CO2浓度倍增对中国主要作物影响的试验研究

根据自行设计的ＯＴＣ－１型开顶式气室及连续３年试验资料，在评述该套设备性能的基础上，分析了ＣＯ２浓度倍增对４种作物生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明：ＣＯ２浓度倍增，作物发育进程加快，株高增加，经济产量和生物产量增长明显，且Ｃ３作物的增长幅度大于Ｃ４作物；冬小麦、棉花品质呈良性变化，玉米品质可能有所下降，大豆品质变化不明显。上述初步结果尚待进一步研究     

农田近地面层CO2和湍流通量特征研究

利用１９８５年５月至６月在北京郊区中国科学院农业生态试验研究站的麦田中实测的小麦不同生长期的ＣＯ２浓度梯度、光合有效辐射、净辐射、土壤热通量和温度、湿度及风速梯度等量的数据，采用空气动力学方法，计算了ＣＯ２通量、感热通量、潜热通量和动量通量。并对观测场地、仪器设备、校准方法及误差分析进行了描述。结果表明：从５月１４日到６月１５日，在１ｍ，２ｍ和１０ｍ处，ＣＯ２浓度振幅的日变化分别为１０３．４到２７．５，８７．５到２７．３和６９．８到１１．５ｐｐｍ；光合型和呼吸型的平均ＣＯ２浓度分别为３４５．３，３５０．６，３５７．５ｐｐｍ和３７３．９，３６９．７，３６２．１ｐｐｍ。在白天，ＣＯ２通量和梯度的输送方向是从大气向植被，在中午（１１时到１３时）输送达到负的最大值。在夜间，ＣＯ２通量和梯度输送的方向与白天相反，并且，在早晨（４时到６时）达到正的最大值。ＣＯ２通量与净辐射（Ｒｎ）、可利用能（Ｈ＋ＬＥ）、光合有效辐射和动量通量之间有较好的相关关系     

区域气候模式对温室效应引起的中国地区气候变化的数值模拟

利用基于 ＲｅｇＣＭ２的区域气候模式并单向嵌套澳大利亚 ＣＳＩＲＯ Ｒ２１Ｌ９全球海－气耦合模式，进行了温室气体二氧化碳浓度倍增对中国气候变化影响的数值试验研究。控制试验结果表明：区域模式由于具有较高的分辨率，因而对中国区域地面气温和降水的模拟效果较全球模式有了较大提高；模式对 ２×ＣＯ２敏感性试验结果表明了在 ＣＯ２浓度倍增情况下，由于温室效应，中国区域的地面气温将有明显升高，降水也将呈增加趋势。     

中国部分清洁地区大气中N2O的浓度

１９９３年４月—１９９５年８月对中国部分清洁地区大气的Ｎ２Ｏ浓度进行了现场观测，结果表明：农田（玉米田和麦田）大气的Ｎ２Ｏ平均浓度高达３２２．１－３４３．４ｐｐｂｖ，这是土壤排放Ｎ２Ｏ的结果；临安、龙风山和瓦里关山大气本底观测站（ＷＭＯ／ＧＡＷ）Ｎ２Ｏ的平均浓度分别为３１８．８±８．４ｐｐｂｖ，３１７．４±４．７ｐｐｂｖ和３１４．０±４．２ｐｐｂｖ。在此基础上，分析了大气Ｎ２Ｏ的分布及变化特征。另外，还对现场取样及Ｎ２Ｏ浓度测量技术作了初步分析和评价     

操作参数对膜接触器捕集ＣＯ２性能的影响及优化研究

在膜接触器实验装置上,研究了一乙醇胺（ＭＥＡ）溶液捕集混合气中ＣＯ２的操作性能,考察了气液流速、吸收剂和混合气的浓度等因素对出口气相ＣＯ２摩尔分数ｙ（ＣＯ２）和总传质系数的影响,采用正交实验方法优化操作条件,确定最佳操作方案．结果表明：ｙ（ＣＯ２）随液速增大而减小,随气速增大而增大;总传质系数随流速增大而增大,气速的增大对总传质系数影响不明显;吸收剂浓度增大,混合气ＣＯ２浓度增大,总传质系数增大;正交试验得出最佳操作条件为液速７０ｍＬ·ｍｉｎ－１、气速０６Ｌ·ｍｉｎ－１、ＭＥＡ浓度２０ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１和ｙ（ＣＯ２）为１０％,此时总传质系数为２８６×１０－４ｍ·ｓ－１．     

过冷云风洞中初始冰晶的初步研究

本着重研究了在过冷云风洞中，温度为－４—１６℃，含水量为１．４ｇｍ＾－３，爆泡后增长４５ｓ的初始冰晶的一些特性。结果表明：（１）初始冰晶质量在－４—１３℃有两个峰值，它们是－５．７℃时的１．８×１０＾－８与－１１．４℃时的６．３×１０＾－８ｇ，而在－８．４℃和－１３℃时出现的极小值分别为２×１０－９ｇ和５×１０＾－９ｇ。（２）初始冰晶的浓度值随着温度的降低出现三个递减的峰值，它们分别是－４．２℃     

从雨云7号TOMS资料推算出臭氧总量变化趋势

雨云７号卫星上的臭氧总量测绘分光仪（ＴＯＭＳ），１１年多以来一直测量着全球臭氧柱总量。最近在资料分析上加以改进，得到一种用以确定并消除定标飘移的技术，使记录尽头处的资料相对于记录开头的资料来说可精确到±１．３％（２σ）。由ＴＯＭＳ总臭氧资料时间序列已拟合得出一个统计模式，其中包括季节变化项、线性趋势项、准２年振荡（ＱＢＯ）项、太阳活动周项以及二阶自回归噪音项。就这个统计模式拟合于６５°Ｎ到６５°Ｓ纬圈之间平均的ＴＯＭＳ资料来看，所得到的线性趋势项为－０．２６±０．１４％／年，即从１９７８年１１月到１９９０年５月共１１．６年中变化－３％。这种变化趋势在赤道近于零（０．０００２±０．２％／年），向两极增加。在５０°Ｎ年平均趋势为－０．５±０．２１％／年。在这１１．６年期间５０°Ｎ的趋势，表现出强烈的季节变化，在冬季和初春（即２、３月份）大于－０．８％／年，在夏季（７、８月份）约为－０．２％／年。     

西太平洋暖池区的海气通量及整体交换系数

根据西太平洋海域弱风、高温、潮湿的大气状态特征,提出了在光滑面存在粘性副层气流中的廓线的层结订正方案。用此模式对西太平洋暖池区ＴＯＧＡＣＯＡＲＥＩＯＰ期间,在向阳红５号船（２°Ｓ,１５４°Ｅ）获取的海面风、温、湿梯度资料进行了处理。计算结果显示西太平洋暖池区贴水层气流中不稳定层结占５０％－８０％,其中很不稳定的占１０．３％;该海区海气通量和整体交换系数受层结影响远大于受风速的影响;海气通量和整体交换系数随不稳定程度增加而增大,在相同风速下量值可相差４倍以上;其变化范围为０．３×１０－３—３．２×１０－３。由此可见,层结的影响使它们的变化大于其它海区的结果。在ｕ１０＝０－１０ｍ／ｓ范围内,中性化整体交换系数平均为ＣＤＮ＝１．２×１０－３,ＣＨＮ＝１．１４×１０－３,ＣＥＮ＝１．１９×１０－３,与Ｌａｒｇｅ和Ｐｏｎｄ（１９８１,１９８２）不稳定条件的研究结果相差无几。     

渭北春玉米抑蒸集水防旱抗旱综合技术研究

本试验开展了６种抑蒸集水综合抗旱技术田间试验。试验结果表明, 以地膜＋ 垄植＋ 中国旱地龙处理抑蒸集水和增产效果显著。水分利用效率达１９．８９ｋｇ／ （ｍ ｍ ·ｈｍ ２）, 耗水系数仅０．０５ ｍ ｍ ／ （ｋｇ·ｈｍ ２）, 产量达７２００ ｋｇ／ｈｍ ２, 比其它综合技术增产１７％ ～６０％ 。     

基于腔增强吸收光谱技术的气体探测研究

以近红外可调谐半导体激光器为光源,以反射率为９９７％左右的平凹镜组成的稳定光学谐振腔作吸收池,构建起一套腔增强吸收光谱（ＣＥＡＳ）系统;以二氧化碳气体（ＣＯ２）、一氧化碳气体（ＣＯ）、甲烷气体（ＣＨ４）以及一氧化碳和二氧化碳的混合气体为样品,利用分子在近红外波段的特征吸收,研究了在近红外波段用ＣＥＡＳ技术探测ＣＯ、ＣＯ２、ＣＨ４ 等气体的可行性;同时也对基于可调谐半导体激光器的ＣＥＡＳ系统中激光器的波长定标、谐振腔（吸收池）的透射特征等做了研究,获得了ＣＯ、ＣＯ２、ＣＨ４以及ＣＯ和ＣＯ２ 混合气体的特征吸收谱,最后对ＣＥＡＳ技术在定量测量方面的能力做了研究．研究结果表明,ＣＥＡＳ技术的探测灵敏度可达５６８７×１０－７ｃｍ－１,是一种装置简单、操作方便、灵敏度高、稳定性好的定量吸收光谱技术．     

Detection of Anthropogenic CO2 Emission Signatures with TanSat CO2 and with Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) NO2 Measurements: First Results

China’s first carbon dioxide(CO₂) measurement satellite mission, TanSat, was launched in December 2016. This paper introduces the first attempt to detect anthropogenic CO₂ emission signatures using CO₂ observations from TanSat and NO₂ measurements from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument(TROPOMI) onboard the Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor(S5P) satellite. We focus our analysis on two selected cases in Tangshan, China and Tokyo, Japan.We found that t...     

Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Atmospheric CO2 in East China Based on Data from Three Satellites

East China (23.6°–38.4°N, 113.6°–122.9°E) is the largest developed region in China. Based on CO₂ products retrieved from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT), the spatial and temporal distributions of CO₂ mixing ratios in East China during 2014–17 are discussed, and the retrieved CO₂ from AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) and OCO-2 (Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2), as well as WLG (Waliguan) background station observations, are compared with those of GOSAT. The annual CO₂ retrieved from GOSAT in East China ranged from 398.96 ± 0.24 ppm in 2014 to 407.39 ± 0.20 ppm in 2017, with a growth rate of 2.82 ± 0.15 ppm yr^?1, which were higher than in other regions of China. The seasonal cycle presented a maximum in spring and a minimum in summer or autumn. Higher values were mainly concentrated in the coastal areas of Zhejiang Province, and lower values were concentrated in Jiangxi and the north of Fujian Province. CO₂ observed in Fujian and parts of Jiangxi increased by less than 1.0 ppm during 2014–15, but enhanced significantly by more than 5.0 ppm during 2015–16, perhaps influenced by local emissions and global impacts. We calculated year-to-year CO₂ enhancements in the Yangtze River Delta region during 2014–17 that were relatively low and stable, due to the region’s carbon emissions control and reduction policies. The annual and seasonal amplitudes of CO₂ retrieved from AIRS were lower than those from GOSAT in East China, probably owing to the CO₂ retrieved from AIRS better reflecting the characteristics of the mid-troposphere, while GOSAT is more representative of near-surface CO₂. The spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of CO₂ retrieved from OCO-2 were close to those from GOSAT in East China.     

锡林浩特草原CO2通量特征及其影响因素分析

利用锡林浩特国家气候观象台开路涡度相关系统、辐射土壤观测系统,测得的长期连续通量观测数据,对锡林浩特草原2009—2011年期间的CO₂通量观测特征进行了分析。结果表明:CO₂通量存在明显的年际、季节和日变化特征。3 a中NEE年际变率达到200 g·m^-2,季节变率最大达到460 g·m^-2,日变化幅度生长季最大达到0.25 mg·m^-2·s^-1。通过不同时间尺度碳通量与温度、水分、辐射等环境因子的分析,认为CO₂通量日变化主要受温度和光合有效辐射影响,而季节变化和年变化主要受降水和土壤含水量的影响。降水强度及时间分布是制约牧草CO₂吸收的关键因素,大于15%的土壤含水量有利于促进牧草生长。     

江苏地区二氧化碳浓度时空分布特征分析

利用瓦里关和上甸子大气本底站观测的月平均CO₂浓度数据对GOSAT卫星反演的CO₂浓度数据进行验证,结果表明GOSAT产品与台站观测数据有较好的一致性.利用2009年6月—2011年5月GOSAT反演的CO₂浓度数据,分析了江苏地区CO₂浓度的时空变化特征,结果表明:1)975 hPa高度层CO₂浓度高于850 hPa高度层,CO₂浓度的水平变化要小于垂直变化;2)在季节变化上,CO₂浓度冬季最高,夏季最低,这可能与植被光合作用的强弱变化有关;比较前后两年的CO₂浓度数据,夏季和秋季的增速较快,冬季和春季的增速较慢;3)在日变化上,发现徐州和南京站02时CO₂浓度最高,14时CO₂浓度最低,这可能也与植被光合作用的强弱有关.     

O3,CO2浓度及太阳光谱变化对作物光合作用影响的数值模拟研究

对光合作用 蒸腾作用 气孔调节进行耦合 ,从生物化学尺度扩展至冠层尺度 ,发展了一个冬小麦冠层光合作用生态动力模式 ,模式考虑了O3,CO2 和光谱变化对作物光合的综合影响。利用美国光合作用实测资料对模式进行验证 ,叶片模式通过了相关显著性检验并具有较高的准确度。数值分析表明 :当O3 浓度由 0× 10 -9V/V上升至2 0 0× 10 -9V/V时 ,冠层光合速率下降 2 9%左右 ;当CO2 浓度由 330× 10 -6V/V上升至 6 6 0× 10 -6V/V时 ,冠层光合速率增加大约 37% ;当光谱比例系数由目前的 0 .5下降至 0 .4时 ,冠层光合速率将下降 2 7%左右。对于污染严重、易发生光化学烟雾的城郊附近 ,在阳光强烈的典型晴天 ,中午O3 浓度达到 2 0 0× 10 -9V/V时 ,即使气候条件不发生改变 ,CO2 浓度对作物光合作用的正效应也不足以弥补O3 浓度升高所造成的负效应 ,冠层光合速率将比目前干洁地区略有下降 ,如果进一步考虑光合作用有效辐射光谱成分下降至 0 .4左右 ,冠层光合作用将比目前的BASE值下降 35 %左右。     

RESPONSES OF A GLOBAL CGCM TO CO2 INCREASE

The responses of the climate system to increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO₂)arestudied by using a new version of the Bureau of Meteorological Research Centre(BMRC)globalcoupled general circulation model(CGCM).Two simulations are run:one with atmospheric CO₂concentration held constant at 330 ppm,the other with a tripling of atmospheric CO₂(990 ppm).Results from the 41-year control coupled integration are applied to analyze the mean state,seasonal cycle and interannual variability in the model.Comparisons between the greenhouseexperiment and the control experiment then provide estimations of the influence of increased CO₂on climate changes and climate variability.Especially discussed is the question on whether theclimate changes concerned with CO₂ inerease will impact interannual variability in tropical Pacific,such as ENSO.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE INFLUENCE OFO3,CO2 AND SPECTRUM VARIATION ON THE PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF CROP CANOPY*

Coupled the photosynthesis with transpiration and adjustment of stoma,a dynamic ecological model for simulating the canopy photosynthesis of winter wheat was established by scaling up from the biochemical scale to canopy scale,in which the effects of O₃,CO₂ and solar spectrum on crop photosynthesis were fully considered.Validation of the model against the data measured with CI-301PS portable photosynthesis analyzer showed that the leaf photosynthesis model passed the correlation significance test and had a fairly high accuracy.Numerical analysis showed that the canopy photosynthesis rate would be reduced by 29% if the O₃ concentration increases from 0 ppbv to 200 ppbv,whereas the canopy photosynthesis rate would increase by about 37% while the CO₂ concentration increases from 330 ppmv to 660 ppmv,and the canopy photosynthesis rate would be reduced by 27%0 or so under the condition that the spectrum coefficient changed from 0.5 to 0.4.If the O₃ concentration reached 200 ppbv at noon on the typical sunny day with higher radiation,the canopy photosynthesis will be reduced slightly in the suburb area where the pollution is serious and the photochemical fog is easy to be formed,contrast with that in the clear region and regardless of the climate change,due to the fact that the positive effect of CO₂ on crop photosynthesis can not compensate the negative effect of O₃ on crop photosynthesis.The canopy photosynthesis will be reduced by 35% or so than the BASE value at present,when the spectrum of photosynthetic active radiation(PAR) reduces to 0.4 or so.     

CO2和O3浓度倍增对作物影响的研究进展

文中利用自行设计的OTC - 1型开顶式气室进行了 9a的田间试验 ,取得了一批质量可靠的试验数据 ,分析了CO2 浓度倍增对大豆、冬小麦、棉花、玉米、春小麦和谷子的生物量、产量及品质的影响 ,结果表明CO2 浓度倍增对上述 6种作物的生物量及产量的影响均是正效应 ,对冬小麦、棉花和谷子品质的影响可能是有利的 ,对玉米品质的影响可能是不利的 ,对大豆的影响不大 ;分析了O3 浓度倍增对冬小麦、水稻、油菜和菠菜生物量、产量及品质的影响 ,结果表明O3 浓度倍增对上述 4种作物生物量的影响均是负效应 ,对冬小麦和水稻的产量影响是负效应 ,但是冬小麦和水稻籽粒中粗蛋白和 17种氨基酸含量都有所增加 ;分析了CO2 和O3 浓度复合倍增对大豆生物量、产量及品质的影响 ,结果是生物量和产量呈增加趋势 ,说明了CO2 的正效应大于O3 的负效应。采用作物模型数值模拟方法 ,分析了CO2 和O3 浓度倍增对冬小麦生物量及产量的影响。     

Comparison of PM2.5 and CO2 Concentrations in Large Cities of China during the COVID-19 Lockdown

Estimating the impacts on PM_2.5pollution and CO₂emissions by human activities in different urban regions is important for developing efficient policies.In early 2020,China implemented a lockdown policy to contain the spread of COVID-19,resulting in a significant reduction of human activities.This event presents a convenient opportunity to study the impact of human activities in the transportation and industrial sectors on air pollution.Here,we investigate the variations in air quality attributed to the COVID-19 lockdown policy in the megacities of China by combining in-situ environmental and meteorological datasets,the Suomi-NPP/VIIRS and the CO₂emissions from the Carbon Monitor project.Our study shows that PM_2.5concentrations in the spring of 2020 decreased by 41.87%in the Yangtze River Delta(YRD)and 43.30%in the Pearl River Delta(PRD),respectively,owing to the significant shutdown of traffic and manufacturing industries.However,PM_2.5concentrations in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH)region only decreased by 2.01%because the energy and steel industries were not fully paused.In addition,unfavorable weather conditions contributed to further increases in the PM_2.5concentration.Furthermore,CO₂concentrations were not significantly affected in China during the short-term emission reduction,despite a 19.52%reduction in CO₂emissions compared to the same period in 2019.Our results suggest that concerted efforts from different emission sectors and effective long-term emission reduction strategies are necessary to control air pollution and CO₂emissions.