强降雪气候特征及其变化

基于全国气象台站逐日地面降雪观测数据,对我国25°N以北不同气候区强降雪事件的地理分布和年内旬、月变化等气候特征进行分析,并探讨1961—2008年其时间序列演变特征,及1961—2008年和1981—2008年 (气候变暖后) 气候变化趋势。结果表明:强降雪量和强降雪日数在青藏高原东部、新疆和东北北部最多;强降雪强度高值中心出现在云南。东北北部、华北、西北、青藏高原东部强降雪事件多发生于初冬和初春,年内分布呈双峰型;新疆和黄淮地区年内分布呈单峰型,前者多发生在隆冬时节,后者多发生于晚冬;1961—2008年东北北部、新疆、青藏高原东部平均强降雪量和强降雪日数呈明显增加趋势;气候变暖后我国大部年强降雪量增多,强降雪日数增加,强降雪强度增强。     

青海南部冬季积雪和雪灾变化的特征

利用1961-2005年青海南部牧区气象台站观测的气温、降水、积雪资料,用气候诊断方法分析了该地区积雪等气候要素的年代际演变特征以及雪灾变化的成因。结果表明：20世纪60-90年代冬季青海南部牧区中雪和大雪出现的站次以及雪灾出现的站次有逐步增多的趋势,降雪量和地表平均积雪量每10 a分别增加1. 253 mm和8.246 cm,单站积雪量在海拔4100 m左右的高度上增加比较明显,其变化是由气候的年代际波动引起的。     

基于GIS的雪灾风险区划

依据巴彦淖尔地区冬春季节降水少、年变率大的气候特点和易形成雪灾的量级指标进行雪灾风险区划。选取1971—2010年11月到次年3月,日降雪量大于等于3mm,并出现积雪和结冰现象为研究对象,分析了降雪量大于等于3mm的降雪日数和积雪深度大于等于5cm的积雪日数年代际变化,结合民政部门历史灾情记载、实地调查、农牧业现状以及各种基础资料数据与GIS技术,从致灾因子、脆弱性评估分析方面,在NOAA卫星遥感雪覆盖监测图像上,利用加权综合与层次分析法,构建雪灾判别模型,得出巴彦淖尔地区雪灾风险区划:雪灾最严重的地区为五原县大部、乌前旗南部和东北部部分区域、乌中旗东南和西南两区域、乌后旗的海力素附近大片区域。     

2009年冬季新疆阿勒泰地区大到暴雪天气成因分析

2009年冬季(2009年11月至2010年3月),新疆阿勒泰地区降雪异常偏多,最大积雪深度和降水量均突破历史同期极值,大到暴雪以上量级在阿勒泰地区北部、东部反复出现,由此引发了该地区的特大雪灾。本文利用阿勒泰地区7个测站的观测资料分析确定了降水的主要时段和大到暴雪出现的时间,并利用常规天气图分析探讨2009年冬季大到暴雪出现的天气成因分析。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.