Beta gyres in global analysis fields

A three-component decomposition is applied to global analysis data to show the existence of a beta gyre, which causes Tropical Cyclone (TC) to drift from a large-scale environmental steering current. Analyses from the Global Data Assimilation and Prediction System (GDAPS) of the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA), the Global Forecast System (GFS) of NCEP, and the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) are used in this study. The structure of the beta gyre obtained in our analyses is in good agreement with the theoretical structure, with a cyclonic circulation to the southwest of the TC center, an anticyclonic circulation to the northeast, and a ventilation flow directed northwestward near the center. The circulation of the beta gyre is strongest at the 850-hPa level where the cyclonically swirling primary circulation is strongest, and decreases with height, in a pyramid shape similar to the primary circulation. The individual structure of the beta gyre is case- and model-dependent. At a certain analysis time, one model may clearly reveal a well-defined beta gyre, but the other models may not. Within one model, the beta gyre may be well defined at some analysis times, but not at other times. The structure of the beta gyre in the analysis field is determined by the nature of the vortex initialization scheme and the model behavior during the 6-h forecast in the operational data assimilation cycle.     

GRAPES全球/区域集合预报系统10年发展回顾及展望

较系统地概述了中国气象局全球/区域集合预报系统及描述模式初值和模式自身不确定性的集合预报扰动技术发展历程,回顾了GRAPES(Global/Regional Assimilation Pr Ediction System)全球集合预报的奇异向量初值扰动方法、GRAPES区域集合预报的集合变换卡尔曼滤波初值扰动方法和多尺度混合初值扰动方法、GRAPES全球/区域集合预报模式不确定性的随机物理过程倾向项扰动方法和动能后向散射随机补偿方法等研究成果,介绍了GRAPES全球/区域集合预报业务系统构建参数设置和预报性能,最后分析了GRAPES全球/区域集合预报中存在的问题,展望了未来发展方向。     

GRAPES模式对长江流域天气预报的检验分析

GRAPES是中国新一代数值天气预报模式。使用GRAPES中尺度模式产品和常规观测资料,分析检验了2005、2006年汛期发生在长江流域的11次主要降水天气过程,得到:GRAPES模式对于长江流域的预报,无论是降水、天气形势还是物理量都有比较强的预报能力;GRAPES模式对级别较大的降水预报容易出现漏报,而不易出现空报,对于10mm以下的雨区预报比较准确,而对于大于50mm的雨区预报,尤其是大于100mm的降水中心存在较大的偏差;对于西太平洋副热带高压的预报比实际情况偏南、偏东;对于水汽通量散度的预报与实际情况比较吻合。     

一次南方大暴雨过程的数值模拟及其误差的敏感性诊断分析

选用0．18度（约20km）分辨率中尺度大气非静力模式GARPES-Meso对2005年5月31日-6月1日发生在湖南省的大暴雨过程进行了数值模拟和敏感性试验，并用探空、地面加密实况资料和客观分析场资料等对模拟结果进行细致的误差分析和诊断研究。结果表明：此次暴雨过程发生的大尺度环流背景、尤其是500hPa环流形势及其变化过程的模拟与实况非常接近；模式对暴雨过程累积降水总分布特征、大降水的主要落区等的模拟能力亦较强。从天气过程的角度看，模式可以对降水短期预报提供有较好参考和指导价值的可用数值产品。当然，本次暴雨过程细节特征的模拟还存在着一定偏差，如：模拟降水出现过早、降水峰值模拟偏弱、低层风速模拟偏大、高空急流核风速模拟偏小等。诊断分析显示，引起这些模拟误差的原因并不相同。模拟降水出现过早，主要是由模式初值误差引起，而非模式本身原因。处于暴雨区的初始低层风场偏差，在有利的环流条件下，积分前几个小时内不断增长并向对流层低层的上部扩展，引起模式低层风场和水汽发生异常辐合，进而激发出模式降水。而模拟降水峰值显著偏弱的可能原因，一是暴雨发生前高空急流核细节特征的模拟出现偏差，影响了高空强辐散与低层强辐合的垂直耦合，导致暴雨区高空辐散和垂直运动的模拟呈现出一种明显偏弱的连锁反应；二是模式次网格尺度和网格尺度降水方案的协调性不够，对流调整和对流对格点尺度温湿场的反馈似乎还不够有效，影响了模式格点尺度产生凝结至雨的温湿条件，进而影响显式降水方案作用的发挥。上述两方面因素的不断相互作用，对模拟降水构成一种负反馈影响。最终导致模拟降水峰值显著偏弱。要提升中尺度模式定量降水预报能力，还需特别关注模式物理过程的描述和提高模式降水物理过程方案之间的协调性。     

AMOC variations in 1979–2008 simulated by NCEP operational ocean data assimilation system

Variations in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) between 1979 and 2008 are documented using the operational ocean analysis, the Global Ocean Data Assimilation System (GODAS), at the National Centers for Climate Prediction (NCEP). The maximum AMOC at 40°N is about 16?Sv in average with peak-to-peak variability of 3–4?Sv. The AMOC variations are dominated by an upward trend from 1980 to 1995, and a downward trend from 1995 to 2008. The maximum AMOC at 26.5°N is slightly weaker than hydrographic estimates and observations from mooring array. The dominant variability of the AMOC in 20°–65°N (the first EOF, 51% variance) is highly correlated with that in the subsurface temperature (the first EOF, 33% variance), and therefore, with density (the first EOF, 25% variance) in the North Atlantic, and is consistent with the observational estimates based on the World Ocean Database 2005. The dominant variabilities of AMOC and subsurface temperature are also analyzed in the context of possible links with the net surface heat flux, deep convection, western boundary current, and subpolar gyre. Variation in the net surface heat flux is further linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index which is found to lead AMOC variations by about 5?years. Our results indicate that AMOC variations can be documented based on an ocean analysis system such as GODAS.     

一次湖北暴雪天气的诊断与模拟

利用NCEP GFS资料分析了2007年1月15—16日鄂东南地区降雪过程,对造成暴雪过程的天气系统发生、发展背景场进行分析。并利用中尺度数值天气模式WRF模拟了这次暴雪过程,探讨了其发生发展的机制。天气系统的背景分析表明,这次暴雪过程主要是受700 hPa西南急流和地面冷空气的共同影响而产生的,降水过程与西南急流的变化密切联系。WRF模式较好地再现了此次暴雪的过程。模拟结果表明西南急流的减弱和移出,对应着降雪的开始和停止;在西南急流的左侧,由于低层涡度的增加,使低空辐合、高空辐散,在连续性原理和动力机制约束下导致上升运动的加强是该次暴雪的形成机制。模式结果说明,产生暴雪的上升运动要远小于产生暴雨的上升运动,且在暴雪过程中,中层为上升运动,近地层和高层伴随着下沉运动。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SOUTH CHINA SEA MONSOON ONSET BASED ON GRAPES MODEL AND EXPERIMENTS ON INITIAL MODEL FIELDS

The Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction System (GRAPES), a limited-area regional model, was used to simulate the onset of South China Sea summer monsoon. In view of the relatively insufficient information about the initial field in simulation predictions, the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-B (AMSU-B) data from a NOAA satellite were introduced to improve the initial values. By directly using the 3-dimensional variational data assimilation system of GRAPES, two schemes for assimilation tests were designed. In the design, Test 1 (T1) assimilates both sounding and AMSU-B data, and Test 2 (T2) assimilates only the conventional sounding data, before applying the model in simulation forecasts. Comparative experiments showed that the model was very sensitive to initial fields and successful in reproducing the monsoon onset, allocation of high- and low-level wind fields during the pentad of onset, and the northward advancement of the monsoon and monsoon rain bands. The scheme, however, simulated rainfall and the location of the subtropical high with deviations from observations. The simulated location of the subtropical high was more westward and northward and the simulated rainfall for the South China Sea was larger and covered a broader area.     

Parallelization Load Balance Strategy for a Global Grid-Point Model

The Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System (GRAPES) is a new-generation operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) model developed by the China Meteorological Administration (CMA).It is a grid-point model with a code structure different from that of spectral models used in other operational NWP centers such as the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF),National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP),and Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA),especially in the context of p...     

FY-2E云导风的算法改进及其在GRAPES中的同化应用研究

2014年国家卫星气象中心全面改进了风云二号卫星云导风产品算法,为评估算法改进后FY-2E云导风资料对我国GRAPES数值模式同化和预报的影响,根据国家卫星气象中心提供的2013年8月算法改进前后的FY-2E红外通道云导风资料,对比分析了两者的观测分布及偏差特征,并利用GRAPES全球模式进行了一个月的连续试验。结果表明,改进算法后的FY-2E红外通道云导风观测数量明显增加,观测误差在600~200 hPa有所减小,风的平均偏差在高层减少,更满足正态分布;连续试验结果表明北半球和东亚地区风场在300~150 hPa分析中改进显著,风的平均偏差和均方根误差明显减少;预报结果显示500 hPa高度场预报距平相关系数略提高,均方根误差略减小;说明改进算法后的FY-2E红外通道云导风对GRAPES数值模式同化和预报均有一定改善。     

一次降水天气过程的GPS掩星资料在GSI同化系统中的应用

为了探索全球定位卫星观测系统无线电掩星技术(Global Positioning System/Radio Occulta-tion,简称GPSRO)在业务数值预报模式中的应用效果,以美国NCEP(National Centers for Environ-mental Prediction)业务同化系统为平台,对有/无COSMIC(Constellation Observing System for Meteor-ology,Ionosphere and Climate)GPS无线电掩星观测资料进行了一次降水过程的详细的同化对比试验。试验中GPSRO观测算子主要采用了相对简单但计算省时的局地(Local)同化技术。该个例试验表明:COSMICGPS掩星观测对分析影响较大的地区是常规观测资料较稀缺地区(如洋面),因此在这些地区GPSRO资料可以被看作是对常规观测很好的补充。同时还注意到COSMIC GPS RO资料在对流层下层对湿度场分析和预报的影响显著,在对流层中上层对风场分析也产生正面影响。这证实GPS RO资料在业务数值天气预报中应用的有效性,为我国数值预报未来开展业务GPS掩星观测资料同化提供了有益的科学参考依据。     

GRAPES伴随模式底层数据栈优化

GRAPES伴随模式是其四维变分同化系统的核心组成部分。由于其计算过程复杂,临时数据较多,实现中采用断点存储策略可以有效减少伴随模式的计算时间和存储空间。极限断点存储策略是在单积分步内以全存储策略实现为基础,将其中部分基态以计算代替的一种类断点存储策略。在该策略的支持下,需要一种新的数据管理结构,来保证程序的正确运行。文章提出了在已有栈基础上优化的新数据存储管理方式——嵌套多链栈,这种结构可有效满足使用极限断点存储技术实现GRAPES伴随模式的初态管理需求。试验表明:相比断点存储技术,在总内存增加不超过30%的情况下可使GRAPES的运行效率提高1倍。     

An Online Model Correction Method Based on an Inverse Problem:PartⅡ——Systematic Model Error Correction

An online systematic error correction is presented and examined as a technique to improve the accuracy of real-time numerical weather prediction, based on the dataset of model errors(MEs) in past intervals. Given the analyses, the ME in each interval(6 h) between two analyses can be iteratively obtained by introducing an unknown tendency term into the prediction equation, shown in Part I of this two-paper series. In this part, after analyzing the 5-year(2001–2005) GRAPESGFS(Global Forecast System of the Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction System) error patterns and evolution,a systematic model error correction is given based on the least-squares approach by firstly using the past MEs. To test the correction, we applied the approach in GRAPES-GFS for July 2009 and January 2010. The datasets associated with the initial condition and SST used in this study were based on NCEP(National Centers for Environmental Prediction) FNL(final) data.The results indicated that the Northern Hemispheric systematically underestimated equator-to-pole geopotential gradient and westerly wind of GRAPES-GFS were largely enhanced, and the biases of temperature and wind in the tropics were strongly reduced. Therefore, the correction results in a more skillful forecast with lower mean bias and root-mean-square error and higher anomaly correlation coefficient.     

登陆台风“罗莎”中云物理特征的数值模拟研究

选取2007年16号超强台风“罗莎”为个例,利用耦合了双参数混合相云降水物理方案的 GRAPES中尺度模式对其进行模拟,并结合实况雨量、雷达及卫星资料分析了本次台风暴雨的结构及云微物理特征。结果表明,低空急流和不稳定的温度层结为本次降水过程提供了有利的天气条件。强降水中心主要出现在台风云系的北部和东部,在模拟时段内6小时累积降水最大值超过100 mm。积分固态水含量与液态水相当,说明冰相粒子在形成降水的过程中起重要作用。从CloudSat卫星探测结果来看,强对流发生在台风眼周围的云墙中。根据模拟结果分析,台风东北部的强降水属于对流云降水,最强上升气流出现在0 ℃等温线之下的暖区;西南部的降水强度比较均匀,强上升气流出现在高层冷云中,有利于冰粒子的形成和生长。      

多时刻台风Bogus资料同化对台风"天鹅"的影响

基于GRAPES(Global/Regional Assimilation and Predition System)三维变分同化系统,设计在6小时内分别应用三小时一次和逐小时的台风定位和定强信息对台风进行多次BDA(Bogus Data Assimilation)同化,在多次BDA中只同化近似程度高的涡旋风分量而近似...     

Application and Characteristic Analysis of the Moist Singular Vector in GRAPES-GEPS

The singular vector (SV) initial perturbation method can capture the fastest-growing initial perturbation in a tangent linear model (TLM). Based on the global tangent linear and adjoint model of GRAPES-GEPS (Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System—Global Ensemble Prediction System), some experiments were carried out to analyze the structure of the moist SVs from the perspectives of the energy norm, energy spectrum, and vertical structure. The conclusions are as follows: The evolution of the SVs is synchronous with that of the atmospheric circulation, which is flow-dependent. The moist and dry SVs are located in unstable regions at mid-to-high latitudes, but the moist SVs are wider, can contain more small- and medium-scale information, and have more energy than the dry SVs. From the energy spectrum analysis, the energy growth caused by the moist SVs is reflected in the relatively small-scale weather system. In addition, moist SVs can generate perturbations associated with large-scale condensation and precipitation, which is not true for dry SVs. For the ensemble forecasts, the average anomaly correlation coefficient of large-scale circulation is better for the forecast based on moist SVs in the Northern Hemisphere, and the low-level variables forecasted by the moist SVs are also improved, especially in the first 72 h. In addition, the moist SVs respond better to short-term precipitation according to statistical precipitation scores based on 10 cases. The inclusion of the large-scale condensation process in the calculation of SVs can improve the short-term weather prediction effectively.     

GRAPES中尺度模式对2005年长江流域重大灾害性降水天气过程预报性能的检验分析

GRAPES是中国新一代具有自主知识产权的中尺度数值天气预报模式。使用在国家气象中心业务运行的最新版本的GRAPES模式、常规观测资料以及NCEP分析资料(1°×1°),对2005年主汛期发生在长江流域的重要降水天气过程进行了模拟和检验,重点分析了该模式对这一地区西风带影响系统的预报能力及可信度,从而得到GRAPES模式对于2005年长江流域重大灾害性降水天气预报性能的初步评价,并对该模式的应用及进一步改进提供一些有意义的参考依据。     

数值模式对强台风“菲特”登陆期间预报能力评述

基于自动站观测和ECMWF再分析资料,针对中国气象局上海台风研究所区域高分辨率台风模式(Shanghai Tropical Cyclone High Resolution Analysis and Prediction System,STI-THRAPS)和业务常用的4个数值模式,即欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts,EC)全球模式,美国全球预报系统(The Global Forecast System,GFS),日本气象厅(Japan Meteorological Agency,JMA)全球模式和我国T639(T639L60)全球模式,对1323号台风"菲特"登陆过程的预报性能进行了综合检验评估。结果显示:对暴雨以上的强降水预报STI-THRAPS有明显优势。仅有该模式对超过500 mm的极端降水做出预报,且各项评分均好于全球模式,漏报率也明显优于其他模式。对暴雨以下的降水预报各个模式差距不大。美国GFS和STI-THRAPS较好地预报了大风区,STI-THRAPS预报的风场与实况的空间相关程度最高。从漏报率上来看,STI-THRAPS模式的风场预报具有明显优势。虽然预报最大风速偏大,但是STI-THRAPS在24 h后的路径预报有较大优势。     

GCOM-W AMSR2资料在CMA_GFS 四维变分中的同化应用

卫星微波仪器的辐射率资料,由于兼具卫星观测的全天空优势和微波观测的全天候特性,成为数值天气预报系统同化的日益重要的角色。微波成像仪作为被动微波辐射计的重要一类,其在数值预报中的应用潜力亟待进一步的检验和更充分的挖掘。针对全球水循环变化观测卫星GCOM-W上搭载的第2代先进微波扫描辐射计AMSR2的10个通道,建立了半径200 km的稀疏化方案;研发了包含9项检验的质量控制方案,对于污染低频通道观测的太阳耀光现象和无线电信号干扰等因素进行屏蔽;设计基于经典预报因子的偏差订正方案,对仪器系统偏差进行有效的校正;采用基于变分同化后验估计的观测误差统计,克服了观测误差难以准确估计的问题。通过以上方法,GCOM-W AMSR2共有10个通道辐射率资料在中国自主研发的全球/区域同化预报系统（CMA_GFS,原名为GRAPES_GFS）3.0版的四维变分同化系统（4DVar）中实现了直接同化应用。1个月的批量试验证明,同化GCOM-W AMSR2后,CMA_GFS湿度分析场得到了一定的改进,各量级定量降水中期预报评分有所提高,同时,GCOM-W AMSR2辐射率直接同化对CMA_GFS南半球和赤道地区预报有明显正贡献。研究证实AMSR2能够很好地弥补常规观测资料稀疏区的资料匮乏,发挥水汽敏感特性,改进湿度分析和降水预报的技巧。      

热带气旋运动的动力学研究进展

热带气旋运动是由各种形式的外部强迫、内部过程及其相互作用所决定的。特别是环境气流与气旋环流以及β效应之间的相互作用可以产生次级的非对称气流,使热带气旋偏离大尺度环境气流的引导。这种偏差,被称为广义的β漂移。本文讨论了控制β漂移的物理因子和物理过程,尤其是涡旋结构与环境气流切变对它的影响,以及β漂移在热带气旋路径预报上的应用。另外,还总结了双台风相互作用、热带气旋摆动和与下垫面强迫有关的物理过程的影响。     

VERIFICATION OF TYPHOON FORECASTS BY THE GRAPES MODEL

Four landfalling typhoon cases in 2005 were selected for a numerical simulation study with the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System (GRAPES) model. The preliminary assessment results of the performance of the model, including the predictions of typhoon track, landfall time, location and intensity, etc., are presented and the sources of errors are analyzed. The 24-hour distance forecast error of the typhoon center by the model is shown to be about 131 km, while the 48-hour error is 252 km. The model was relatively more skilful at forecasts of landfall time and locations than those of intensity at landfall. On average, the 24-hour forecasts were slightly better than the 48-hour ones. An analysis of data impacts indicates that the assimilation of unconventional observation data is essential for the improvement of the model simulation. The model could also be improved by increasing model resolution to simulate the mesoscale and fine scale systems and by improving methods of terrain refinement processing.