三角网格有限元法波动模拟的数值频散及稳定性研究

三角网格有限元法能够准确模拟复杂构造和复杂介质条件下的地震波场,数值频散和稳定性条件是地震波数值模拟中参数选择的主要依据.基于均匀的线性三角网格单元,根据结构刚度矩阵的组装原理以及平面波理论,推导了集中质量矩阵下两种网格结构的声波频散函数以及稳定性条件,并对数值频散特性以及稳定性进行了详细研究:三角网格单元中波动的数值频散除了受到空间采样间隔、单元网格纵横比和波传播方向等常规因素的影响外,还受到网格布局的影响,过锐或过钝的三角单元会对波动数值频散产生不良的影响,不同类型的单元网格、单元纵横比对应着不同的稳定性条件,正三角单元中的波动具有较好的数值频散特性,其数值各向异性(频散随波传播方向的变化)效应最弱,稳定性条件也较为宽松.最后通过数值模拟直观地验证了以上分析结果,为有限元正演三角网格的剖分和参数的设置提供一定的理论依据.     

三角网格谱元法地震波场数值模拟

谱元法结合了有限元法的灵活性和谱方法的指数收敛性,高效且高精度,是近年来发展的一种重要的地震波场数值模拟方法.经典的谱元法采用四边形(六面体)网格,利用一维Gauss-Legendre-Lobatto(GLL)积分的张量积得到对角的质量矩阵,以大大提高计算效率,但是四边形(六面体)网格不能够灵活地刻画复杂的几何模型的弯曲界面.为此,在谱元法中引入三角形(四面体)网格到二维(三维)是十分必要的.不同于经典的谱元法,在非结构化网格中不能使用GLL积分的张量积,使得非结构化网格的谱元法的实现存在着诸多的困难.目前,比较流行的三角网格谱元法,通过使用KoornwinderDubiner(KD)正交多项式,并正交化这些KD多项式构建基函数,同时利用重合的插值节点和积分节点以获取对角的质量矩阵;它所使用的积分点为优化的点集——Fekete点,且这些积分点能与四边形网格完全耦合.相比于四边形,三角网格谱元法能显著提高复杂模型的描述能力,对起伏地表模型有很大优势.本文引入高效的最佳匹配层(PML)吸收边界条件,并通过数值试验将三角网格谱元法与经典的谱元法进行对比研究.相比于经典的谱元法,三角网格谱元法显著缺点为较低的计算精度.对于7阶谱元,为了能够精确地模拟面波,三角网格谱元法需要在每个最短的面波波长内至少有11个采样点,然而经典的谱元法仅需4个采样点,并且前者所需的内存量约为后者的5.5倍.     

任意各向异性介质三维非结构谱元法直流电阻率正演模拟研究

各向异性是地电异常解释中不可忽视的因素,广泛存在于裂隙或层理发育的地质环境中.本文针对任意各向异性条件下直流电阻率法三维正演问题进行研究,结合非结构谱元法建立模拟算法,充分利用谱方法的指数收敛性以及非结构有限元对地形和复杂异常体刻画能力,提高计算精度和效率.通过灵活的四面体网格剖分和高阶谱插值,实现了复杂介质任意各向异性模型电阻率响应的高精度数值模拟.我们首先通过层状各向异性模型验证本文非结构谱元法的计算精度,进而我们以半空间中立方体模型为例分析各向异性对电阻率响应的影响特征,并通过计算针对不同各向异性参数的视电阻率极性图,探究地下介质各向异性特征识别方法.最后,我们针对典型的山脊模型计算和分析存在地形效应条件下各向异性电流场分布及视电阻率特征.模型计算结果表明基于四面体网格的谱元法模拟带有复杂地形和异常体的任意各向异性模型具有很高的计算精度.本文的研究成果将在推进电阻率方法用于解决裂隙及层理等环境和工程地质问题中发挥积极作用.     

改进的高精度拟谱微分方法及其在三维非均匀介质地震传播研究中的应用

改进了用于模拟地震波场的傅里叶拟谱微分方法,改进后的方法精度是常规拟谱方法的4倍,称为改进的傅里叶拟谱方法.在较高数值精度的一阶应力-速度弹性波动方程的基础上,采用该方法和常规拟谱方法对Marmousi模型进行数值求解,结果表明,该方法的数值频散效应明显比常规拟谱方法弱.将该方法与有限元方法在各向异性介质中进行模拟比较,发现该方法的精度接近有限元方法,数值频散效应比有限元方法明显减小,而且可在较大空间网格间距下进行计算,从而提高计算效率.在3-D非均匀介质中的地震波传播数值模拟结果表明,该方法是一种研究复杂非均匀介质中地震波传播问题的高效方法.     

基于谱元法三维航空电磁电各向异性模拟及识别研究（英文）

航空电磁法具有高采样率探测特征,传统数值模拟方法为保证航电响应计算精度,特别是针对复杂地质体(如电各向异性),需要对模拟域进行精细剖分,导致计算工作量庞大。因此本文采用谱元法对航空电磁各向异性响应进行三维正演模拟,该方法结合谱方法和有限元法双重优势,它与谱方法类似采样高阶基函数代替有限元中的线性插值,同时具有有限元拟合边界的灵活性。因此该方法能改善离散网格内部的数值模拟精度,减弱数值模拟结果对网格的依赖性,实现航空电磁各向异性响应的高精度计算。首先,本文将旋转张量的各向异性电导率引入Maxwell方程,并给出GLL谱元基函数给出电场表示形式,采用伽辽金加权余量法形成基于谱元法大型线性方程组获得电磁响应,以VMD发射源为例进行航空电磁响应模拟。其次,本文采用粗物理网格四阶谱元法对任意各向异性半空间的航空电磁响应进行计算,通过与一维半解析解对比验证了该算法的高精度性。再次,本文采用不同物理网格和谱元阶数讨论不同各向异性条件下三维异常体的航空电磁响应,得出了不同各向异性异常体的电磁响应的收敛条件。最后,本文首次基于谱元算法,采用Hr/Hz方式给出了三维各向异性异常体,各向异性围岩以及围岩和异常体同时存在各向异性时航空电磁各向异性的识别方式,这航空电磁各向异性的三维反演和各向异性地质区域测量具有指导意义。     

基于Lamb问题的谱元法和有限元法模拟精度比较

在地震动数值模拟方法中,谱元法和有限元法是应用较广泛的两种方法。基于经典的Lamb问题模型,首先推导给出地表竖向位移的解析解答。然后分别利用常用的四阶谱元法和线性有限元法,模拟了地表脉冲力源作用下模型的位移响应。考虑有意义的最短波长内的采样点个数及单元高宽比的变化,对比了两种方法的模拟精度;结果表明:对于谱元法,观测点与波源之间需至少包含两个网格,在此条件下,最短波长内包含一个网格（最短波长内5个采样点）时,数值解与解析解的误差小于1%,已达很高的精度;对于有限元法,最短波长内需包含10个网格时才能达到这一精度。此外,在满足网格尺寸要求的前提下,单元水平向与垂直向尺寸的比值在1∶1到5∶1的范围内时,谱元法和有限元法的模拟精度均变化不大。因此,单位波长内采样点个数相同时,谱元法的模拟精度比有限元法高的多,同时,在一定范围内两种方法的模拟结果对于宽高比的变化不敏感。     

基于谱元法的频率域三维海洋可控源电磁正演模拟

高精度、快速有效的正演模拟算法是三维电磁正反演的前提.为了提高海洋电磁三维数值模拟的精度和效率,本文提出利用基于Gauss-Lobatto-Chebyshev（GLC）基函数的谱元法进行海洋可控源三维电磁正演模拟.谱元法结合有限元法和谱方法的优点.我们通过应用伽辽金加权残差法离散二次电场矢量亥姆赫兹方程,在单元内选择混合阶GLC多项式的张量积作为高阶矢量插值基函数,在求解大型稀疏线性方程组时利用直接求解器进行快速求解,从而实现了三维海洋可控源电磁快速高精度正演模拟.一维和三维模型正演结果验证了本文算法的有效性和准确性.典型模型的数值结果表明谱元法是一种有效的三维海洋可控源电磁正演数值方法,能在稀疏网格剖分情况下获得精确的海洋电磁正演模拟响应.     

横向各向同性介质中地震波场谱元法数值模拟

横向各向同性介质是地球内部广泛存在的一种各向异性介质,因此为了能够更好地认识地震波在这种介质中的传播特征,用数值方法进行地震波模拟显得十分必要.本文采用谱元法对横向同性介质中的地震波进行模拟,该方法基于弹性力学方程弱形式基础之上,具有有限元适应任意复杂介质模型的韧性和伪谱法的精度.文中阐述了基于Legendre多项式的谱元法的理论和推导过程,该方法可以形成全局对角质量矩阵,在时间域使用显式的差分算法,提高运算效率,最后通过横向各向同性介质的数值计算,模拟结果表明该方法是一种有效的数值模拟方法.     

稀疏存储的显式有限元三角网格地震波数值模拟及其PML吸收边界条件

有限元法是复杂介质地震模拟的有力工具,它能比较客观地反映地震波的传播,比较细致地再现地震图像.但是,为了获得较精确的结果,有限元法模拟地震波的传播需要的网格点数多,具有计算量大和消耗内存多的缺点.针对上述缺点,本文对刚度矩阵采用压缩存储行(CSR)格式,以减少计算量并节省内存;采用集中质量矩阵得到对角的质量矩阵以提高有限元法(显式有限元)的计算效率;时间离散采用保能量的Newmark算法以提高有限元法的计算精度;采用变分形式(弱形式)的PML吸收边界条件对人工截断边界进行处理.通过与高精度的数值方法--谱元法的数值试验的对比表明,上述方法的引入可使有限元法在计算精度和计算效率方面均可取得比较显著的改进.为了获得相当的计算精度,相比于7阶谱元法,显式有限元法需要更精细的网格.然而,显式有限元法的计算速度比前者快近2倍,而内存需求仅为谱元法的1/4~1/6.     

横向各向同性介质地震波场数值模拟研究

地震波场数值模拟是理解地震波在地下介质中的传播特点,帮助解释观测数据的有效手段,而提高计算精度和运算效率是所有波场数值模拟方法研究所追求的目标.有限差分技术是求解波动方程计算效率最高、应用最为广泛的方法之一.但传统的有限差分技术计算过程中的数值频散问题影响了该技术的计算精度与计算效率.本文通过交错网格高阶有限差分技术与通量校正传输方法（Flux|corrected transport method,FCT）相结合, 对横向各向同性介质（Transverse isotropic medium,TI）一阶速度|应力弹性波动方程组进行了数值求解研究.波场快照数值模拟结果表明,本文研究的数值模拟方法与波动方程二阶有限差分方法、交错网格四阶有限差分方法相比,在压制网格数值频散方面有明显的优势,计算精度提高,而且可以利用较大的空间步长,提高计算效率.     

修正辛格式有限元法的地震波场模拟

三角网格有限元法具有网格剖分的灵活性,能有效模拟地震波在复杂介质中的传播.但传统有限元法用于地震波场模拟时计算效率较低,消耗较大计算资源.本文采用改进的核矩阵存储(IKMS)策略以提高有限元法的计算效率,该方法不用组合总体刚度矩阵,且相比于常规有限元法节省成倍的内存.对于时间离散,将有限元离散后的地震波运动方程变换至Hamilton体系,在显式二阶辛Runge-Kutta-Nystr9m(RKN)格式的基础之上加入额外空间离散算子构造修正辛差分格式,通过Taylor展开式得到具有四阶时间精度时间格式,且辛系数全为正数.本文从理论上分析了时空改进方法相比传统辛-有限元方法在频散压制、稳定性提升等方面的优势.数值算例进一步证实本方法具有内存消耗少、稳定性强和数值频散弱等优点.     

面向目标自适应海洋可控源电磁三维矢量有限元正演

本文实现了一种面向目标自适应海洋可控源电磁三维矢量有限元方法.为满足三维复杂电性结构模拟的需求,网格剖分采用非结构化六面体.在组装刚度矩阵之后,形成的大型复数线性方程组分解为等价的实数形式,利用带预条件的广义最小残差法进行求解.在获得微分方程的解之后,为提高解的准确性,通过面向目标的自适应误差估计来指示网格细化,重点加密能使观测点数值模拟精度提高的网格.对于大规模三维数据,为了使模型空间的并行计算达到均衡负载的效果,我们使用METIS函数库来进行网格计算任务量的划分.最后,通过对比一维解析解与三维自适应矢量有限元计算结果,验证了程序的正确性;通过自适应过程中误差指示子的分布,验证了面向目标自适应的有效性;通过对三维复杂模型进行均衡负载下的并行计算,测试了程序的可扩展性.     

Simulating the hydraulic characteristics of the lower Yellow River by the finite‐volume technique

The finite‐volume technique is used to solve the two‐dimensional shallow‐water equations on unstructured mesh consisting of quadrilateral elements. In this paper the algorithm of the finite‐volume method is discussed in detail and particular attention is paid to accurately representing the complex irregular computational domain. The lower Yellow River reach from Huayuankou to Jiahetan is a typical meandering river. The generation of the computational mesh, which is used to simulate the flood, is affected by the distribution of water works in the river channel. The spatial information about the two Yellow River levee, the protecting dykes, and those roads that are obviously higher than the ground, need to be used to generate the computational mesh. As a result these dykes and roads locate the element interfaces of the computational mesh. In the model the finite‐volume method is used to solve the shallow‐wave equations, and the Osher scheme of the empirical function is used to calculate the flux through the interface between the neighbouring elements. The finite‐volume method has the advantage of using computational domain with complex geometry, and the Osher scheme is a method based on characteristic theory and is a monotone upwind numerical scheme with high resolution. The flood event with peak discharge of 15 300 m³/s, occurring in the period from 30 July to 10 August 1982, is simulated. The estimated result indicates that the simulation method is good for routing the flood in a region with complex geometry. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

模拟地震波传播的三维逐元并行谱元法

高效地震波场正演模拟对于复杂模型中地震波传播与成像研究至关重要.本文在谱元法原理框架内,对已有逐元谱元法改进,提出一种新的逐元并行谱元法求解三维地震波运动方程,并得到地震波场.逐元并行谱元法的核心思想在于在单元上进行质量矩阵与解向量的乘积运算,并将此运算平均分配至每一个CPU计算核心,此处理有利提升谱元法的并行计算效率.同时,根据Gauss-Lobatto-Legendre(GLL)数值积分点与插值点重合的特点,将稠密单元刚度矩阵的存储转化成单元雅克比矩阵行列式的值及其逆的存储,大幅减少谱元法计算内存开销.此外,在模型边界上利用逐元并行谱元法求解二阶位移形式完美匹配层(PML)吸收边界条件,消除边界截断而引入的虚假反射.通过逐元并行谱元法得到的数值解与解析解对比,以及实际地震波场模拟,数值结果证实了逐元并行谱元法用于地震波场模拟的高效性.     

求解弹性波方程的辛RKN格式

将弹性波方程变换至Hamilton体系,构造适用于弹性波模拟的高效显式二阶辛Runge-Kutta-Nystrm(RKN)格式,运用根数理论得到此格式的阶条件方程组.通过给定系数的限定条件,得到方程的对称解.为了使时间离散误差达到极小,提出数值频率与真实频率比较,通过Taylor展开,得到关于辛系数的限定方程,求解方程组得到最小频散辛RKN格式.对比分析时间演进方程的稳定性,得到使库朗数达到极大值的限定方程,求解方程组得到最稳定辛RKN格式.发现此两种格式为同一格式.新得到的辛RKN格式不依赖于空间离散方法,为了对比的需要,选取有限差分法进行空间离散.在频散、稳定性分析中,与常见辛格式对比,从理论上分析了本文提出的格式在数值频散压制、稳定性提升等方面的优势,数值实验进一步证实了理论分析的正确性.     

MAST-2D diffusive model for flood prediction on domains with triangular Delaunay unstructured meshes

A new methodology for the solution of the 2D diffusive shallow water equations over Delaunay unstructured triangular meshes is presented. Before developing the new algorithm, the following question is addressed: it is worth developing and using a simplified shallow water model, when well established algorithms for the solution of the complete one do exist?The governing Partial Differential Equations are discretized using a procedure similar to the linear conforming Finite Element Galerkin scheme, with a different flux formulation and a special flux treatment that requires Delaunay triangulation but entire solution monotonicity. A simple mesh adjustment is suggested, that attains the Delaunay condition for all the triangle sides without changing the original nodes location and also maintains the internal boundaries. The original governing system is solved applying a fractional time step procedure, that solves consecutively a convective prediction system and a diffusive correction system. The non linear components of the problem are concentrated in the prediction step, while the correction step leads to the solution of a linear system of the order of the number of computational cells. A semi-analytical procedure is applied for the solution of the prediction step. The discretized formulation of the governing equations allows to handle also wetting and drying processes without any additional specific treatment. Local energy dissipations, mainly the effect of vertical walls and hydraulic jumps, can be easily included in the model.Several numerical experiments have been carried out in order to test (1) the stability of the proposed model with regard to the size of the Courant number and to the mesh irregularity, (2) its computational performance, (3) the convergence order by means of mesh refinement. The model results are also compared with the results obtained by a fully dynamic model. Finally, the application to a real field case with a Venturi channel is presented.     

Mesh type tradeoffs in 2D hydrodynamic modeling of flooding with a Godunov-based flow solver

The effect of mesh type on the accuracy and computational demands of a two-dimensional Godunov-type flood inundation model is critically examined. Cartesian grids, constrained and unconstrained triangular grids, constrained quadrilateral grids, and mixed meshes are considered, with and without local time stepping (LTS), to determine the approach that maximizes computational efficiency defined as accuracy relative to computational effort. A mixed-mesh numerical scheme is introduced so all grids are processed by the same solver. Analysis focuses on a wide range of dam-break type test cases, where Godunov-type flood models have proven very successful. Results show that different mesh types excel under different circumstances. Cartesian grids are 2–3 times more efficient with relatively simple terrain features such as rectilinear channels that call for a uniform grid resolution, while unstructured grids are about twice as efficient in complex domains with irregular terrain features that call for localized refinements. The superior efficiency of locally refined, unstructured grids in complex terrain is attributable to LTS; the locally refined unstructured grid becomes less efficient using global time stepping. These results point to mesh-type tradeoffs that should be considered in flood modeling applications. A mixed mesh model formulation with LTS is recommended as a general purpose solver because the mesh type can be adapted to maximize computational efficiency.     

Implementation of ADI-FDTD subgrids in ground penetrating radar FDTD models

Realistic numerical modeling of ground penetrating radar (GPR) using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method could greatly benefit from the implementation of subgrids – supporting finer spatial resolution – into the conventional FDTD mesh. This is particularly important, when parts of the computational domain need to be modeled in detail or when there are features or regions in the overall computational mesh with values of high dielectric constant supporting propagation of waves at very short wavelengths. A scheme that simplifies the process of implementing these subgrids into the traditional FDTD method is presented. This scheme is based on the combination of the standard FDTD method and the unconditionally stable alternating-direction implicit (ADI) FDTD technique. Because ADI-FDTD is unconditionally stable its time-step can be set to any value that facilitates the accurate calculation of the fields. By doing so, the two grids can efficiently communicate information across their boundary without requiring to use a costly time-interpolation scheme. This paper discusses the performance of ADI-FDTD subgrids when implemented into the traditional FDTD method, using different communication schemes for the information exchange at the boundary of the two grids. The developed algorithm, can handle cases where the subgrid crosses dielectrically inhomogeneous media. In addition, results from the comparison between the proposed scheme and a commonly employed purely FDTD subgridding technique are presented.