Rare-metal pegmatites of Wamba,central Nigeria - their formation in relationship to late Pan-African granites

he Sn-(Nb, Ta) mineralization of the Wamba field (central Nigeria) occurs in muscovite-quartz-microcline pegmatites, which are related to the late-orogenic Pan-African (f 550 Ma) "Older Granites". The emplacement of granites and pegmatites was controlled by late Pan-African shear tectonics. The granitoid magmatism was multiphase and has produced peraluminous biotite granite, biotite-muscovite granite, and muscovite granite plutons. Sodic metasomatism has altered highly evolved granite cupolas and many of the pegmatite dikes. The pegmatitic mineralization of predominantly cassiterite is closely associated with albitization. Chemical data of granites and granitic and pegmatitic muscovites show that Rb, Cs, Sn, Nb, and Ta are enriched during both magmatic and postmagmatic evolution, with highest contents of these elements in early muscovites of the albitized and mineralized pegmatites. Trace-element chemistry of the pegmatitic muscovites reveals a chemical zonation of the pegmatite field related to the late-orogenic shear system.     

Tin-bearing minerals at the Furong tin deposit,South China: Implications for tin mineralization

It remains poorly constrained whether remobilization of Sn from granites and prograde skarns plays an essential role in forming economic (skarn-type) tin mineralization. Using both electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry methods, in-situ Sn contents, as well as major elements, were analyzed for numerous silicates and magnetite from fresh granite, altered granite, and skarn at the large Furong Sn deposit (530,000 t Sn @ 0.8% Sn) in the Nanling Range, South China. Hornblende and biotite in fresh granite are the main Sn-bearing phases (Sn = 44–321 ppm), while plagioclase and K-feldspar are poor in Sn (< 5 ppm). In altered granite, tin is hosted mainly by hydrothermal muscovite (299–583 ppm) replacing plagioclase, but rarely by chlorite (mostly <10 ppm) replacing hornblende and biotite. In contrast, most silicates (garnet, diopside, vesuvianite, pargasite and epidote) and magnetite from tin skarn are Sn-rich (47–44,241 ppm), except for Sn-poor phlogopite and scapolite (< 10 ppm). In particular, garnet, pargasite, and epidote reach tin concentrations in the percent range. Tin generally enters the stannous silicates and magnetite through substitutions for octahedral Al^vi and Fe³⁺. Comparisons of Sn contents between magmatic and hydrothermal minerals in granite, prograde and retrograde minerals related to tin skarn indicate that remobilization of Sn from granite and prograde skarn is not a pre-requisite to form tin mineralization.     

Geochronology of the Limu W–Sn–Nb–Ta‐Bearing Granite Pluton in South China

Limu W–Sn–Nb–Ta mining district is located in the Nanling Range W–Sn poly‐metallic mineralization belt in south China. The district includes a number of Sn–Nb–Ta and W–Sn ore occurrences; all of them are spatially associated with granite stocks of a largely‐unexposed pluton, the Limu granitic pluton. A granite sample collected from the Sn–Nb–Ta‐bearing Jinzhuyuan granite stock yields a zircon SHRIMP U–Pb age of 218.3 ± 2.4 Ma, a muscovite ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar plateau age of 212.4 ± 1.4 Ma, and a muscovite ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar isochron age of 213.2 ± 2.2 Ma. Another granite sample collected from the W–Sn‐bearing Sangehuangniu granite stock yields a zircon SHRIMP U–Pb age of 214 ± 5 Ma. The geochronological data provide new constraints on the age of the Limu granite pluton and the timing of the associated W–Sn–Nb–Ta mineralization—at least it sets a reasonable upper age limit for the mineralization of the W–Sn–Nb–Ta ores. The reported ages suggest an active Late Triassic granitic magmatism in Limu area which is part of a regional magmatic event near the end of the Indosinian orogeny in south China.     

Hydrothermal alteration processes in the giant Dahutang tungsten deposit,South China: Implications from litho-geochemistry and mass balance calculation

The giant Dahutang tungsten (W) deposit has a total reserve of more than 1.31 Mt WO₃. Veinlet-disseminated scheelite and vein type wolframite mineralization are developed in this deposit, which are related to Late Mesozoic biotite granite. Four major types of alterations, which include albitization, potassic-alteration, and greisenization, and overprinted silicification developed in contact zone. The mass balance calculate of the four alteration types were used to further understanding of the mineralization process. The fresh porphyritic biotite granite has high Nb, Ta, and W, but low Ca and Sr while the Jiuling granodiorite has high Ca and Sr, but low Nb, Ta, and W concentrations. The altered porphyritic biotite granite indicated that the Nb, Ta, and W were leached out from the fresh porphyritic biotite granite, especially by sodic alteration. The low Ca and Sr contents of the altered Neoproterozoic Jiuling granodiorite indicate that Ca and Sr had been leached out from the fresh granodiorite by the fluid from Mesozoic porphyritic biotite granites. The metal W of the Dahutang deposit was mainly derived from the fluid exsolution from the melt and alteration of W-bearing granites. This study of alteration presents a new hydrothermal circulation model to understand tungsten mineralization in the Dahutang deposit.     

Contrasting evolution of low-P rare metal granites from two different terranes in the Hoggar area, Algeria

Two mineralogically different rare metal granites located in two distinct terranes from the Tuareg area are compared: the Tin-Amzi granite in the north of the Laouni Terrane and the Ebelekan granite in the Assodé–Issalane Terrane.The Tin-Amzi granite is enclosed within Eburnean granulitic gneisses, and consists of albite, quartz, protolithionite, K-feldspar and topaz granite (PG). The accessory minerals include columbite tantalite, U- and Hf-rich zircon, Th-uraninite, wolframoixiolite and wolframite. This facies is characterised by a mineralogical evolution from the bottom to the top underlined by a strong resorption of K-feldspar and albite and the crystalliK-feldspar of more abundant topaz and protolithionite II which is further altered in muscovite and Mn-siderite. It is underlain by an albite, K-feldspar, F-rich topaz, quartz and muscovite granite (MG), with W–Nb–Ta oxides, wolframite, Nb-rutile, zircon and scarce uranothorite as accessories.The Ebelekan granite intrudes into a coarse-grained biotite granite enclosed within upper amphibolite-facies metasediments. It comprises a zinnwaldite, albite, topaz porphyritic granite (ZG) with “snow ball” quartz and K-feldspar. The accessories are zircon, monazite, uranothorite, Ta bearing cassiterite, columbite tantalite and wodginite. It is capped by a banded aplite-pegmatite (AP).The geochemistry of Tin-Amzi and Ebelekan granites is nearly comparable. Both are peraluminous (A/CNK=1.10–1.29; ASI=1.17–1.31), sodolithic and fluorine rich with high SiO₂, Al₂O₃, Na₂O+K₂O, Rb, Ga, Li, Ta, Nb, Sn and low FeO, MgO, TiO₂, Ba, Sr, Y, Zr and REE contents. These rare metal Ta bearing granites belong to the P-poor subclass, relating to their P₂O₅ content ( 0.03–0.15 wt.%). Nevertheless, they are distinguished by their concentration of W, Sn and Ta. The Tin-Amzi granite is W–Ta bearing with high W/Sn ratio whereas the Ebelekan granite is Ta–Sn bearing with insignificant W content.At Tin-Amzi the W–Nb–Ta minerals define a sequence formed by W-columbite tantalite followed by wolframoixiolite and finally wolframite showing the effect of hydrothermal overprinting with an extreme W enrichment of the fluids. At Ebelekan, the Sn–Nb–Ta oxides follow a Mn sequence: manganocolumbite→manganotantalite→wodginite+titanowodginite→cassiterite that represents a trend of primary crystallisation resulting from progressive substitution Fe→Mn and Nb→Ta during the magmatic fractionation.     

In situ analyses of micas in the Yashan granite,South China: Constraints on magmatic and hydrothermal evolutions of W and Ta–Nb bearing granites

Most rare-metal granites in South China host major W deposits with few or without Ta–Nb mineralization. However, the Yashan granitic pluton, located in the Yichun area of western Jiangxi province, South China, hosts a major Nb–Ta deposit with minor W mineralization. It is thus important for understanding the diversity of W and Nb–Ta mineralization associated with rare-metal granites. The Yashan pluton consists of multi-stage intrusive units, including the protolithionite (-muscovite) granite, Li-mica granite and topaz–lepidolite granite from the early to late stages. Bulk-rock REE contents and La/Yb ratios decrease from protolithionite granite to Li-mica granite to topaz–lepidolite granite, suggesting the dominant plagioclase fractionation. This variation, together with increasing Li, Rb, Cs and Ta but decreasing Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf ratios, is consistent with the magmatic evolution. In the Yashan pluton, micas are protolithionite, muscovite, Li-mica and lepidolite, and zircons show wide concentration ranges of ZrO₂, HfO₂, UO₂, ThO₂, Y₂O₃ and P₂O₅. Compositional variations of minerals, such as increasing F, Rb and Li in mica and increasing Hf, U and P in zircon are also in concert with the magmatic evolution from protolithionite granite to Li-mica granite to topaz–lepidolite granite. The most evolved topaz–lepidolite granite has the highest bulk-rock Li, Rb, Cs, F and P contents, consistent with the highest contents of these elements and the lowest Nb/Ta ratio in mica and the lowest Zr/Hf ratio in zircon. Ta–Nb enrichment was closely related to the enrichment of volatile elements (i.e. Li, F and P) in the melt during magmatic evolution, which raised the proportion of non-bridging oxygens (NBOs) in the melt. The rims of zoned micas in the Li-mica and topaz–lepidolite granites contain lower Rb, Cs, Nb and Ta and much lower F and W than the cores and/or mantles, indicating an exotic aqueous fluid during hydrothermal evolution. Some columbite-group minerals may have formed from exotic aqueous fluids which were originally depleted in F, Rb, Cs, Nb, Ta and W, but such fluids were not responsible for Ta–Nb enrichment in the Yashan granite. The interaction of hydrothermal fluids with previously existing micas may have played an important role in leaching, concentrating and transporting W, Fe and Ti. Ta–Nb enrichment was associated with highly evolved magmas, but W mineralization is closely related to hydrothermal fluid. Thus these magmatic and hydrothermal processes explain the diversity of W and Ta–Nb mineralizations in the rare-metal granites.     

Geochemistry of granitic aplite-pegmatite dykes and sills and their minerals from the Gravanho-Gouveia area in Central Portugal

Two distinct series of Variscan granitic rocks have been distinguished in the Gravanho-Gouveia area of Portugal, based on field work, variation diagrams for major and trace elements, rare earth patterns and δ¹⁸O versus total FeO diagram of rocks, anorthite content of plagioclase, BaO and P₂O₅ contents of feldspars and Al^VI versus Fe²⁺ diagram for magmatic muscovite. One series consists of a late-orogenic porphyritic biotite > muscovite granite (G1), less evolved beryl-columbite pegmatites and more evolved beryl-columbite pegmatites showing gradational contacts. The other series consists of post-orogenic porphyritic muscovite > biotite granodiorite to granite (G2), slightly porphyritic muscovite > biotite granite (G3) and lepidolite pegmatites. In each series, pegmatites are derived from the parent granite magma by fractional crystallization of quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, biotite and ilmenite. Some metasomatic effects occur like muscovite replacing feldspars, chlorite in pegmatites of the first series and a late muscovite in pegmatites of the second series, probably due to hydrothermal fluids. The lepidolite pegmatites contain cassiterite and two generations of rutile. The first magmatic generation consists of homogeneous crystals and the second generation occurs as heterogeneous zoned crystals derived from hydrothermal fluids. The beryl-columbite pegmatites and lepidolite pegmatites also contain the first magmatic generation and the late hydrothermal generation of zoned columbite-group minerals. More evolved beryl-columbite pegmatites were converted into episyenite by intense hydrothermal alteration and regional circulation of fluids in the granitic rocks.     

Trace-element behavior in the W---Sn granite of Regoufe, Portugal

Vein-type W-Sn deposits occur both in and around the Regoufe granite. The muscovite-albite granite hosts several roof pendants of schist along its eastern and northern margins. Biotite, tourmaline and K-feldspar megacrysts are virtually absent from the roof zone of the granite but sulphides are abundant. These sulphides disappear through a transition zone and the granite becomes a tourmaline-bearing porphyritic two-mica granite. Fifty-five rock samples were collected within the granite resulting in a sample density of about 10 samples per km². The analytical results show that the granite is extremely rich in Sn, W, Li and Cs, rich in P, Ta, Rb, F and U, about normal in Cu, Zn and Nb and low in Sr, Ti and Zr in comparison with the global averages for low-Ca granites. Factor analysis was applied to the data and the resulting three factor model could be correlated to the field relations. Factor 1 reflects greisenization and albitization processes. Factor 2 scores are high in the mineralized areas and factor 3 appears to be connected with the transition zone.     

Greisenization of a muscovite-biotite albite granite of northern Portugal

Greisenization of a muscovite-biotite albite granite of Alijó-Sanfins, northern Portugal, is studied for both major and trace elements. The principal tin-tungsten mineralization of the region is connected with this granite and the greisenization is accompanied by an increase in Cl, F, W, Nb, Sn, Pb and Rb. Cassiterite is the main carrier of Sn. Muscovite is the concentrator of Cl and F. The muscovite of the greisenized granite contains more Cl, F, W and Nb than the muscovite of the parental granite, but the former contains less Sn. Sn content of the muscovite of the greisenized granite is higher than that of the biotite of the parental granite; W content is similar or higher.When the greisenization is accompanied by albitization, the oxides and trace elements behave in a similar way to that found only with greisenization, except that there is a decrease of Ni and Rb. Li, Zr, Sr, Ba and Rb decrease as albitization increases.     

南岭地区成钨、成锡花岗岩组合的几个判别标志

南岭地区钨锡多金属成矿作用和区内中酸性-酸性花岗岩有着密切的成因联系。利用已发表的和野外收集的地质资料,本文尝试对区内成钨锡花岗岩组合(包括与钨锡矿相关的含钨锡花岗岩和成钨锡花岗岩)进行宏观地质判别。判别过程采用循序渐进的方式,首先将成钨锡花岗岩组合与不成矿花岗岩相区别,然后将含锡花岗岩和含钨花岗岩互相区别开来。相对于不成矿花岗岩,成钨锡花岗岩组合通常具有W、Sn、F、B化探组合异常、多期多阶段演化特点、适度的构造叠加(即存在明显的热液活动)等共同特点,且三者缺一不可。不成矿花岗岩一般具有W、Sn、F、B化探组合为背景值,岩性单一,少见晚期岩株、岩脉(演化不充分)及蚀变的特征。在野外地质工作中,含锡花岗岩一般为花岗闪长岩-二长花岗岩-二云母花岗岩岩性组合。基性端元以普遍发育暗色微粒包体、常见角闪石、含较多的黑云母为鉴别特征。酸性端元中可以含有少量白云母。而含钨花岗岩以黑云母二长花岗岩-二云母花岗岩-白云母花岗岩岩性组合为主,常见含B矿物电气石,基性端元少见或不见角闪石、含较少的黑云母,仅见变质岩、围岩捕掳体和黑云母团块,酸性端元白云母含量较高等组合特征可以与含锡花岗岩相区别。     

冈底斯成矿带谢通门县梅巴切勤早白垩世高分异A型花岗岩的地球化学特征与钨锡成矿作用研究

高分异花岗岩因其特殊的成矿专属性而受到广泛关注。谢通门县梅巴切勤复式岩体出露于冈底斯成矿带,由黑云母正长花岗岩、二云母正长花岗岩和白云母正长花岗岩构成,钨锡矿体处于白云母正长花岗岩内部或外接触带。在详细地质研究的基础上,用LA-ICP-MS方法获得了129.7±0.9Ma（黑云母正长花岗岩）、128.4±1.6Ma（二云母正长花岗岩）与129.5±0.5Ma（白云母正长花岗岩）的206Pb/238U加权平均年龄。花岗岩具有高SiO2、K2O、K2O+Na2O,低Al2O3、CaO、MgO的特点,相对富集Zr、Nb、Ce、Y、Hf等元素,亏损Ti、Ba、Sr、P等元素,具有较高的10000Ga/Al、全岩Zr饱和温度和明显的Eu负异常,显示其为高分异A型花岗岩,形成于碰撞后的伸展环境。白云母正长花岗岩是分异演化的最终产物,为稀有金属花岗岩,存在较明显的稀土元素四分组效应,其更为强烈的熔体-流体作用造成W、Sn、Nb、Ta等稀有金属进一步富集,碰撞后的伸展环境以及热扰动在提供通道和热源的同时,也延长了岩浆分异演化时间,有利于成矿物质在岩浆演化的晚期阶段富集和品位高、规模大的稀有金属矿床的形成。梅巴切勤地区良好的成矿地质条件预示着其具有形成大-超大型矿的潜力,该研究对于冈底斯成矿带W、Sn、Nb、Ta等稀有金属找矿有着重要的引导和参考意义。     

南岭中西段燕山早期北东向含锡钨A型花岗岩带

南岭中西段,发育着一条北东向的燕山早期含钨锡A 型花岗岩带,该带主要由花山、姑婆山、九嶷山、骑田岭等花岗质岩基和周边岩株群所组成,延伸在250 km 以上,出露总面积超过3 000 km2,含有丰富的钨锡等金属矿产资源。这些花岗质岩体多为多阶段复式岩体,主侵入期花岗岩的侵位年龄多在165~153 Ma 范围内,常常与同时代的偏中性（闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、石英二长岩等）岩株或酸性火山侵入杂岩相伴生,具有岩浆混合特征的暗色包体十分常见。主侵入体多为斑状黑云母花岗岩,有时含角闪石,酸性至超酸性,弱准铝至弱过铝,富含K2O 和总碱,富含大离子亲石元素和高场强元素如Rb, Cs, U, Th, LREE, Y, Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Ga 等,Sn, W 等成矿元素及F, Cl 等挥发性组分亦十分丰富。在Whalen 等 (1987) 判别A型花岗岩和未分异M,I,S 型花岗岩的图解上,绝大多数落在A 型花岗岩区。他们的ISr 值变化较大（0.7063 ~ 0.7182）,εNd （t）值偏高（-1.7 ~ -8.0）,t2DM 值偏低（1.1 ~ 1.6 Ga）,表明花岗岩成分中有不同程度新生地幔物质的参与,尤其以花山和姑婆山花岗岩更为明显。花岗岩体往往强烈分异,晚期（或称补充侵入期）强分异细粒花岗岩的侵位年龄大多在146 ~151Ma 范围内。与主体相花岗岩相比,他们更偏酸性, 过铝, 更富含Rb, Cs, U, Y, Sn, W 等微量元素,但Σ REE (尤其是LREE), Zr等HFSE 含量明显贫化,在岩石化学成分上与S 型花岗岩十分接近。成矿作用贯穿花岗岩侵位和演化的全过程,从主侵入期经补充侵入期到后来的热液期,都能形成Sn,W 等金属矿床。矿化类型多样,包括云英岩型、石英脉型、矽卡岩型、Li-F花岗岩型、锡石硫化物型和绿泥石化构造蚀变带型等,规模可达大型乃至超大型。过去一般认为,Sn/W 矿床主要与S型花岗岩有关,南岭地区富含Sn/W 矿化的A 型花岗岩带的厘定,证明了A 型花岗岩与Sn/W成矿作用密切相关,为在华南乃至 世界其他地区寻找新的锡钨矿床提供了新的理论依据和实际范例。南岭地区在燕山早期的后造山拉张减薄的构造环境,软流圈地幔的上涌和地幔基性岩浆的底侵,壳幔的相互作用和下地壳的高温熔融,花岗质岩浆的分离结晶和分异演化,以及热液的充填和蚀变交代等,是控制本区成岩成矿作用的关键因素。     

Phyllosilicate and rutile compositions as indicators of Sn specialization in some southeastern Australian granites

Biotites from unaltered Sn granites in southeastern Australia are highly ferroan, Fe/(Fe+Mg+Mn) >0.75, whereas biotites from barren granites are less Ferich, Fe/(Fe+Mg+Mn)<0.65. Similar distinctions between Sn-specialized and barren granites can be observed in the other phyllosilicates, especially chlorite. Biotites and muscovites from Sn granites have greater Be, Cs, (F), Li, Mo, Rb, Sc, Sn, Tl, (Y) and Zn and lesser Ba abundances than corresponding micas from barren granites in the same district. Alteration of barren granites also results in similar enrichments in micas. Of these elements, Sn and Zn, because of their abundance and retention during degradation of biotite to chlorite, are the best trace element discriminants between barren granites and Sn granites/altered granites, with the Sn content of phyllosilicates being a better indicator than Zn. Rutile inclusions within phyllosilicates from unaltered Sn granites have Nb₂O₅ contents up to 26%. The Ta content tends to increase with Nb content but especially high Ta contents occur in the rutile inclusions of granites that give rise to pegmatitic deposits. The rutile inclusions in Sn granites may also have substantial Sn and W contents. The rutiles of barren granites have low Nb, Ta, Sn and W contents but Sn and W increase with alteration. Together, the ratio Fe/(Fe+Mg+Mn) and Sn contents in phyllosilicates and rutile compositions can be used to identify the Sn mineralization potential of a granite.     

The key role of mica during igneous concentration of tantalum

Igneous rocks with high Ta concentrations share a number of similarities such as high Ta/Nb, low Ti, LREE and Zr concentrations and granitic compositions. These features can be traced through fractionated granitic series. Formation of Ta-rich melts begins with anatexis in the presence of residual biotite, followed by magmatic crystallization of biotite and muscovite. Crystallization of biotite and muscovite increases Ta/Nb and reduces the Ti content of the melt. Titanium-bearing oxides such as rutile and titanite are enriched in Ta and have the potential to deplete Ta at early stages of fractionation. However, mica crystallization suppresses their saturation and allows Ta to increase in the melt. Saturation with respect to Ta and Nb minerals occurs at the latest stages of magmatic crystallization, and columbite can originate from recrystallization of mica. We propose a model for prediction of intrusion fertility for Ta.     

Ar–Ar Ages of Hydrothermal Muscovite and Igneous Biotite at the Guposhan–Huashan District,Northeast Guangxi,South China: Implications for Mesozoic W–Sn Mineralization

The Guposhan–Huashan district is an important W–Sn–Sb–Zn–(Cu) metallogenic area in South China. It is located in the middle‐west segment of the Nanling Range. Granitoids in the Guposhan–Huashan district possess certain properties of A‐type or I‐type granites. The W–Sn–Sb–Zn mineralization in the district is closely associated with magma emplacement. Two igneous biotite and seven hydrothermal muscovite samples from skarn, veins and greisenization ores were analyzed by Ar–Ar methods. Two igneous biotite samples from fine‐grained quartz monzodiorite and fine‐grained biotite granite show plateau ages of 168.7 ± 1.9 Ma and 165.0 ± 1.1 Ma, respectively. Seven hydrothermal muscovite samples from ores yield plateau ages as two groups: 165 Ma to 160 Ma and 104 Ma to 100 Ma. These data suggest that the emplacement of fine‐grained granitoids in this district is coeval with the main phase magma emplacement, different from previous studies. The W–Sn–Sb–Zn mineralization took place in two stages, i.e. the Middle–Late Jurassic and early Cretaceous. W–Sn mineralization in the Guposhan–Huashan district is closely related to the magmatism, which was strongly influenced by underplating of asthenospheric mantle along trans‐lithospheric deep faults and related fractures.     

新疆霍什布拉克碱长花岗岩地球化学及成矿作用

霍什布拉克碱长花岗岩侵入二叠纪地层中,侵位时间261.5±2.7 Ma.矿物组合以条纹长石、石英和斜长石为主.化学成分上富硅、富碱、富REE,A/NKC=0.87~1.04,LREE/HREE=2.41,并且具有强烈的铕负异常.微量元素中Cu、Au、W、Sn、Pb明显富集,岩体属含锡多金属的含矿岩体,对锡多金属成矿有利.在花岗质岩浆演化过程中,伴随有Sn、Mo、Fe、Nb、Ta、REE、Cu、Pb、Zn、Au矿化,并按一定规律分布于岩体的内外接触带及岩体外围.     

矽卡岩型钨矿床成矿相关岩体识别——以江西景德镇朱溪超大型矽卡岩型钨矿床为例

钨矿往往与酸性或中酸性侵入岩相关,对于复式岩体通常仅与某一特定期次岩浆相关,如何确定成矿相关岩体是找矿勘查的一道难题。朱溪矽卡岩型钨矿床位于江南古陆钨矿带,是一个世界级钨矿床。该矿床的形成主要与黑云母二长花岗岩和细粒花岗岩密切相关,此次研究发现黑云母二长花岗岩中的黑云母发生蚀变、分解过程中形成了大量含W金红石(w(WO_3)为0.01%~0.96%)。这类含W次生金红石同样出现在华南地区多个钨矿床的成矿相关岩体中,并且其WO_3含量显著高于与岩浆作用相关的锡矿床和斑岩型铜(金)矿床中的次生金红石的WO_3含量。此外,朱溪矿床中岩浆演化晚期形成的细粒花岗岩中结晶了一些自形板状的原生金红石,这些金红石同样显著富集W元素(w(WO_3)为0.06%~1.12%)。金红石中的Ti容易被W所替代,导致(岩浆)热液体系所经历的W元素富集过程会被结晶的金红石所记录。因此,通过花岗质岩体中黑云母发生蚀变或分解后形成的次生金红石,或岩浆演化晚阶段形成的细晶岩脉中的原生金红石的W元素含量,可以判断岩浆结晶演化过程中是否经历过W元素的富集及相应的富集程度,从而判断花岗质岩体是否具备形成钨矿床的潜力。     

Magmatic–hydrothermal rare-element mineralization in the Songshugang granite (northeastern Jiangxi,China): Insights from an electron-microprobe study of Nb–Ta–Zr minerals

The Songshugang granite, hidden in the Sinian metasedimentary stratum, is a highly evolved rare-element granite in northeastern Jiangxi province, South China. The samples were systematically taken from the CK-102 drill hole at the depth of 171–423 m. Four types of rocks were divided from the bottom upwards: topaz albite granite as the main body, greisen nodules, topaz K-feldspar granite and pegmatite layer. Electron-microprobe study reveals that the rare-element minerals of the Songshugang granite are very different from those of other rare-element granites. Mn^# [Mn/(Fe + Mn)] and Ta^# [Ta/(Nb + Ta)] of columbite-group minerals and Hf^# [Hf/(Zr + Hf)] of zircon are nearly constant within each type of rocks. However, back-scattered electron imaging revealed that Nb–Ta oxides and zircon of the Songshugang granite, especially those of topaz albite granite, topaz K-feldspar granite and greisen, are commonly characterized by a specific two-stage texture on the crystal scale. The early-stage Nb–Ta oxide is simply subhedral-shaped columbite-(Fe) (CGM-I) with low Mn^# (0.16–0.37) and Ta^# (0.05–0.29). Columbite-(Fe) is penetrated by the later-stage tantalite veinlets (CGM-II) or surrounded by complex Nb–Ta–Sn–W mineral assemblages, including tantalite-(Fe), wodginite (sl), cassiterite, and ferberite. Tantalite has wide range of Mn^# values (0.15–0.88) from Fe-dominance to Mn-dominance. Wodginite with Ta>Nb has large variable concentrations of W, Sn and Ti. Cassiterite and ferberite are all enriched in Nb and Ta (Nb₂O₅ + Ta₂O₅ up to 20.12 wt.% and 31.42 wt.%, respectively), with high Ta^# (>0.5). Similar to Nb–Ta oxides and Nb–Ta–Sn–W mineral assemblages, the early-stage zircon is commonly included by the later-stage zircon with sharply boundary. They have contrasting Hf contents, and HfO₂ of the later-stage zircon is up to 28.13 wt.%. Petrographic features indicate that the early-stage of columbite and zircon were formed in magmatic environment. However, the later-stage of rare-element minerals were influenced by fluxes-enriched fluids. Tantalite, together with wodginite, cassiterite, and ferberite implies a Ta-dominant media. An interstitial fluid-rich melt enriched in Ta and flux at the magmatic–hydrothermal transitional stage is currently a favored model for explaining the later-stage of rare-element mineralization.     

K–Ar ages of plutonism and mineralization at the Shizhuyuan W–Sn–Bi–Mo deposit,Hunan Province,China

The Qianlishan granite complex, situated 16 km southeast of Chenzhou City, Hunan Province, China, hosts the Shizhuyuan W–Sn–Bi–Mo deposit. This complex, which intruded the Protozoic metasedimentary rocks and the Devonian clastic sedimentary and carbonate rocks, consists of mainly medium- to coarse-grained biotite granites and minor amounts of fine-grained biotite granite in addition to granite and quartz porphyry. K–Ar ages suggest three episodes of plutonism: the medium- to coarse-grained biotite granite (before 152 Ma), the fine-grained biotite granite (137 Ma), and the granite porphyry (129–131 Ma). Muscovite ages of the greisen are 145–148 Ma, suggesting that the W–Sn–Bi–Mo mineralization was related to the main, medium- to coarse-grained biotite granites. The K–Ar age of the hydrothermal vein mineralization is 92 Ma and is probably related to the porphyries.     

Magmatic control on the contrasting Sn feritility of different granite plutons in the giant Gejiu orefield.SCIEI北大核心CSCD

云南个旧锡矿是全球最大的锡多金属矿床之一,但矿区内同时代花岗岩成锡矿潜力差异显著,其控制因素仍不清楚。本文选取贫矿的龙岔河似斑状花岗岩和成锡矿的老厂-卡房(后文简称老-卡)花岗岩为研究对象,通过全岩地球化学成分和黑云母成分分析,系统研究个旧矿区不同花岗岩成锡矿潜力差异的控制因素。测试结果表明,龙岔河花岗岩和老-卡花岗岩具有相似的、以表壳物质为主的岩浆源区以及较高的初始熔融温度,表明岩浆源区和熔融条件不是控制二者成矿潜力差异的主要原因。黑云母成分显示老-卡花岗岩和龙岔河花岗岩均具有较低的氧逸度,岩浆演化过程中锡为不相容元素,有利于锡在残余熔体中富集,表明氧逸度条件也不是导致成矿潜力差异的关键因素。龙岔河花岗岩发育角闪石、榍石、黑云母,而老-卡花岗岩发育岩浆白云母,指示后者分异程度更高。此外,与龙岔河花岗岩相比,老-卡花岗岩具有富硅,贫钛、铁、镁、钙和稀土元素特征,稀土元素呈现“海鸥式”配分模式,并且具有较低的Nb/Ta、Zr/Hf、K/Rb和较高的Rb/Sr比值,同样指示老-卡花岗岩具有更高的结晶分异程度。并且相比于龙岔河花岗岩为准铝质的特征,老-卡花岗岩的过铝质特征有利于锡分配进入岩浆出溶的流体相中富集成矿。因此,岩浆性质和演化程度是导致个旧地区不同花岗岩成矿潜力差异的主要原因,龙岔河花岗岩形成锡矿化的潜力较小。