SRES B2情景下中国区域最高、最低气温及日较差变化分布特征初步分析

本文利用Hadley气候预测与研究中心的区域气候模式系统PRECIS进行中国区域气候基准时段(1961～1990年)和SRES B2情景下2071～2100年(2080s)最高、最低气温及日较差变化响应的分析.气候基准时段的模拟结果与观测资料的对比分析表明：PRECIS具有对中国区域最高、最低气温及日较差的模拟能力，能够模拟出中国区域最高、最低气温及日较差的局地分布特征.对SRES B2情景下相对于气候基准时段的最高、最低气温及日较差变化响应分析表明：中国区域2080s时段年、冬季和夏季平均最高、最低气温变化均呈一致增加的趋势，北方地区增温幅度普遍大于南方地区.夏季东北地区极端高温事件发生的频率将会增加，而冬季华北地区极端冷害事件发生频率将会减少.未来中国区域年平均日较差将出现北方地区减小而南方地区增加的趋势.冬季长江中下游以南地区日较差呈增加趋势，而夏季华东地区、西北地区及内蒙古中部日较差将呈减小趋势，其中在青藏高原北部地区存在一个较强的低值中心.     

平原河网地区人类活动对降雨-水位关系的影响——以太湖流域杭嘉湖地区为例

太湖流域快速城镇化、水利工程等一系列人类活动对流域水文过程产生了深刻影响.本文以快速城镇化的杭嘉湖地区为例,基于1961-2014年逐日降雨、水位观测资料,构建了水位涨幅（ΔZ）、水位增长速率（k₁）和退水速率（k₂）等指标,旨在揭示变化环境下该地区降雨过程中水位的变化特征及可能的驱动因素.结果表明：1）变化环境下杭嘉湖地区近54年降雨量呈微弱的增加趋势,但降雨过程中的水位涨幅呈下降趋势,尤其是平均水位涨幅呈显著下降趋势,且于2000年左右发生明显变化;突变后水位涨幅下降主要集中在10~50 mm/d的降雨过程中,而大于50 mm/d的降雨过程中突变后水位涨幅较突变前有所升高.2）从空间分布上来看,各站降雨量与水位涨幅存在明显的空间差异,降雨量总体呈增加趋势,增加趋势东强西弱;大部分站点的水位涨幅却呈下降趋势,其中位于区域南部站点的平均水位涨幅下降趋势较东北部更为明显,水位涨幅呈显著下降站点的空间分布与杭嘉湖南排工程等水利工程的分布较为一致.3）通过对杭嘉湖地区降雨过程中水位增长速率和退水速率的变化分析发现,突变后较突变前退水速率有所提高,说明近年来水利工程等设施的完善和有序调度使得杭嘉湖地区的排洪能力有所提高,该变化可能是导致杭嘉湖地区地区突变后一定强度的降雨过程中水位涨幅下降的主要原因.而杭嘉湖地区强降雨过程中水位涨幅依然较高,可能是该地区洪峰水位居高不下的主要原因.此外,由于该地区近年来起涨水位抬升明显,对洪峰水位的抬升也有一定影响.     

基于CMIP5多模式评估人为和自然因素外强迫在中国区域气候变化中的相对贡献

基于观测资料和CMIP5多模式的历史试验(考虑所有驱动因子)以及单因子强迫气候归因试验结果,估算了温室气体、气溶胶、土地利用及自然因素等外强迫在中国区域气候变化中的相对贡献.结果表明,人为和自然外强迫的共同作用可解释近30年观测气温变化的95%~99%,其中温室气体引起的温度变化是观测增温的2~3倍,而气溶胶起到了显著的冷却降温作用;人为和自然因素外强迫对近几十年观测降水的变化的可能贡献约为65%~78%,其中,气溶胶和温室气体是中国区域降水的主要外强迫因子,尤其气溶胶主导着中国东部降水变化的分布型,而自然因素外强迫的贡献主要体现在干旱半干旱区.人类活动主导了近60年来中国区域气温的长期非线性趋势,特别是从20世纪60年代开始温室气体的影响强度逐渐增大,是中国区域气候变暖最主要的贡献者;不同外强迫因子对中国区域降水长期非线性趋势的影响具有明显的区域差异,温室气体是20世纪70年代以后干旱半干旱区降水逐渐增加的主要贡献者,而气溶胶的主要影响使湿润半湿润区降水有较为明显下降趋势,土地利用和自然因素外强迫也会造成降水呈减少的趋势.通过最优指纹法(Optimal Fingerprinting)的检测可知,人类活动能够很好地解释近60年来中国区域特别是湿润半湿润区观测气温的变化,其中温室气体的单独作用能够清晰地从观测结果中检测出来;由于多模式结果的不确定性,观测降水变化的归因目前还无法通过残余一致性检测.需要指出的是,尽管本文的研究结果还存在着一定的不确定性,但仍可为中国区域气候变化成因研究及其预测提供科学依据.     

中国区域陆表热力作用时空分布及异常变化区域的成因

基于互补相关理论,通过20cm蒸发皿气象观测数据分析了中国区域1980～2000年地表热力时空变化和分布．结果显示：四川盆地为中心的长江中上游流域和黑龙江北部地区热力作用显著异常增强;新疆和云南部分区域热力作用显著减少．上述区域内低云覆盖率也同步发生显著的异常变化．通过西太平洋副热带高压波动数据和热带风暴频率资料证实,天气系统是造成地表热力异常分布的主要原因,并合理地解释了中国大部分区域年降水周期性和准周期性波动的成因．同时利用NOAA—AVHRR卫星遥感数据,分析了下垫面性质变化对地表热力异常分布的影响．在地表植被增加区域,地表热力作用下降;在地表植被减少强度最大的城市化周边地区,热力作用显著增强,而更大范围的热力增强却与天气系统引发的低云异常减少有关．     

1958—2017年太湖蒸发量年际变化趋势及主控因子

湖泊蒸发对气候变化非常敏感, 是水文循环响应气候变化的指示因子, 因此研究湖泊蒸发的控制因素, 对于理解区域水文循环有重要意义. 本文利用太湖中尺度涡度通量网避风港站观测数据校正JRA-55再分析资料, 驱动CLM4.0-LISSS模型, 并利用2012—2017年涡度相关通量数据和湖表面温度数据检验模型模拟蒸发结果, 验证了该模型在太湖的适用性; 估算了1958—2017年间太湖的湖面蒸发量, 并利用Manner-Kendall趋势检验分析了湖面蒸发的变化趋势, 寻找太湖实际蒸发的年际变化的主控因子. 结果如下: 校正后的JRA-55再分析资料模拟的太湖蒸发与观测值之间存在季节偏差, 但是季节偏差在年尺度上相互抵消, 再分析资料可用于年际尺度太湖蒸发变化的模拟; 1958—2017年间太湖蒸发量以1977年为界, 先下降(-3.6 mm/a), 后增加(2.3 mm/a); 多元逐步回归结果表明, 向下的短波辐射是太湖1958—2017年间太湖蒸发变化的主控因子, 向下的长波辐射、气温、比湿也对湖泊蒸发年际变化有一定影响, 但是风速对蒸发量的年际变化影响不大.     

区域土壤湿度模拟检验和趋势分析 -以陕西省为例

基于DEM数据和土壤分类、土壤属性、土地利用分类、植被属性和观测气象数据, 利用分布式水文模型SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool), 对陕西区域进行了土壤湿度模拟和检验. 模拟土壤湿度与实际观测土壤湿度的对比分析表明: SWAT较好的模拟了区域土壤湿度的变化特点及其长期趋势, 且对多气候类型及复杂地形区域的土壤含水量时空变化有较强的模拟能力; 表层土壤湿度在植被状况好的陕南地区和地形性降水明显的秦岭山地等区域量值较大, 而深层土壤湿度较大值出现在河流及平原地区; 1951~2004年土壤湿度变化总体上不同深度的土壤湿度均呈下降趋势, 深层下降趋势较表层表现更明显, 秦岭以北地区比以南地区表现更明显; 土壤干化趋势的强度深层大于表层, 秦岭以北地区大于以南地区, 土壤干化(土壤湿度减小的趋势)的范围深层亦大于表层, 且多分布于秦岭以北地区. 与NCEP和ERA40再分析土壤湿度数据对比分析表明, SWAT模拟的土壤湿度日变化、月和年平均值的变化趋势均优于NCEP和ERA40的土壤湿度变化趋势.     

区域土壤湿度模拟检验和趋势分析——以陕西省为例

基于DEM数据和土壤分类、土壤属性、土地利用分类、植被属性和观测气象数据,利用分布式水文模型SWAT(Soiland Water Assessment Tool),对陕西区域进行了土壤湿度模拟和检验.模拟土壤湿度与实际观测土壤湿度的对比分析表明:SWAT较好的模拟了区域土壤湿度的变化特点及其长期趋势,且对多气候类型及复杂地形区域的土壤含水量时空变化有较强的模拟能力;表层土壤湿度在植被状况好的陕南地区和地形性降水明显的秦岭山地等区域量值较大,而深层土壤湿度较大值出现在河流及平原地区;1951～2004年土壤湿度变化总体上不同深度的土壤湿度均呈下降趋势,深层下降趋势较表层表现更明显,秦岭以北地区比以南地区表现更明显;土壤干化趋势的强度深层大于表层,秦岭以北地区大于以南地区,土壤干化(土壤湿度减小的趋势)的范围深层亦大于表层,且多分布于秦岭以北地区.与NCEP和ERA40再分析土壤湿度数据对比分析表明,SWAT模拟的土壤湿度日变化、月和年平均值的变化趋势均优于NCEP和ERA40的土壤湿度变化趋势.     

我国各大流域复合高温干旱事件变化趋势与归因分析

受全球气候变化影响,复合高温干旱事件呈现增加趋势.通过构建表征复合高温干旱重现期变化的全微分方程,提出了一种复合高温干旱变化的归因方法,并利用1921～2020年月气温和月降水观测资料,分析中国夏季复合高温干旱事件时空分布特征及变化趋势,量化降水变化、气温变化和降水-气温相关关系变化这三种驱动因子在中国夏季复合高温干旱事件变化中的贡献.结果表明:近年来中国大部分地区夏季复合高温干旱事件呈现出明显的增加趋势,气温变化、降水变化、降水-气温相关关系变化对干旱高温复合事件变化的贡献依次递减.气温变化幅度最大、影响范围最广,在长江中上游地区以外的区域均导致复合事件增加,是最主要的驱动因子之一;降水变化是中国西部特别是新疆北部、青海和甘肃地区复合事件减少的重要原因;降水-气温关系则与其他驱动因子一起导致了在华南地区复合事件重现期的缩短和华东、西北部分地区复合事件重现期的增加.与此同时,降水和气温的均值趋势与离散程度的变化均可能导致复合高温干旱事件重现期的变化.     

20世纪前、中期中国农林土地利用变化及驱动因素分析

综合采集20世纪前、中期全国多种宝贵的土地利用数据, 特别是早期的一些土地利用资料, 利用聚类分析方法将中国大陆部分省区按土地利用变化差异分为7个区: 东北区、华北区、西北及黄土高原区、东南沿海区、西南区、青藏高原区和蒙新区, 分别对各区的农林土地利用, 即耕地、林地的时空变化进行了分析. 结果表明, 大部分地区耕地面积有较为明显的增加趋势, 20世纪50~60年代, 各区的耕地面积增加较多, 最大年增长率为2.63%, 区域差异较大; 20世纪前、中期林地面积以1949年为界, 此前总体下降、此后有一定的增加趋势. 有林地面积也呈现比较明显的区域差别, 70年代后期多数地区林地面积减小严重. 20世纪前、中期土地利用变化是自然和社会经济条件综合作用的结果, 但是人口增加、粮食生产、政府政策变更等社会经济因素的影响更大, 自然灾害也是土地利用变化的重要因素.     

GPS观测得到的中国大陆地壳垂直运动

利用中国地壳运动观测网络基准站的GPS连续观测及基本站非连续GPS观测结果，分析了基准站垂直位移的年周期变化特点，讨论了获得中国大陆垂直位移长趋势速率的条件，说明由基本站（连同基准站）多期GPS观测得到的长趋势垂直位移速率是较为可靠的。由于不少GPS观测站有幅度达数cm的年周期变化及大部分区域站观测次数少，由1999年、2001年两期区域站GPS观测难以得到可靠的长趋势垂直构造运动速率。基本站的观测结果表明中国大陆长趋势垂直构造运动主要特点是，速率较低，北升，南降，东强，西弱，西部相对东部略有下降。     

Characteristics of annual runoff variation in major rivers of China

The statistical properties of annual runoff in major rivers of China are studied based on the theory of stochastic process and technology of time series analysis. These properties include the characteristics of intra‐annual and inter‐annual variations of runoff, trends, abrupt changes and periodicities. The new findings from the intensive calculations and appropriate analysis of data in longer period are as follows: (i) compared with the nonuniformity of intra‐annual runoff before 1980, the nonuniformity of intra‐annual runoff in China generally decreased after 1980, except for Huaihe River and Songhua River; (ii) compared with the annual runoff before 1980, the annual runoff in China generally decreased after 1980 except for WangJiaba station in Huaihe River and Ha‐Erbin station in Songhua River; the frequency of continuous low flow and continuous high flow in Haihe River and the downstream of Yellow River is higher than those in other rivers in China; (iii) annual runoff shows a downward trend in major rivers of China especially in Haihe River, Liao River and the midstream and downstream of Yellow River; (iv) there exist certain abrupt changes of annual runoff in major rivers of China; the abrupt change‐points are different among different river basins; and (v) almost periodicities of annual runoff sequences in major rivers of China are generally 20 years below, that is, 3~7 and 12~20 years. The reasons for these changes are mainly caused by climate change and human activities. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

蒸发皿蒸发量的物理意义、近40年变化趋势的分析和数值试验研究

依据边界层梯度输送理论和能量守恒原理分析了蒸发皿蒸发量的物理意义，蒸发皿蒸发量是多环境因子共同非线性相互作用的结果，并利用我国有长期太阳辐射观测的62个常规气象站观测资料，通过蒸发皿蒸发量与环境气象因子的相关分析对其进行了验证. 分析了近40年蒸发皿蒸发量和环境气象因子的变化趋势，分析结果也表明只利用单个环境因子的变化来解释蒸发皿蒸发量的气候变化会产生偏颇，譬如将蒸发皿蒸发量的逐年减少归因于地表接收的太阳辐射减少的解释在中国东部比在中国西部较合理. 分析1983～2001年间国际卫星云气候计划观测的资料得出，我国大部分地区的总云量保持微小的减少趋势而总云水路径处于明显的增加趋势，这表明云变得更不透明了,它的物理属性发生了明显的变化;预示着大气可降水量有逐年增加的趋势, 地气系统变得更湿润. 结合水循环过程，利用大气环流模式用数值方法证明地气系统的水汽变化能引起陆地近地层大气相对湿度、地表接收的太阳总辐射和地表潜在蒸发量的明显变化.     

Spatial and temporal variability of precipitation maxima during 1960–2005 in the Yangtze River basin and possible association with large-scale circulation

This study investigated spatial and temporal patterns of trends of the precipitation maxima (defined as the annual/seasonal maximum precipitation) in the Yangtze River basin for 1960–2005 using Mann–Kendall trend test, and explored association of changing patterns of the precipitation maxima with large-scale circulation using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. The research results indicate changes of precipitation maxima from relative stable patterns to the significant increasing/decreasing trend in the middle 1970s. With respect to annual variability, the rainy days are decreasing and precipitation intensity is increasing, and significant increasing trend of precipitation intensity was detected in the middle and lower Yangtze River basin. Number of rain days with daily precipitation exceeding 95th and 99th percentiles and related precipitation intensities are in increasing tendency in summer. Large-scale atmospheric circulation analysis indicates decreasing strength of East Asian summer monsoon during 1975–2005 as compared to that during 1961–1974 and increasing geopotential height in the north China, South China Sea and west Pacific regions, all of which combine to negatively impact the northward propagation of the vapor flux. This circulation pattern will be beneficial for the longer stay of the Meiyu front in the Yangtze River basin, leading to more precipitation in the middle and lower Yangtze River basin in summer months. The significant increasing summer precipitation intensity and changing frequency in the rain/no-rain days in the middle and lower Yangtze River basin have potential to result in higher occurrence probability of flood and drought hazards in the region.     

1990s长江下游干流径流量演变趋势

利用M-K相关分析方法和大通站1950-2000年逐月径流资料,研究了长江下游干流径流的趋势变化.研究结果表明:1950s以来长江下游径流量呈增加趋势,1990s平均径流量(30415.3 m³/s)比所有其他年代平均径流都大,为近50a以来的最大值;就季节和月份而言,秋季径流明显减少;夏、冬两季径流量,增加的趋势明显,尤以冬季枯水季节径流增加最为突出.洪水、枯水季节径流增加明显,但以枯水季节径流增加占优势.冬季枯水径流的增加,可能在一定程度上能够缓解长江口生态环境的巨大压力.1990s径流量的增加与全球变暖、水循环加快、长江流域降水量增加密切相关.     

Responses of a coastal phytoplankton community to increased nutrient input from the Changjiang (Yangtze) River

Nutrient input from the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) has been increasing dramatically since the 1960s. At the mouth of the Changjiang River, the nitrate concentration has increased about three-fold in 40 years, from 20.5 μmol/L in the 1960s to 59.1 μmol/L in the 1980s and to 80.6 μmol/L in 1990–2004. Phosphate concentration increased by a factor of 30%, from 0.59 μmol/L in the 1980s to 0.77 μmol/L in 1990–2004. The increasing nitrate input has arisen mostly from the mid and lower reaches of the Changjiang River, where the river meets one of the most strongly developed agriculture areas in China. Responses of the coastal phytoplankton community to the increasing nutrient inputs are also seen in the available monitoring data. First, a trend of increasing phytoplankton standing stock from 1984 to 2002 appeared in the Changjiang River estuary and adjacent coastal waters, especially in late spring. Secondly, the proportion of diatoms in the whole phytoplankton community showed a decreasing trend from about 85% in 1984 to about 60% in 2000. Finally, red tides/harmful algal blooms increased dramatically in this area in terms of both number and scale. About 30–80 red tide events were recorded each year from 2000 to 2005 in the East China Sea. The scale of some blooms has been in excess of 10,000 km².     

基于地壳介质各向异性分析江苏及 邻区构造应力特征

江苏及邻区(116°E~123°E,30°N~36°N)跨中国大陆3个地质构造单元(华北地台、扬子地台、华南褶皱系),本文采用江苏区域数字地震台网(1999~2008年)共10年的观测资料,使用地壳介质剪切波分裂系统分析方法(SAM),获取研究区域内共11个台站的剪切波分裂参数.研究结果表明,江苏及邻区背景应力环境并非来自单一的某个一级构造单元,而是受到3个地质构造单元的共同约束.研究区域西南部的应力环境主要受到板桥-南渡断裂、茅山东侧断裂、幕府山-焦山断裂共同作用,具有局部构造应力特征.研究区域东南部应力环境空间分布特征以长江为界,长江以北地区主压应力场方向为NW方向,而长江以南地区的主压应力场方向为近E-W方向.据此推断,长江以南可能存在近E-W方向的活动构造,长江可能是两个具有不同应力特征活动构造的边界.     

Long‐term trend analysis for major climate variables in the Yellow River basin*

Some previous studies have shown that drying‐up of the lower Yellow River resulted from decreasing precipitation and excessive industrial and agricultural consumption of water from the middle and downstream regions of the Yellow River. On the basis of average air temperature, precipitation, and pan evaporation data from nearly 80 gauging stations in the Yellow River basin, the monotonic trends of major climate variables over the past several decades are analysed. The analysis was mainly made for 12 months and the annual means. The isograms for annual and typical months are given in the paper. The result shows that the average temperature in the study area exhibits an increasing trend, mainly because of the increase of temperature in December, January and February. The largest trend is shown in December and the smallest is in August. There are 65 of 77 stations exhibiting a downward trend for annual precipitation. In all seasons except summer, there is a similar trend in the upstream region of the Yellow River, south of latitude 35°N. It is interesting to note that the pan evaporation has decreased in most areas of the Yellow River basin during the past several decades. April and July showed the greatest magnitude of slope, and the area from Sanmenxia to Huayuankou as well as the Yiluo River basin exhibited the strongest declining trend. The conclusion is that the decreasing pan evaporation results from complex changes of air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, and wind speed, and both climate change and human activities have affected the flow regime of the Yellow River during the past several decades. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

1961-2003年间鄱阳湖流域气候变化趋势及突变分析

本文利用1961-2003年间鄱阳湖流域14个气象站的气温、降水量、蒸发量等观测数据和8个主要水文站的流量数据,研究该时段内鄱阳湖流域的气候变化趋势、突变及其空间分布的差异．研究表明,鄱阳潮流域气温和降水均在1990年发生突变,继而呈现显著的上升趋势;在季节变化上,冬季平均气温在1986年发生突变,增温显著;夏季降水量和夏季暴雨频率均在1992年发生突变增加,暴雨频率增加是夏季降水量增加的主要原因;蒸发皿蒸发量和参照蒸散量均呈现显著下降趋势,该变化在夏季尤为明显．上述变化趋势均以1990s最为显著,这与长江流域气候变化趋势基本一致．在空间分布上,饶河水系、信江水系和赣江下游等气候变化更为显著．笔者认为,鄱阳湖流域气候变化在长江流域中比较突出．该流域1990s暖湿气候在加强;气温的升高、降水量和暴雨频率的增加以及蒸发量的下降强化了五河流量的增加趋势,由此可大致判定鄱阳湖流域气候变化与洪涝灾害之间可能存在的关系,这可为理解气候变化在该流域的响应和预测该流域未来可能的洪涝灾害提供依据．     

ENSO和长江大水对天文因子的响应研究

ENSO（厄尔尼诺和南方涛动的总称）对世界尺度的天气气候有影响,本文用概率论统计检验方法,查明长江大水与ENSO以及ENSO与天文因子的相关关系,并系统分析了三者之间的相关关系。结果表明:ENSO事件对天文物理主周期和天文特征有明显的响应,长江大水年对太阳活动特征、节气日的月相年变化和ENSO也有显著的响应关系。这些关系对长江大水的准确预测有重要价值。文中对天文物理因子对ENSO和大水的影响机理进行了探讨。     

Estimation of future precipitation change in the Yangtze River basin by using statistical downscaling method

In this study, the applicability of the statistical downscaling model (SDSM) in downscaling precipitation in the Yangtze River basin, China was investigated. The investigation includes the calibration of the SDSM model by using large-scale atmospheric variables encompassing NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the validation of the model using independent period of the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and the general circulation model (GCM) outputs of scenarios A2 and B2 of the HadCM3 model, and the prediction of the future regional precipitation scenarios. Selected as climate variables for downscaling were measured daily precipitation data (1961–2000) from 136 weather stations in the Yangtze River basin. The results showed that: (1) there existed good relationship between the observed and simulated precipitation during the calibration period of 1961–1990 as well as the validation period of 1991–2000. And the results of simulated monthly and seasonal precipitation were better than that of daily. The average R ² values between the simulated and observed monthly and seasonal precipitation for the validation period were 0.78 and 0.91 respectively for the whole basin, which showed that the SDSM had a good applicability on simulating precipitation in the Yangtze River basin. (2) Under both scenarios A2 and B2, during the prediction period of 2010–2099, the change of annual mean precipitation in the Yangtze River basin would present a trend of deficit precipitation in 2020s; insignificant changes in the 2050s; and a surplus of precipitation in the 2080s as compared to the mean values of the base period. The annual mean precipitation would increase by about 15.29% under scenario A2 and increase by about 5.33% under scenario B2 in the 2080s. The winter and autumn might be the more distinct seasons with more predicted changes of precipitation than in other seasons. And (3) there would be distinctive spatial distribution differences for the change of annual mean precipitation in the river basin, but the most of Yangtze River basin would be dominated by the increasing trend.