西太平洋区域二甲硫酸及其他硫化物的模拟研究

本文利用一维光化学模式，以二甲硫醚（ＤｉｍｅｔｈｙｌＳｕｌｆｉｄｅ，简称ＤＭＳ）为源模拟了西太平洋对流层的硫化物循环。ＤＭＳ海－气通量由“ｓｔａｇｎａｎｔ－ｆｉｌｍ”模式进行计算。尽管海洋大气中ＯＣＳ浓度比ＤＭＳ大一个量级，但它对ＳＯ２的贡献很小，ＤＭＳ仍是海洋大气中ＳＯ２的主要源。在大气垂直湍流输送过程中，ＤＭＳ白天与ＯＨ反应，夜间与ＮＯ３反应被氧化成ＳＯ２，ＳＯ２大部分通过非均相转化形成Ｈ２ＳＯ４。模拟结果与ＰＥＭ－ＷＥＳＴ－Ａ观测资料对比，取得了较好的一致性。     

THE 2－D NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE PRINCIPLES OF RAIN－ENHANCEMENT AND HAIL－SUPPRESSIONIN CONVECTIVE CLOUDS

ＴＨＥ２－ＤＮＵＭＥＲＩＣＡＬＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＴＨＥＰＲＩＮＣＩＰＬＥＳＯＦＲＡＩＮ－ＥＮＨＡＮＣＥＭＥＮＴＡＮＤＨＡＩＬ－ＳＵＰＰＲＥＳＳＩＯＮＩＮＣＯＮＶＥＣＴＩＶＥＣＬＯＵＤＳＭａｏＹｕｈｕａ（毛玉华）ａｎｄＨｕＺｈｉｊｉｎ（胡志晋）ＴＨＥ２－Ｄ...     

CO2浓度倍增对中国主要作物影响的试验研究

根据自行设计的ＯＴＣ－１型开顶式气室及连续３年试验资料，在评述该套设备性能的基础上，分析了ＣＯ２浓度倍增对４种作物生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明：ＣＯ２浓度倍增，作物发育进程加快，株高增加，经济产量和生物产量增长明显，且Ｃ３作物的增长幅度大于Ｃ４作物；冬小麦、棉花品质呈良性变化，玉米品质可能有所下降，大豆品质变化不明显。上述初步结果尚待进一步研究     

CO2倍增后的气候变化与中层大气

ＣＯ_２倍增后的气候变化与中层大气Ｄ．Ｒｉｎｄ等（美国宇航局戈达德空间飞行中心空间研究所）１前言目前预测指出，随痕量气体浓度的增加，到下世纪中叶，地球气候将同今天有明显差异。按目前和预计的痕量气体增长速度，约在２０４０年将达到相当于ＣＯ。加倍的辐射效?..     

极轨气象卫星TOVS资料微机处理系统简介

极轨气象卫星大气垂直探测（ＴＯＶＳ）资料微机处理系统可实时接收处理ＴＯＶＳ／ＨＲＰＴ资料，生成空间分辨率约７５（或５０）ｋｍ的大气温度和湿度廓线、位势高度、热成风、大气中水汽总含量、射出长波辐射（ＯＬＲ）、臭氧总含量等大气参数以及ＴＯＶＳ水汽图象等产品。其中，大气温度的平均相对误差为２．５Ｋ，大气湿度的平均相对误差为２５％。由于气象卫星覆盖范围广，观测频次多，因此，ＴＯＶＳ产品可弥补海洋、高原、沙漠等地区常规探测资料之不足。     

全球农作物对大气CO2及其倍增的吸收量估算

根据农作物产量资料（ＦＡＯ１９９２年），计算出中国和全球各种作物对ＣＯ２的吸收总量分别为５．５×１０８ｔ／ａＣ和２８．９×１０８ｔ／ａＣ。同时以不同ＣＯ２浓度下小麦、玉米、大豆等全生育期光合速率实验数据直接计算的Ｃ吸收量为对照，与相应的中国产量资料计算结果比较，两者相差２．６％。从而进一步依据作物对ＣＯ２倍增反应诊断实验结果，推算出大气ＣＯ２浓度比目前倍增（７００ｐｐｍ）条件下，中国和全球农作物吸收ＣＯ２总量将增长２１％－２６％，分别为６．６×１０８ｔ／ａ—６．９×１０８ｔ／ａ和３４．１×１０８ｔ／ａ—３６．２×１０８ｔ／ａＣ。研究还表明，单位面积作物年吸Ｃ量全球（３．２ｔ／（ｈｍ２·８））比中国（４．２ｔ／（ｈｍ２·ａ））低２５．４％，而且Ｃ４作物普遍高于同类Ｃ３作物。     

区域气候模式对温室效应引起的中国地区气候变化的数值模拟

利用基于 ＲｅｇＣＭ２的区域气候模式并单向嵌套澳大利亚 ＣＳＩＲＯ Ｒ２１Ｌ９全球海－气耦合模式，进行了温室气体二氧化碳浓度倍增对中国气候变化影响的数值试验研究。控制试验结果表明：区域模式由于具有较高的分辨率，因而对中国区域地面气温和降水的模拟效果较全球模式有了较大提高；模式对 ２×ＣＯ２敏感性试验结果表明了在 ＣＯ２浓度倍增情况下，由于温室效应，中国区域的地面气温将有明显升高，降水也将呈增加趋势。     

Obseruation for TOGA-COARE and Relevant Research

ＯＢＳＥＲＶＡＴＩＯＮＦＯＲＴＯＧＡ－ＣＯＡＲＥＡＮＤＲＥＬＥＶＡＮＴＲＥＳＥＡＲＣＨＬｉＪｉ（李骥），ＬｕＥｒ（陆尔）ａｎｄＤｉｎｇＹｉｈｕｉ（丁一汇）ＣｅｎｔｅｒｆｏｒＣｌｉｍａｔｉｃＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＩ．ＲＥＰＯＲＴＯＮＴＯＧＡＯＢＳＥＲＶＡＴＩ...     

IPCC确定的几种未来大气CO_2浓度水平对人为CO_2排放的限制

用三维海洋碳循环模式和一个简单的陆地生物圈模式计算了ＩＰＣＣ（政府间气候变化委员会）未来大气ＣＯ２情景中海洋和生物圈的吸收，并结合上地变化的资料得出燃料的排放值。结果表明：尽管在所有的构想下，为了使大气中ＣＯ２浓度达到稳定必须减少排放，但对应不同的ＩＰＣＣ未来大气ＣＯ２情景，对人为ＣＯ２排放的限制是很不相同的。     

系统优化理论在CERES－大豆模式品种参数求解中的应用

根据田间试验资料，采用多维非线性单纯形法搜索求解模式中的品种参数，比较全面地评价了ＣＥＲＥＳ－大豆模式（ＳＯＹＧＲＯＶ５．４１）对我国大豆生长过程及其产量形成的模拟效果。结果表明：（１）若仅考虑某一单项的模拟效果，如发育期或收获产量等，而不涉及其余项目，则可以调整有关参数得到相当满意的模拟结果；若考虑所有模拟输出项的模拟效果，则其精度明显下降，相对误差在１０％～６０％之间。（２）对于某些生长过程，如叶面积指数动态和地上部分于物重的增重过程等，用ＣＥＲＥＳ大豆模式模拟得到的时间趋势与实例资料有较大差别；而对籽粒增重的模拟效果较好。     

CO2和O3浓度倍增对作物影响的研究进展

文中利用自行设计的OTC - 1型开顶式气室进行了 9a的田间试验 ,取得了一批质量可靠的试验数据 ,分析了CO2 浓度倍增对大豆、冬小麦、棉花、玉米、春小麦和谷子的生物量、产量及品质的影响 ,结果表明CO2 浓度倍增对上述 6种作物的生物量及产量的影响均是正效应 ,对冬小麦、棉花和谷子品质的影响可能是有利的 ,对玉米品质的影响可能是不利的 ,对大豆的影响不大 ;分析了O3 浓度倍增对冬小麦、水稻、油菜和菠菜生物量、产量及品质的影响 ,结果表明O3 浓度倍增对上述 4种作物生物量的影响均是负效应 ,对冬小麦和水稻的产量影响是负效应 ,但是冬小麦和水稻籽粒中粗蛋白和 17种氨基酸含量都有所增加 ;分析了CO2 和O3 浓度复合倍增对大豆生物量、产量及品质的影响 ,结果是生物量和产量呈增加趋势 ,说明了CO2 的正效应大于O3 的负效应。采用作物模型数值模拟方法 ,分析了CO2 和O3 浓度倍增对冬小麦生物量及产量的影响。     

CO2浓度倍增对大豆影响的试验研究

本文利用OTC-1型开顶式气室研究了CO2浓度倍增对大豆的影响， 结果表明:CO2浓度增加使大豆成熟期提前，株高增加；根瘤数量、干物重和单个根瘤的重量增加；叶片厚度、干物重及单位面积的叶片重量增加；总生物量、籽粒数量、籽粒产量和百粒重明显增加；光合作用速率和气孔阻力增加，蒸腾速率减小；粗蛋白含量减少，粗脂肪、饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸增加。     

A DIAGNOSTIC EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF EFFECTS OF CO_2 ENRICHMENT ON COTTON GROWTH,DEVELOPMENT AND YIELD

A series of experiments were conducted about the effects of different CO_2 concentrations andventilating time on cotton using OPT-1 open top chambers.The results show that.for all theventilating treatments,the development stages of cotton were advanced,plant height increased,thebiomass of root and stalk increased when CO_2 concentration increased: the number of bolls formed insummer was more than 85% of the total for the treatment of 700 ppm CO_2 concentration; single bollweight,the number of bolls per plant,ginned and unginned cotton weights,and stalk weightincreased obviously when CO_2 concentration increased,but the influences of CO_2 enrichment on theratio of ginned weight to the total weight of ginned and unginned cotton,fibre length and ginnedweight of 100-seed were small.     

气象要素对大豆产量的影响分析

基于2001-2009年大豆田间试验观测数据,利用相关和通径分析揭示了大豆不同发育期的气象因子和生物因子对大豆产量的影响。结果表明：不同发育期的气象要素对大豆产量影响效果不同,其中开花-结荚期的平均气温与大豆产量相关性最大,为0.90,其次为播种-出苗期的降水,相关系数为0.71,结荚-鼓粒期的相对湿度和日照时数,分枝期的生物量和开花期的叶面积对大豆产量具有一定影响（r>0.5）。通径分析显示具有显著直接作用的因子是开花期的叶面积,不同发育期的气温与降水主要通过对生物量和叶面积的间接作用来影响大豆产量,结荚-鼓粒期的相对湿度和日照时数对产量具有较大的直接作用。耦合气象因子与生物因子建立大豆产量回归模拟方程,能够较好解释大豆产量（R²=0.99）。     

Modeling the Effects of Global Climatic Change at the Ecotone of Boreal Larch Forest and Temperate Forest in Northeast China

The dynamics of the forest at the ecotone of the boreal forest and temperate forest in Northeast China were simulated using the adapted gap model BKPF under global climatic change (GFDL scenario) and doubled CO₂ concentrations at 50 years in the future. The response of tree species and species with similar biological characteristics under global climate change and double CO₂ concentrations were based on biophysical limits of the tree species in the area and their biological competition. The results showed that after 50 years the stand density and LAI (leaf area index) of the forest growing from a clear-cut would not be significantly different from those under current conditions. Stand productivity would increase about 7%, and stand aboveground biomass would increase 15%. However, the stand density of the current mature forest would be reduced by more than 20%. The stand would be dominated by Quercus mongolica Fisch., Populus davidiana Dode., Betula spp. and other broadleaved tree species, and Quercus mongolica would account for about 50% of the total density. The stand biomass would be reduced by more than 90%. Quercus mongolica would comprise about 57% of the total stand biomass. The stand productivity would not change significantly, but it would be comprised mainly of Quercus mongolica, Populus davidiana, Betula spp. The current stand height would decrease slightly. The stand LAI would decline dramatically, moreover, Quercus mongolica would comprise about 50% of the stand LAI.     

河西东部绿洲农作物生物量变化特征初探

利用地处干旱绿洲的河西走廊东部武威农业气象试验站1994—2001年农作物玉米生物量观测资料,分析了河西走廊东部绿洲农作物生物量年际、年内变化特征。结果表明：玉米叶面积、叶面积指数及叶、穗、株干重的年内变化呈S型曲线,叶、叶鞘、茎、穗、株鲜重及叶鞘、茎干重的年内变化表现为缓慢增长快速增长一缓慢增长一下降的趋势;各生物量数值在不同生长发育期存在不一致的年际变化,而生物量年内变化趋势在不同年份基本保持一致,但阶段变化速率有一定的年际差异。研究认为：在全球气候变化大背景下,农作物生物量变化的基本特征没有改变,但全球气候变化对农作物生物学进程及其生物量积累产生了一定的扰动．并且在不同生物量的不同生长时段产生不同的影响。     

淮北棉区花铃期冠层不同高度叶片光合特性的差异

基于多层二叶模型,在自然群体条件下,将棉花冠层分为上、中、下三层,研究淮北棉花花铃期冠层上、中、下层,阴叶（无直射光照射）与阳叶（有直射光照射）的光合特性的差异。结果表明,同一高度阳叶的光量子通量密度与光合速率显著大于阴叶;不同高度叶片光量子通量密度与光合速率均表现为上层阳叶〉中层阳叶〉下层阳叶,上层阴叶〉中层阴叶〉下层阴叶;上层阳叶气孔导度大于阴叶,中、下层阴、阳叶的气孔导度无显著差异;上部叶片气孔导度〉中部叶片〉下部叶片;同一高度阳叶胞间二氧化碳浓度显著小于阴叶,随着冠层深度（形态学自上而下）的增加,两者差异增大;不同高度叶片胞间二氧化碳浓度随着冠层深度的增加,呈增加趋势,阳叶差异不显著,阴叶差异显著。     

Simulation of Non-Homogeneous CO_2 and Its Impact on Regional Temperature in East Asia

Carbon dioxide(CO_2) is an important greenhouse gas that influences regional climate through disturbing the earth's energy balance. The CO_2 concentrations are usually prescribed homogenously in most climate models and the spatiotemporal variations of CO_2 are neglected. To address this issue,a regional climate model(RegCM4) is modified to investigate the non-homogeneous distribution of CO_2 and its effects on regional longwave radiation flux and temperature in East Asia. One-year simulation is performed with prescribed surface CO_2 fluxes that include fossil fuel emission, biomass burning, air-sea exchange, and terrestrial biosphere flux. Two numerical experiments(one using constant prescribed CO_2 concentrations in the radiation scheme and the other using the simulated CO_2 concentrations that are spatially non-homogeneous) are conducted to assess the impact of non-homogeneous CO_2 on the regional longwave radiation flux and temperature. Comparison of CO_2 concentrations from the model with the observations from the GLOBALVIEW-CO_2 network suggests that the model can well capture the spatiotemporal patterns of CO_2 concentrations. Generally, high CO_2 mixing ratios appear in the heavily industrialized eastern China in cold seasons, which probably relates to intensive human activities. The accommodation of non-homogeneous CO_2 concentrations in the radiative transfer scheme leads to an annual mean change of -0.12 W m~(-2) in total sky surface upward longwave flux in East Asia. The experiment with non-homogeneous CO_2 tends to yield a warmer lower troposphere.Surface temperature exhibits a maximum difference in summertime, ranging from -4.18 K to 3.88 K, when compared to its homogeneous counterpart. Our results indicate that the spatial and temporal distributions of CO_2 have a considerable impact on regional longwave radiation flux and temperature, and should be taken into account in future climate modeling.     

RESPONSES OF A GLOBAL CGCM TO CO_2 INCREASE

The responses of the climate system to increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_2)arestudied by using a new version of the Bureau of Meteorological Research Centre(BMRC)globalcoupled general circulation model(CGCM).Two simulations are run:one with atmospheric CO_2concentration held constant at 330 ppm,the other with a tripling of atmospheric CO_2(990 ppm).Results from the 41-year control coupled integration are applied to analyze the mean state,seasonal cycle and interannual variability in the model.Comparisons between the greenhouseexperiment and the control experiment then provide estimations of the influence of increased CO_2on climate changes and climate variability.Especially discussed is the question on whether theclimate changes concerned with CO_2 inerease will impact interannual variability in tropical Pacific,such as ENSO.     

Surface energy budget dynamics of short-rotation willow forest

Summary Knowledge of how energy budget components vary with time, vegetation type and stage of development and field size is important if we are to increase our understanding of the energy budget on a regional scale. The aim of this study was to quantify the seasonal and diurnal variation of energy budget components of a 2.6 ha short-rotation stand. Measurements were made using a thermometer interchange system for gradient and Bowen ratio estimations. Energy storage in soil, air and biomass was determined from temperature and humidity measurements. The partitioning of available energy between sensible and latent heat fluxes changed drastically at the beginning of the season. From the first half of May until the second half of June the maximum (noon) latent heat flux increased by a factor of 3, the total storage decreased by a factor of 2 and the sensible heat flux decreased by a factor of 4.5, while net radiation was unchanged. The vapour pressure deficit was similar during these periods but the leaf area index increased from about zero to three. On a mean monthly basis, the sensible heat flux was negative (directed towards the surface) from June to October, i.e., during most of the season. Heat was supplied to the atmosphere only at the beginning of the season for this type of short-rotation stand. Heat storage in air and biomass was significant on an hourly basis, especially in mornings and evenings when it could be of the same order as the net radiation. It was concluded that the development stage of the short-rotation stand had a large influence on how the energy was distributed between the convective fluxes. It was also concluded that storage in air and biomass had to be accounted for if precise estimates of energy balance on a shorter (hourly) time scale were required.With 5 Figures