县域生态足迹动态变化分析——以内蒙古和林格尔县为例

采用生态足迹的理论和分析方法对和林格尔县可持续发展进行了评价分析。结果表明：1997--2007年间,和林格尔县二、三产业发展水平偏低,导致人均生态赤字越来越大,和林格尔县发展需要所占用的生态服务已经超出了其本身可承载的能力;和林格尔县每万元GDP所消耗的生态足迹呈逐年下降趋势;从历年生态足迹构成来看,耕地和化石能源用地占整个生态足迹的比重很大,是影响和林格尔县生态足迹变化的最重要因素。     

基于三维生态足迹模型的桂林市2000-2018年生态承载力变化评估

本文将基于遥感反演的植被净初级生产力（NPP）的均衡因子和产量因子评估方法引进到三维生态足迹模型中,利用足迹广度和足迹深度两个指标,以“国家公顷”为计量单位,从空间和时间两个角度计算并分析了桂林市2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年和2018年的生态承载力和资源环境的可持续发展能力;同时,利用经济评价指标（GDP）和生态足迹指标,定量评估了桂林市自然资源利用效率。结果表明：2000—2018年桂林市的生态承载力略微增加,生态足迹和生态赤字均呈现出一致的先增加（峰值在2010年）后下降趋势;各土地利用类型对人均生态足迹和人均生态承载力的贡献率有较大的差异,社会经济建设中各类土地的需求和供应水平不对等。足迹广度除2005年稍有下降外,其余年份基本呈现出增长趋势,而足迹深度则呈现出先增长后下降的趋势,自然资源过度消耗是影响桂林市生态环境可持续发展的重要因素。2000—2018年桂林市自然资源利用效率显著提高,2010年以后第三产业逐渐在经济建设中占主要地位,经济发展潜力较大。     

生态承载力评估方法研究进展

在人类活动越来越多的影响可持续发展的背景下,生态承载力的研究受到了越来越多的关注。本文总结了生态承载力概念演变,介绍了生态承载力主要研究方法:初级生产力法(NPP)、生态足迹法、能值生态足迹法、基于生态系统服务的方法、碳氧平衡法、状态空间法、综合评价法与模型法,并对其优缺点分别进行评述;最后对当前生态承载力研究的不足和未来可能的发展方向进行了综述。     

气候变化背景下的城市低碳发展水平测度

全球气候变化对全球自然系统和社会经济产生了显著的影响,近百年来的气候变暖已经成为既定的科学事实。目前,世界各国对于发展低碳经济、建设低碳城市及承担碳减排任务以应对气候变化的共识不断得到加强,在此背景下,低碳社会、低碳生活等理念为人们所广泛关注和推崇。本文综述了气候变化的科学事实、碳排放与城市化之间的内在联系;阐述了低碳经济、低碳城市、"脱钩"理论、环境库兹涅茨理论、生态足迹和碳足迹理论的理论内涵;评述了目前低碳城市发展水平的测度指标体系、计算方法和评价标准,重点分析了人均碳排放、碳生产率、碳排放强度和碳能源排放系数等城市低碳发展水平指标,以及DPSIR模型、生态足迹模型、主成分分析和层次分析综合模型等低碳发展水平评价模型。最后,提出了目前该研究领域存在的科学问题,展望了未来的研究重点和发展方向。     

国内外生态气象现状及其发展趋势

首先探讨了生态学、气象学与生态气象学的发展历程,并给出了目前常见的几种生态气象学的定义;其次,对国内外生态气象学的现状进行了简单分析,主要介绍了国际上开展的与生态系统有关的许多观测计划和研究试验,以及国内不同部门开展的陆地生态系统观测状况,并分析了我国气象部门生态气象业务服务现状及存在的问题;再次,分析了生态气象学未来的发展趋势。     

国内外生态气象现状及其发展趋势

首先探讨了生态学、气象学与生态气象学的发展历程,并给出了目前常见的几种生态气象学的定义;其次,对国内外生态气象学的现状进行了简单分析,主要介绍了国际上开展的与生态系统有关的许多观测计划和研究试验,以及国内不同部门开展的陆地生态系统观测状况,并分析了我国气象部门生态气象业务服务现状及存在的问题;再次,分析了生态气象学未来的发展趋势.     

生物气象预报的生态动力学基础

生物气象预报同公用天气预报有着密切关联。根据国内外物候学、数值天气预报、模式识别自动化技术和生态动力学进展趋势,从生态动力学出发评述了生物气象预报进展、生物气象预报的理论和方法及生物气象预报所涉及范围与生态动力学的关系,指出高新技术化的生态动力学是生物气象预报从定性发展到定量、从单站发展到区域的预测网络的基础,就生物气象预报研究、业务化和人才培养等问题,提出了一些个人看法,并展望了发展前景及其在可持续发展、生态环境改善等方面的作用。     

浅谈我省有机(生态)食品产业的发展

介绍了有机农业和有机(生态)食品的概念;分析了发展有机(生态)食品的必要性及存在的问题;并从我省实际出发,提出了具体的对策和建议.     

“郑汴一体化”进程中生态廊道系统建设探讨

“郑汴一体化”建设在河南省“十一五”规划中具有重要的战略地位。依据景观生态学原理及生态廊道的生态、游憩、经济功能和保护性、多功能、整体性原则,对建设郑州-开封生态廊道、促进城市群大经济的可持续发展提出了合理的建议：做好生态廊道整体规划,促进城间生态系统结构优化;形成整个生态系统有机体,避免景观破碎化;搞好生态斑块建设,促进生态功能区发展;建立生态建设过程中的保障体系。     

河南省一次大雾的数值模拟及生消机制分析

"郑汴一体化"建设在河南省"十一五"规划中具有重要的战略地位.依据景观生态学原理及生态廊道的生态、游憩、经济功能和保护性、多功能、整体性原则,对建设郑州-开封生态廊道、促进城市群大经济的可持续发展提出了合理的建议:做好生态廊道整体规划,促进城间生态系统结构优化;形成整个生态系统有机体,避免景观破碎化;搞好生态斑块建设,促进生态功能区发展;建立生态建设过程中的保障体系.     

区域生态环境质量评价方法研究

以江西省贵溪市为研究区域，从生态学和环境科学观点出发，在3S技术支持下，应用20m分辨率的中巴资源卫星遥感资料、1：100000数字化地理数据和GPS抽样调查数据，结合常规调查统计法，选择与区域生态环境有关的因子(如气候、水资源、土地利用、植被、水土流失)以及部分人类活动和经济因素(污染物排放、人均耕地面积、单位面积粮食产量、人均国内生产总值等)，构建了评价指标体系，空间尺度以研究区域平均水平取值，时间尺度截止到2000年。该体系通过专家定权法和中间截取求平均值方法进行权值估计，应用生态环境评价模型对2000年研究区域的生态环境质量进行评价。结果表明，该研究区域2000年生态环境质量达Ⅱ级标准，生态环境质量总体处较好水平，主要表现在森林覆盖率高于全省平均水平，达61．0％；人均耕地面积及产量水平分别为0．06hm^2／人和8025kg／hm^2，处全省中上水平；水土流失面积达61974hm^2，且治理效果好；生物多样性受到一定保护；GDP居全省前列，为该区域生态环境保护和治理提供了一定的经济基础。目前该区域存在的主要问题是：水质为国家Ⅲ级标准，应通过综合治理进一步提高标准；为较多气象灾害发生区；由于特殊的地理条件，导致土壤侵蚀的隐患较大。     

The ecological footprint: a non-monetary metric of human consumption applied to North America

This paper employs ecological footprint analysis as a potential non-monetary metric of human consumption and ecological productivity in a simulation-modeling framework, applied to North America. The ecological footprint provides an indirect basis for considering the long-term ecological risk and sustainability of human settlements, regions or, in this case, a continent. We examine several scenarios for human consumption, ecological productivity and material efficiency, to explore which variables have influence on the ecological budget of North America over the coming century. Only one scenario, which assumes considerable reductions in human consumption, is likely to yield an ecological surplus. Unlike monetary measures of societal well-being, ecological footprint analysis shows that increased economic activity and consumption creates deficits in terms of the balance of ecological productivity and consumption in a region, and may reduce long-term ecological sustainability. Several advantages and disadvantages of this metric are discussed.     

基于省区协调发展的GDP预测模型

基于柯布-道格拉斯生产函数与自回归移动平均模型(ARIMA)构建出一个GDP综合预测模型,并且考虑十九大全面建成小康社会与实现共同富裕的精神与国家关于技术、资本、劳动力等方面的区域平衡发展战略调整模型的参数,计算了2016—2050年中国分省的GDP总量与人均GDP,进一步通过计算省区间人均GDP的基尼系数来分析省区协调发展的水平。研究结果表明,在考虑省区协调发展时,各省区在2016—2050年间的GDP总量与人均GDP的差距逐渐缩小,省区间人均GDP的基尼系数将从2015年的0.219下降到2030年的0.176和2050年的0.137,未来区域间发展不均衡的态势在实现经济稳步增长同时可以得到缓解。     

Estimating the ecological footprint of the heat island effect over Athens, Greece

Heat island is a very well documented climatic phenomenon that has an important energy and environmental impact in the urban environment. The main energy problems are related to the important increase of the energy consumption for cooling purposes as well as to the important increase of the peak electricity load. Heat island in Athens, Greece, is measured during the last decade and its energy impact is calculated in details. The aim of the present paper is to estimate the direct and indirect environmental impact of the heat island effect in Athens. This is achieved through the estimation of the additional ecological footprint caused by the urban heat island phenomenon over the city. The ecological footprint estimation is performed at a first step by calculating the increase of the cooling demand caused by the heat island over the whole city and then by translating the energy to environmental cost. Two years annual experimental data from many urban stations have been used. The results show that the ecological footprint because of the heat island ranges 1.5–2 times the city’s political area that have to be reserved every year to compensate the additional CO₂ emissions caused by the presence of the heat island effect while the maximum potential ecological footprint, provided that all buildings are air conditioned, is almost 110,000 hectares.     

The Footprint for Estimation of Atmosphere-Surface Exchange Fluxes by Profile Techniques

The flux footprint, that is the contribution per unit emission from each element of the upwind surface area to measurement of the vertical flux of a passive scalar, is calculated for fluxes estimated by micrometeorological profile techniques. It is found that the upwind extent of the footprint for concentration-profile flux estimates is similar to that of the footprint for eddy-covariance flux measurements, when the eddy-covariance measurement is made at a height equal to the arithmetic mean of the highest and lowest profile measurement heights for stable stratification or the geometric mean for unstable stratification. The concentration-profile flux footprint depends on the ratio of the highest to the lowest measurement height, but is insensitive to the number of measurement levels. The concentration-profile flux footprint extends closer to the measurement location than does the 'equivalent eddy-covariance flux footprint, and the difference becomes more pronounced as the ratio of the profile measurement heights increases. The flux footprint for the Bowen-ratio technique is identical to that for a two-level profile measurement only for very limited circumstances. In the more general case, a flux footprint cannot be defined for the Bowen-ratio technique and the uniform upwind fetch required for representative flux measurements depends on the specific spatial distribution of surface fluxes.     

Assessing Tower Flux Footprint Climatology and Scaling Between Remotely Sensed and Eddy Covariance Measurements

We describe pragmatic and reliable methods to examine the influence of patch-scale heterogeneities on the uncertainty in long-term eddy-covariance (EC) carbon flux data and to scale between the carbon flux estimates derived from land surface optical remote sensing and directly derived from EC flux measurements on the basis of the assessment of footprint climatology. Three different aged Douglas-fir stands with EC flux towers located on Vancouver Island and part of the Fluxnet Canada Research Network were selected. Monthly, annual and interannual footprint climatologies, unweighted or weighted by carbon fluxes, were produced by a simple model based on an analytical solution of the Eulerian advection-diffusion equation. The dimensions and orientation of the flux footprint depended on the height of the measurement, surface roughness length, wind speed and direction, and atmospheric stability. The weighted footprint climatology varied with the different carbon flux components and was asymmetrically distributed around the tower, and its size and spatial structure significantly varied monthly, seasonally and inter-annually. Gross primary productivity (GPP) maps at 10-m resolution were produced using a tower-mounted multi-angular spectroradiometer, combined with the canopy structural information derived from airborne laser scanning (Lidar) data. The horizontal arrays of footprint climatology were superimposed on the 10-m-resolution GPP maps. Monthly and annual uncertainties in EC flux caused by variations in footprint climatology of the 59-year-old Douglas-fir stand were estimated to be approximately 15–20% based on a comparison of GPP estimates derived from EC and remote sensing measurements, and on sensor location bias analysis. The footprint-variation-induced uncertainty in long-term EC flux measurements was mainly dependent on the site spatial heterogeneity. The bias in carbon flux estimates using spatially-explicit ecological models or tower-based remote sensing at finer scales can be estimated by comparing the footprint-weighted and EC-derived flux estimates. This bias is useful for model parameter optimizing. The optimization of parameters in remote-sensing algorithms or ecosystem models using satellite data will, in turn, increase the accuracy in the upscaled regional carbon flux estimation.     

土地整理的生态环境建设问题研究

在对土地整理与生态环境建设基本内涵及意义简要介绍的基础上,阐述了土地整理对生态环境的效应.为了减少土地整理带来的负效应,提出了加强土地整理规划的景观生态设计、强化土地整理资金筹措的市场机制、加强土地整理生态环境影响评价的研究、加强土地整理施工的生态设计、完善土地整理项目的管理制度等5项土地整理的生态环境建设措施.     

Footprint estimation for scalar flux measurements in the atmospheric surface layer

The flux footprint is the contribution, per unit emission, of each element of a surface area source to the vertical scalar flux measured at height z _m ; it is equal to the vertical flux from a unit surface point source. The dependence of the flux footprint on crosswind location is shown to be identical to the crosswind concentration distribution for a unit surface point source; an analytic dispersion model is used to estimate the crosswind-integrated flux footprint. Based on the analytic dispersion model, a normalized crosswind-integrated footprint is proposed that principally depends on the single variable z/z _m , where z is a measure of vertical dispersion from a surface source. The explicit dependence of the crosswind-integrated flux footprint on downwind distance, thermal stability and surface roughness is contained in the dependence of z on these variables. By also calculating the flux footprint with a Lagrangian stochastic dispersion model, it is shown that the normalized flux footprint is insensitive to the analytic model assumption of a self-similar vertical concentration profile.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is funded by the National Science Foundation.