STUDIES ON EXTRACTION PROCEDURE AND ANTIOXIDATIVE ACTIVITY OF PHLOROTANNINS FROM SARGASSUM KJELLMANIANUM

ImODUcrIONThetermphlorotanninswascoinedbySattlerinl974(dtalinRagan&Glombiha,l986)forthebrownalgalpolyphenoIshavingcheAncalcharacteristiesoftannins.Later,theirstmCturalunitwasprovedraaganandGlombitsa,l986)tobephlorogludnol(i.e.l,3,5-trihydroxybename).OginoandTaki(l957)notalthattheaqueousextraCtSoffreshthalliofSargassumringgoldianumhavetanninproperties(tumingbluishorreddishvioletafteradditionofironsaltS,astringenttaste,andabilitytopredpitategelatin).HighmolecularweightpolyphenoIsfromAsco…     

STUDY ON THE CORROSION PEAK OF CARBON STEEL IN MARINE SPLASH ZONE

lNTRODUCTI0NSincetheoonceptofrnarinesplashzone(MSZ)wasfirstproposedbyHumble,rnanyresearchesprovedthatthecorrosionofsteelinthesplashzoneisthemostseriousinthemarineenvironninetandthatthisMSZcorrosionhasapeak(Zhu,l995).Howevertheenvironmentalfactorscatisingthecorrosionpeakwasnotkn0wnthen(Niat0,l975,Atsushi,l994)andtherangeoftheMSZwasnotyetdeariydefinedopzkaki,l985).ThispaperexplainsthemaincauseofthecormsionpeakanddefinestheexaCtrangeoftheMSZinsomeofChina'sharbours.MATERIALSANDMET…     

DETERMINATION OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON IN SEAWATER USING UV/PERSULPHATE METHOD AND HTCO METHOD

MODUonONThermsurmtofdissolvedorganiccarbon.(DoC)inseawaterhasprovedtobeaddricultandcontroversialproedurepeenneretal.,l992,l993,OgawaandOgam,l992,Tanoue,l992).InterestinthemeasurernentofDOCinseaytteyintenSfomtlyinoonnographicdedes(Sharp,l993)largeyduetothesuggestionthathighteIneratU-rcatalyticoxidationanalysisyieklshighervaluesthanhaditionalweoxidationmethods(SugdriraandSuzuki,l988).Thereportedhigherconcenttationsappeatalsignilicantforg1obaloasnfluxmodelingcyoggweiler,l992)andforunderst…     

STUDIES ON THE ANTITUMOR ACTIVITY AND ISOLATION OF THE GLYCOPROTEIN FROM THE GONAD OF CHLAMYS (AZUMAPECTEN) FARRERI

INTRODUCTIoNGlyOProtein'sroleinthevedousbioactivitiesofcelllifewasPaldcloseattentiontoinrecentyearsWhenanuInberofantitUInractiveglycoproteinswerefoundinsuccessionintheInarinemolusca(driS-etal-,l985;kisugiJ-etal.,1989).Thehighan-titumoractivityoftheglycoproteinfromPatinOPectenyeSSoensisofJaPaninterestedPharma-cologists(~S.etal.9l987).TheadductorofChamy(forecten)farmri,acultivatedshellfishdistributedrnaidealongthenorthemcoastofChina,isValuableandtastymdrineproductverypoPulartoman.T…     

EQUILIBRIUM COASTAL PROFILES:Ⅰ. REVIEW AND SYNTHESIS

naomONProfilesonsandycoastSaresiInilarintheirmorphologyundersjmilarndbotandhydrodynandc(tidaluntandwave)conditions.SuchanobservationhastaltotheconceptofcoastalequilibriunLAssodatalwiththeconceptareanUInbeofcrudelissues,indudingt(i)theevidencetodemonstratetheexisteneeofequilibriny(ii)calculationsoftheshapeofanequilibriumcoastalprofile,and(iii)theperiodoftimerequbotoaschtheequilibriumstate(knownastheresponsetiIne).TherehaveformanyeffortSlookingforsolutionstotheseprobbo,sincethestudAsundCftak…     

EFFECTS OF Mg~(2+), NaCl, CITRIC ACID, AND OTHER FACTORS ON SYNTHESIS AND ACCUMULATION OF β-CAROTENE IN DUNALIELLA SALINA

Therearemorethan4Ookindsofcarotenoids,aboutl(X)ofwhichcanbeObtainedfromoceanicmicrobesandalgae,sooceanicalgaeareconsideredthemostimPOrtanre-sourceofnaturalcarotenoids(Becker,l982).DunaliellaSalinahasdrawnnmehattentionfromanuInberofcountriesrecently,asmoreandmorestudiesshowedthatthisunicellularalgacanaccumulatelargeamountsof5-caroteneundercertainenvironmentalconditions(Li,1988).SuInInallzingthebiosyntheticmechanismof3-carotene,weknowthatacetylCoAandCO2arethehasicInaerialsfOrSYthesizing3-…     

THE EFFECTS OF A SLOPING BOTTOM ON THE EQUATORIAL WAVE-INDUCED DEEP RESIDUAL CURRENTS

ImODUcnONThedeepequatorialoceanhasobvioussignilicantflowapparentlycarryinghacelsa1ongandacrosstheequator(WissCtal.,l985).RmtfloatmsurementSshoWedthattheflowishigh1yvariable(Richardsonetal.,l993).ThomPsonandKawase(l993)pro-posedthatthelargeinstantaneousandfloatvelocitiesasWellasthevariabilitysuggestthatthetracersignaIsreflCCtreCtificationoftimedependentmotionsandniinginsteadofrneanEulerianflow.TheresultSoftheirstudyonthegenerationofmeancurrentSbyperi-odicfordngintheequatorialoceaninasir…     

A Synoptic Snapshot of the East Cape Eddy （ECE）

1Introduction The East Australian Current(EAC)partially sepa-rates from the coast of Australia(Godfrey et al.,1980)and subsequently flows eastward along the Tas-man Front(TF)(Warren,1970).When the east-ward flow reaches the northernmost point of New Zealand,it turns southeastward and becomes the East Auckland Current(EAUC).The flow that goesround the East Cape is named the Ease Cape Current(ECC).The ECC separates from North Island and proceeds eastward to the north of the Chatha…     

PROMOTIVE EFFECT OF Se ON THE GROWTH AND ANTIOXIDATION OF A BLUE-GREEN ALGA SPIRULINA MAXIMA

ItwasreportedthatthegrOwthofthedrinediatomffelassforiraPsethenana(Hust.)HasleetHeiIndaldependedonSe(Priceetal.,1987).ThisreqUirementissPecificforSe;nootherelementscansubstituteforit,becauseSecaninduceglutathioneperoxidase(GSH-PoD)activityinthisdiatom(PriceandHarrison,l988),andinlow-CO2-grooCham~nasreinhandiiDangerad(Yokotaetal.,l988).ThisenZyInac-tivitywdetectedinextractsOfablue-greenalgaGleeoCaPasp.LB795(TotaandGallon,l979),andalsoincultUredhigherplancells(Drotaretal.,1985),butw…     

Effects of brown fish meal replacement with fermented soybean meal on growth performance, feed efficiency and enzyme activities of Chinese soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis

A 120-day feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of partial replacement of brown fish meal (BFM) by fermented soybean meal (FSBM) in diets of Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis). The turtles (initial mean body weight, (115.52 ± 1.05) g) were fed with three experimental diets, in which 0%, 4.72% and 9.44% BFM protein was replaced by 0%, 3% and 6% FSBM, respectively. Results showed that the feeding rate (FR), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) of turtles fed with the diet containing 3% FSBM were not significantly different from the control group (0% FSBM) (P > 0.05). However, FR, SGR and FER of turtles fed with the diet containing 6% FSBM were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in the activities of serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and glutamicpyruvic transaminase among dietary treatments (P > 0.05). However, the uric acid concentration in turtles fed with the diet containing 3% or 6% FSBM was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the activities of lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase and total superoxide dismutase among dietary treatments (P > 0.05). The results suggested that FSBM could replace 4.72% BFM protein in turtle diets without exerting adverse effects on turtle growth, feed utilization and measured immune parameters.     

ANALYSIS OF DRIVING FORCES ON THE CHANGE OF HISTORICAL FARMLAND USE IN SHANDONG PROVINCE DURING THE QING DYNASTY (1644-1911)

1INTRODUCTIONTheIGBP-IHDP(InternationalGeosphere-BiosphereProgramme,andInternationalHumanDimensionPro-gramme)jointproject—LUCC(landuse/coverchange)isaninterdisciplinaryprogramdesignedtoimprovetheunderstandingofthedynamicsofland-useandland-coverchangeasinputstoandconsequencesofglobalenvironmentalchangeandsustainabledevelopment(CHARLOTTE,2002).Inparticularthedifferentbio-geochemicalmodeling(e.g.theglobalcarboncycle)ac-tivitiesandcomparativestudies,suchasthoseconduct-edbyIGBP-G…     

Warming hiatus and evergreen conifers in Altay-Sayan Region,Siberia

"Warming hiatus" occurred in the AltaySayan Mountain Region, Siberia in c. 1997–2014. We analyzed evergreen conifer(EGC) stands area(satellite data) and trees(Siberian pine, Pinus sibirica Du Tour, Siberian fir, Abies sibirica Ledeb.) growth increment(dendrochronology data) response to climate variables before and during the hiatus. During the hiatus, EGC area increased in the highlands(1000 m)(+30%), whereas at low and middle elevations(1000 m. a.s.l.) the EGC area decreased(-7%). The EGC area increase was observed on the rain-ward northwest slopes mainly. In highlands, EGC area increase mainly correlated with summer air temperature, whereas at low and middle elevations EGC area decrease correlated with drought index SPEI and vapor pressure deficit(VPD). EGC mortality(fir and Siberian pine) in lowland was caused by the synergy of water stress(inciting factor) and barkbeetle attacks(contributing factor). Tree growth increment(GI) dynamics differs with respect to elevation. At high elevation(1700 m) GI permanently increased since warming onset, whereas at the middle(900 m) and low elevations(450 m) GI increased until c. 1983 yr. with followed depression. That GI "breakpoint" occurred about a decade before hiatus onset. In spite of growth depression, during hiatus GI was higher than that in pre-warming period. At high elevation, GI positively responded to elevated June temperatures and negatively to moisture increase(precipitation, root zone moisture content, VPD, and SPEI). At low elevation GI negatively responded to June temperatures and positively to moisture increase. For both, low and high elevation, these patterns persisted throughout the study period(1967–2014). On the contrary, at middle elevations GI dependence on climate variables switch after breakpoint year(1983). Before breakpoint, June air temperature(positive correlation) and moisture(negative correlations) controlled GI. Further temperature increase leads GI depression and switched correlation signs to opposite(from positive to negative with temperature, and from negative to positive with moisture variables).     

Ultrasonic Extraction of Polysaccharides from Laminaria japonica and Their Antioxidative and Glycosidase Inhibitory Activities

In the present study, ultrasonic extraction technique(UET) is used to improve the yield of polysaccharides from Laminaria japonica(LJPs). And their antioxidative as well as glycosidase inhibitory activities are investigated. Box-Behnken design(BBD) combined with response surface methodology(RSM) is applied to optimize ultrasonic extraction for polysaccharides. The optimized conditions are obtained as extraction time at 54 min, ultrasonic power at 1050 W, extraction temperature at 80℃ and ratio of material to solvent at 1:50(g m L-1). Under these optimal ultrasonic extraction conditions, an actual experimental yield(5.75% ± 0.3%) is close to the predicted result(5.67%) with no significant difference(P 0.05). Vitro antioxidative and glycosidase inhibitory activities tests indicate that the crude polysaccharides(LJP) and two major ethanol precipitated fractions(LJP1 and LJP2) are in a concentration-dependent manner. LJP2(30%-60% ethanol precipitated polysaccharides) possesses the strongest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and moderate scavenging activity against hydroxyl radicals(66.09% ± 2.19%, 3.0 mg m L-1). Also, the inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase(59.08% ± 3.79%, 5.0 mg m L-1) is close to that of acarbose(63.99% ± 3.27%, 5.0 mg m L-1). LJP1(30% ethanol precipitated polysaccharides) exhibits the strongest scavenging activity against hydroxyl radicals(99.80% ± 0.00%, 3.0 mgm L-1) and moderate α-glucosidase inhibitory activity(47.76% ± 1.92%, 5.0 mg m L-1). LJP shows the most remarkable DPPH scavenging activity(66.20% ± 0.11%, 5.0 mg m L-1) but weakest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity(37.77% ± 1.30%, 5.0 mg m L-1). However, all these LJPs exert weak inhibitory effects against α-amylase. These results show that UET is an effective method for extracting bioactive polysaccharides from seaweed materials. LJP1 and LJP2 can be developed as a potential ingredient in hypoglycemic agents or functional food for the management of diabetes. This study provides scientific evidence and advances in the preparation technology and a hypoglycemic activities evaluation method for seaweed polysaccharides, especially glycosidase inhibition in combination with an antioxidative activity evaluation method.     

SORPTION OF BENZOTHIOPHENE ON MARINE SEDIMENTS

ImODUcrIONBenzothiophene(acomPoundinp0lycydicarornaticsulfurheterocydespresentincrudeoilsandcoal)isaddedt0marineenvironmentfromavariCtyofsouna,andisofenvironrnentalconcernduetoitSharmfulproperties(Andefssonetal.,l992,Yang,l996).Warner(l975)obtainedsulfur-containingpetroleumcomPonentSsuchasbensothiophenefr0mrnarinesamplesandfoundthatthepolycydicarornaticsuifurheterocydesweremorercadilybioconrmtratedthansulfur-freep0lycydicaromaticcompounds.Yang(l997)foundthatbensothiophenewaspresentinallin…     

ON THE ULIRASTRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE HEMOCYTES OF PENAEID SHRIMP, PENAEUS VANNAMEI (CRUSTACEA, DECAPODA)

INTRODUCTIONHemocytesOfcrustaceansplayanimportantroleintheirimmunedefensenetWork(thethall,Cerenius,l992).Thesecellscanremoveforeignpallicleshyphagocytosis(Tyson,Jenldn,l974;Paterson,Stewed,l974)andencaPsulation(HoseandMartin,l989;Perssonetal.,1987)-TheraPidsealingofawoundtopreventhemolYmPhlossanddric~AnsmsfromPenetraingthewoundisanotherimportantprocessiflaqUaiccrustaceansandisthoughttobecormectedwiththeactivitiesofhemocytes(tevin,l985)-AttemPtshadbeenInadefromoverl(X)yearstoclass@…     

MODEL OF UPPER OCEANIC CIRCULATIONS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA DURING NORTHEAST MONSOON

MODUrnONTheS0uthChinaSea(SCS)isabophalrnarginalbasinwhereEastAsiamonsoonsprevail.0bviousadjustInentSoftheupperocanoccurduetOthealtematingsurnxneandwintermonsoons.ThemostboohantaspchoflargeanlecurmtSintheSesaretheupperoonnicresponsetothemonsoons(Dale,l956).MostpreviousmrehesfocusedondiagnostiesandmodelingofsuffocecurmtS.Wwti(l96l)plotalsurfacentsbasedonshipdriflsintheNAGAReportNo.2anddescritaltheperiodicallysdri-annualreversingofwindsandrtinthisarea.Xuetal.(l982)calculatalthedy-naAn…     

Gravity-driven sedimentation on the northwestern continental slope in the South China Sea: Results from high-resolution seismic data and piston cores

mODUCnONGravityflowsedimentationonthenorthwsterncontinentalsl0PeoftheSOuthChinaSea(SCS)are0fgreatinterestfromthescientificandengineeringP0intofview-Th0roughknOWedgofcontinentalsloPepmeessesanddepositionfeatUresispreregUisiteforhydID-carbenexploraion0fdeepwaerandforprotectionofoffhoredrineeopneeringstrUcbes(PlaifonnsandpiPelines)againstnaedhed.ManykindsofmassmovmentPIDCess-eswerefoUndtobeactiveonthen0rthernSCS(Damuth,l979;l98O).High-freqUency(3.5ffo)echo-chaIaCterInaPPingisawell…     

ON THE ORIGIN AGE OF THE SOUTHWEST BASIN IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

TheSouthChinaSea(SCS)islocatalinthejunCti0noftheEurasian,PacificandIndodeustralianPlates,andisoneofthebiggestrnarginalseasinthewesternPadfic~n.Uyeda(l977)regardedtheSCS'soriginasoneofthebasicprobboincompletelyre-solvedbytheTheoryofPlateTeCtoniesrv).Heaskedfl.Whydoesanarcriseup(theoriginofarcmountains)?2.Whyisthestressinthebackurcbasinregionextensional(theoriginofbackurcbasin)?3.Whyisthernantleintheinnerurcbelthot(theoriginofvohanismandhighgcothermalflow)?Therewermanyviewnointsontheori…     

EFFECTS OF HARVEST STAGE ON THE TOTAL LIPID AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF FOUR CYLINDROTHECA STRAINS

Four strains of Cylindrotheca (B156, B164, B196, and B200) were harvested at three phases in the growth curve and their total lipid and fatty acid composition were determined. Total lipid reached highest values in the late stationary phase in B156 (24.0%), B164 (26.6%) and B200 (17.3%), in the exponential phase in B196 (15.5%). Saturated fatty acids increased with the devel-opment of the culture in B156 and B196, and reached their highest values in the late stationary phase in B156 (41.7%) and B196 (45.1%), in the early stationary phase in B164 (45.4%) and B200 (37.6%). Monounsaturated fatty acids increased with the development of the culture in B196 and B200, and reached their highest values in the late stationary phase in B196 (32.4%) and B200 (32.8%), in the early stationary phase in B164 (31.0%) and in the exponential phase in B156 (29.3%). Polyunsaturat-ed fatty acids decreased in the later phases of the culture in B164, B196 and B200, and peaked in theexponential phase in B164 (29.5%), B196 (42.9%) and B200 (37.3%), and in the early stationary phase in B156 (32.0%).     

On Verification of the New Criterion of Adiabaticity by Numerical Simulation of Acoustic Propagation through the Polar Front

To assess the adiabaticity of acoustic propagation in the ocean is very important for acoustic field calculation(forward problem) and tomographic retrieving (inverse problem). A new criterion of adiabaticity is proposed recently (Shang et al., 2001). In this paper, numerical simulation has been conducted for acoustic propagation through the Polar Front to verify the new criterion. Numerical results on the f (frequency) -rn (mode number) plan demonstrate that the new criterion works very well for this extremely non-gradual ocean structure.