居民地与道路之间拓扑关系一致性的模糊评价

在地图制图综合中必须保持不同尺度同一区域地图要素之间拓扑关系的一致性,但目前有关的一致性评价方面的研究较少,本文讨论了不同比例尺地图中居民地与道路之间拓扑关系一致性的模糊评价问题。从制图规则和视觉限制的角度,分析了多尺度地图表达中居民地与道路之间的应该保持拓扑关系的一致性的几项规则;基于模糊数学理论提出了制图综合中拓扑关系的一致性评价模型,并通过一个简单实例证明了该方法的可行性。     

基于傅里叶级数的等高线网络渐进式传输模型

矢量地图渐进式传输的关键技术是建立连续的多尺度表达模型,并在服务器端将地图数据组织成线性结构。本文利用傅立叶级数对要素表达的多尺度特性,将傅立叶级数的参量引入到等高线要素的渐进式传输中：研究了地图尺度与曲线傅立叶展开项数的对应关系,并以此在服务器端建立了曲线多尺度表达的傅立叶描述子模型;客户端通过网络传输依次得到不同地图尺度的傅立叶描述子分量并进行曲线要素的重构,实现等高线要素渐进式的传输和表达。该模型的应用具有两大特点,其一,在网络传输的是由曲线要素提炼出来的特征向量而不是坐标数据,能起到了数据有效压缩的作用;其二,能够实现无极尺度的地图要素的表达。     

一种面向DEM多尺度表达的傅里叶能量谱模型

针对数字高程模型（digital elevation model,DEM）数据的多尺度表达问题,根据DEM格网数据在能量谱密度中“低频-高能-大尺度”的对应关系,在化简中关联地形语义特征,构建了DEM数据的多尺度表达模型。实验结果表明,该模型可以实时动态派生不同尺度下的DEM数据,通过等高线放样观察发现,该模型派生的DEM数据满足地形表达、空间认知和制图综合中的“保留主要地形特征、舍弃次要地形特征”的基本原则。与常用的DEM化简方法进行高程值统计以及坡形变化的定量对比分析,结果表明该方法在统计意义与结构意义上都具有较好的效果。     

“数字城市”建设中的地图综合技术

在“数字城市”建设中,完成了基本比例尺地图数据建库后,面临的紧要问题就是如何维护更新数据,以及建立跨比例尺数据间的联系,数字技术环境下的自动化地图综合技术成为必须解决的技术问题。通过“数字深圳”空间数据基础设施建设实际,讨论了数字环境下地图综合的概念、实施路线及软件开发方法,对多尺度空间数据库建设有关问题进行了思考。     

面向网络地图发布的电子地图制图模板设计方法

以基础地理数据为基础,从多尺度数据分级分类组织方法、地图制图表达方法设计以及要素表达中的空间冲突关系处理3个方面对面向网络电子地图的制作方法进行分析研究,并提出各类问题的处理原则和解决方案,得出模版制作方法。该方法已在项目中得到应用,取得了很好的效果。     

一种河网矢量数据的网络渐进式传输方法

本文提出了一种河网矢量数据双层次多尺度表达的渐进式传输模型,结合目标层次的河流选取和几何细节层次的曲线多尺度表达,建立了河网多尺度数据结构。在Client/Server结构的WebGIS系统中进行了实验,结果表明该方法用于河网矢量地图数据的渐进式传输是有效的。     

基于XML的地图表达机制研究

针对目前GML驱动下地理信息可视化缺乏制图机制的不足，提出了一种新的基于XML的地图表达模型，在引入地图制图标记语言概念基础上融入了地图制图功能，为地图增量更新与分布式处理提供了新的技术手段。     

多尺度变换中建筑群空间相似度计算模型

针对建筑群自动综合结果质量评价问题,该文提出一种建筑群多尺度表达中空间相似度计算模型。从地图综合质量评价的角度,立足地图综合的3个约束,即图形约束、拓扑约束、结构约束,分别计算了图形相似度、拓扑相似度、结构相似度,并对以上各相似度作了适当的权重分配,计算建筑群目标的整体相似度。最后,通过实验验证了本文相似度计算方法的正确性、可行性。     

An Ontology of the Submarine Relief for Analysis and Representation on Nautical Charts

Abstract

A nautical chart is a kind of map used to describe the seafloor morphology and shoreline of adjacent lands. One of its main purposes is to guarantee safety of navigation. As a consequence, the construction of a nautical chart follows very specific rules. The cartographer has to select and highlight undersea features according to their relevance to navigation. In an automated process, the system must be able to identify and classify these features from the terrain model. This paper aims therefore to define ontologies of the submarine relief and nautical chart that will be at the root of a model-oriented generalization process. To the best of our knowledge, no ontology has been defined to formalize the geographical and cartographic objects for nautical chart representation. Thus, a bottom-up approach was developed to extract and model knowledge derived from standards established by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) and cartographers’ expertise. The submarine relief ontology formalizes undersea features describing the submarine relief. Four concepts (composition, morphometric class, shape value and depth value) are introduced to describe properties and relationships between undersea features. The cartographic representation ontology of nautical charts will define several concepts (chart, features, isobathymetric lines and soundings) for the representation of undersea features on the chart.     

交通要素启发式多尺度表达技术方法探讨

针对当前地图的单一尺度可视化与用户所需地图的多尺度表达之间的矛盾,利用多尺度制图技术,探讨基于用户制图需求的交通要素启发式多尺度表达的技术方法.通过对用户的制图需求信息进行启发式识别,提取出相应参数对不同尺度下各要素进行取舍和简化,最终实现交通要素的多尺度表达.实践表明,文中方法可以改善电子地图表达尺度单一的缺陷,满足用户对多尺度地图的制图需求.     

Distinctive Recent Maps

Successful implementation of an intelligent system for automated map generalization requires formalization of cartographic principles that are, in many cases, only intuitively understood. Formalizing these principles requires acquisition and re-expression in the form of semantic nets, frames, production rules, or similar formalization methods. The various techniques for cartographic knowledge acquisition have been discussed on a theoretical basis; however, little empirical research has been conducted. This paper reports on empirical acquisition of cartographic knowledge by reverse engineering; that is, on trying to recapitulate decisions made on published documents or maps. The work is based on a computer-assisted multi-scale inventory of the Austrian National Topographic Map Series. Queries of the relational database, within which inventory data are stored, lead to the formulation of prototype production rules for modifying map symbols during automatic scale changes. Components of map generalization expressed in such rules include the selection behavior of settlement, transportation, and hydrographic objects, and the degree of simplification of settlement domains and building clusters. The acquired cartographic knowledge reveals quantitative relations between map elements and the changes in these relations that occur with scale transition. These insights can guide subsequent knowledge refinement using other acquisition methods. This paper provides, in addition, a conceptual framework by which other topographic map series may be compared at multiple scales.     

多约束条件下示意性道路网地图渐进式综合(英文)

Multiple constraints for schematic road network map cartographic design are analyzed and summarized. Based on this, a set of quantitative criteria are set up and a new road network generalization method including progressive selection and displacement is proposed. Furthermore, topological checking methods for road networks are researched. Based on these constraints, the points in a road network are classified, and a satisfactory and effective schematic map is designed in a con- crete experiment while maintaining topological consistency of the road network between the original and the schematic map     

Schematic road network map progressive generalization based on multiple constraints

Multiple constraints for schematic road network map cartographic design are analyzed and summarized. Based on this, a set of quantitative criteria are set up and a new road network generalization method including progressive selection and displacement is proposed. Furthermore, topological checking methods for road networks are researched. Based on these constraints, the points in a road network are classified, and a satisfactory and effective schematic map is designed in a concrete experiment while maintaining topological consistency of the road network between the original and the schematic map.     

Representation and its Relationship with Cartographic Visualization

A research agenda is presented which addresses the current role and potential of map displays. By considering the geospatial data used in visualization, the form and design of maps, the purposes for which map displays are created, the nature of the map user community, and the technology employed to visualize geospatial data, a thorough overview of the nature of cartographic visualization is given. Under the same themes, and sourced in cartographic tradition, cartographic practice and technological opportunities, a series of possible research avenues are highlighted. The important links between representation and the user interface, map user cognition and the geospatial database are stressed.     

城市电子地图多尺度自动缩编方法

随着智慧城市、地理信息公共服务及地理国情数据等政务信息逐步公开,作为各类政务信息发布基础的城市电子地图在多尺度展现时,只能通过关闭、选取要素来实现,这种未进行制图综合的做法导致要素在逐级放大过程中,会出现跳跃性丢失和细节破碎的现象,既不符合地图表达要求也难以满足用户视觉体验。本文提出了一源数据多尺度自动缩编的技术方法,构建了最优化的"统一源头、一致派生、无级表达"技术体系,实现了城市电子地图联动更新和多尺度展现,节省了大量人力和物力,为最大限度地发挥测绘地理信息集成与服务能力提供保障。     

道路网示意性地图的渐进式综合研究

研究并总结了示意性道路网地图的制图规则,量化了约束条件,提出了一种道路网渐进式图形简化方法和移位方法,并研究了拓扑关系检查方法。在具体实验中,通过对道路网上点的分类,依据约束条件,快速生成有效的道路网示意性地图,同时保证了原始道路图与示意性道路图之间的拓扑关系一致性。     

基于XML Web服务的地图增量更新模型研究

从地图表达数据可持续利用的角度,提出基于XML Web服务的地图增量更新模型。分析基于Web服务的地图增量更新的原理、关键技术以及实现过程,并结合GML、XSLT表达规则、SVG地图符号及JavaScript设计,实现基于XML的地图表达数据增量更新的原型系统。     

基于描述逻辑的地图语义模型初步研究

为了研究地图的形式化语义表达问题,将语言学的理论和方法应用到地图领域,把地图符号系统作为一种二维图形语言,在分析地图语言的基本语言单位、语法规则和语义规则的基础上,采用扩展的描述逻辑AL-CRP(D),建立了地图语义模型。模型能完备地表达地图语言的语义,为用逻辑方法研究地图信息提供了借鉴意义。     

基于地图的地理信息可视化现状与发展

地理信息可视化是在地理数据库驱动下,以地图形式表达地理信息的过程。地图可视化和GIS可视化是地学可视化研究的两个重要部分,地图可视化通常在制图系统中完成,脱离了地理数据库,不便于地图更新;GIS可视化又缺乏足够的地图制图工具。文中探讨了地理数据库驱动下的地图表达机制,融入了地图制图机制与GIS符号化,形成GIS数据管理、数据综合、符号化、图形综合一体化的地图表达模型。     

Searching for the ‘Right’ Legend: The Impact of Legend Position on Legend Decoding in a Cartographic Memory Task

ABSTRACT

Map legends are key elements of thematic maps and cartographic communication. The question of how to style map legends is a topic which has often been addressed by cartographic academics and practitioners. Nevertheless, the question of where to position a map legend has only hardly been discussed. Principles of cognitive sciences allow the assumption that a legend positioned to the right of a map field can be read and decoded faster than a legend on the left side. This study investigates the impact of legend positioning on legend decoding. It involves an experiment based on a recognition memory paradigm and the registration of eye-movements. The results show that, in less time, a legend positioned to the right of the map field (compared to a left legend) can be decoded faster. The same accuracy of a cognitive representation of geographic space can be achieved in spatial memory.