数值天气预报业务模式现状与展望

20 0 4年是数值天气预报理论提出 10 0周年 ,同时也是数值天气预报业务化应用 5 0周年。经过百年的发展历程 ,数值天气预报学科有了飞跃的发展。特别是最近 10多年来 ,大气科学以及地球科学的研究进展 ,高速度、大容量的巨型计算机及网络系统的快速发展 ,更加快了数值天气预报的发展步伐。文中从模式动力框架、物理过程参数化、模式程序软件等方面对数值天气预报业务模式现状进行了简要综述 ,对存在的问题进行了探讨 ,并对数值天气预报业务模式的未来发展作了展望。当前数值天气预报业务模式发展的特点有 :(1) 2 0世纪 90年代中期以来 ,各国的全球和区域模式水平和垂直分辨率都有明显提高 ,且模式物理过程也同步进行改进 ;数值预报业务模式已进入了大规模并行计算的阶段 ;(2 )主要发达国家和中国都正在致力于研发各自的新业务数值预报模式———非静力 (多尺度 )一体化模式或非静力中尺度模式 ,部分国家的新一代天气 气候一体化数值模式已业务运行 ;(3)业务数值预报模式正在朝着不断完善的方向发展。随着模式分辨率的提高 ,云物理过程、陆面过程和湍流过程、考虑坡度 -坡向因子的辐射过程等在模式中的参数化方案 ,以及模式垂直坐标的选择越来越受重视 ,这些物理过程的描述成为业务数值模式改进的重点和     

国家气象中心数值预报业务的进展

在最近的１５年中，国家气象中心的数值预报业务高速度发展，预报模式从北半球模式发展为全球谱模式，并配套建立了资料同化系统和用于降水预报的有限区预报模式，暴雨和台风预报模式正在研制中。目前数值预报时效已延至７天，Ｔ６３９３丙上时的预报水平已优于的数值预报产品的应用技术在不断改进，最高（低）气温下两天ＭＯＳ预报精度已接近预报员制作的综合预报结果。     

AMDAR资料在北京数值预报系统中的同化应用

该文针对北京市气象局业务快速更新循环同化预报系统(BJ-RUC),通过对有无飞机观测资料参加同化的预报试验客观要素预报均方根误差和降水量TS评分的对比分析,探讨了飞机观测资料对短期数值天气预报的影响。结果表明:飞机观测资料的同化对于前9 h预报时效内的高空风和温度预报有明显的正面影响。其中,对风预报的正面影响集中在925~250 hPa高度上;而对温度预报的正面影响主要体现在850~400 hPa之间的各层内。在快速更新循环的暖启动模式下,飞机观测资料同化比冷启动模式下带给预报结果更明显的正面贡献。飞机观测资料参加同化对于降水预报技巧的提高也有正面效应,对24 h和12 h累积降水量TS评分以及12~18 h和18~24 h时段内的6 h累积降水TS评分有明显提高,提高的最大幅度达50%,并对相应阈值和时段内无飞机观测资料参加同化的试验中雨区偏大现象有改善。分析增量分布特征与同化带来的风温要素3 h预报改进的垂直特征基本对应,表明飞机观测资料参加同化对初始场中风场和温度场质量的改进。     

北京地区中尺度非静力数值预报系统的开发与实时预报应用

国家气象中心与北京市气象局联合开发并将于1999年底建成“北京地区中尺度数值天气预报业务系统”。作为开发的第一阶段,以PSU/NCAR的MM5非静力中尺度模式为基础,在国家气象中心IBM/SP2机并行运算环境下与国家气象中心资料源连接并应用北京地区加密地面观测资料,初步建成了“北京地区中尺度数值天气预报试验系统”（以下简称BJ-MM5V.1）。模式设计为垂直23层,水平分辨率分别为45和15km的两重双向嵌套网格。在IBM/SP2计算机上用24个节点作36 h预报所需机时为2 h 20 min,满足实时业务预报需要。该系统于1997年夏季进行了实时运行试验,可提供北京地区每小时降水量预报每3 h多种气象要素预报,预报产品在北京市气象局试用。结果表明,系统有较强的稳定性和实用性,对降水时空分布的预报效果较好。     

北京地区中尺度非静力数值预报产品释用技术研究

在国家气象中心与北京市气象局联合开发的“北京地区中尺度数值预报业务系统”基础上，充分利用高分辨率中尺度数值预报产品和地面加密气象观测资料，分别使用统计和动力释用方法进行局地温度、风和北京市区空气污染状况的预报。试预报结果表明，用卡尔曼滤波方法建立的温度和风的预报效果高于中尺度数值预报直接输出结果；使用中尺度数值预报结果作为一个简单的污染预报动力模式的气象背景场，进行了污染预报试验，结果表明该预报方法具有一定的预报能力，其中SO₂、NO₂、CO浓度的预报准确率在夏、秋、冬三季中均可达到65%以上。上述研究成果已用于业务预报。     

国家气象中心业务数值预报发展的回顾与展望

本文回顾了国家气象中心建立数值预报业务以来,国家级业务数值预报系统,主要是中、短期预报系统的发展历程,评估了目前业务数值预报的预报水平和基本特点,简述了我国业务数值预报发展的不同阶段取得的主要进展。通过对目前我国业务数值预报发展中存在的问题和不足的分析,讨论下一步的工作重点,并对未来的发展做初步展望。     

THE ADVANCES IN OPERATIONAL NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION AT NATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL CENTER IN CHINA

Since 1982, several modifications in the operational model in National Meteorological Center(NMC) of China have been made, such as the adoption of the lateral boundary condition formulated byHovermal, Shuman's economic time difference scheme in the 5-layer Northern Hemispheric Model,and the replacement of the convective adjustment scheme by Kuo's cumulus parameterization scheme1974) in the 5-layer FLM. Owing to these modifications, both the objective and subjective verificationsof the prediction show that the accuracy of operational NWP has been significantly improved.Finally, applications of NWP Products are briefly summarized and future prospects are given.     

Comparison of extended medium-range forecast skill between KMA ensemble,ocean coupled ensemble,and GloSea5

This article describes a three way inter-comparison of forecast skill on an extended medium-range time scale using the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) operational ensemble numerical weather prediction (NWP) systems (i.e., atmosphere-only global ensemble prediction system (EPSG) and ocean-atmosphere coupledEPSG) and KMA operational seasonal prediction system, the Global Seasonal forecast system version 5 (GloSea5). The main motivation is to investigate whether the ensemble NWP system can provide advantage over the existing seasonal prediction system for the extended medium-range forecast (30 days) even with putting extra resources in extended integration or coupling with ocean with NWP system. Two types of evaluation statistics are examined: the basic verification statistics - the anomaly correlation and RMSE of 500-hPa geopotential height and 1.5-meter surface temperature for the global and East Asia area, and the other is the Real-time Multivariate Madden and Julian Oscillation (MJO) indices (RMM1 and RMM2) - which is used to examine the MJO prediction skill. The MJO is regarded as a main source of forecast skill in the tropics linked to the mid-latitude weather on monthly time scale. Under limited number of experiment cases, the coupled NWP extends the forecast skill of the NWP by a few more days, and thereafter such forecast skill is overtaken by that of the seasonal prediction system. At present stage, it seems there is little gain from the coupled NWP even though more resources are put into it. Considering this, the best combination of numerical product guidance for operational forecasters for an extended medium-range is extension of the forecast lead time of the current ensemble NWP (EPSG) up to 20 days and use of the seasonal prediction system (GloSea5) forecast thereafter, though there exists a matter of consistency between the two systems.     

改进气象服务手段提高公众服务效益──纪念1995年世界气象日

公众气象服务是国家中心的重点工作，中期数值预报业务先进的计算机自动化通信系统的建立国家气象中心初步形成了以数值天气预报为基础，以人机交互工作站为主要手段，综合应用多种气象信息的业务服务系统，使天气预报服务水平不断提高，取得显著社会经济效益，气象服务的总体经济效益已达到国家对气象事业投资的４０倍。     

THE BEIJING AREA MESOSCALE NWP SYSTEM AND ITS APPLICATION

Significant progress has been made on the development of mesoscale numerical weather prediction(NWP)system for Beijing area,as a joint project of the National Meteorological Center(NMC)andthe Beijing Meteorological Bureau(BMB).On the basis of the non-hydrostatic mesoscale model PSU/NCAR MM5,a mesoscale NWP system for Beijing area(BJ-MM5V.1)has been developed on thecomputer IBM/SP2 MPP with 24 nodes at NMC.As a two-way nested grid model two grids arechosen with 45 and 15km grid length respectively,and 23 levels in the vertical.It takes 2 hours and20 minutes to make a 36h forecast,which satisfies the time requirement for the operational use.Inaddition to the routine data received from GTS at NMC,the enhanced observations over Beijingregion are used for the objective analyses.This system was put into semi-operational use during thesummer of 1997 to test its performance.The forecast products,hourly rainfalls and all of themeteorological elements needed,are provided to the forecasters at BMB for use.It is identified fromthe test results that the system is robust and has pretty good ability to forecast the spatial andtemporal distribution of the precipitation for the local heavy rainfalls.     

科学决策是业务系统建设持续发展的根本保证 ——国家气象中心数值预报业务系统建设回忆

回顾了中央气象台60年来,数值天气预报(NWP)业务系统的发展历程。指出NWP系统是一项气象工程系统建设,是多学科理论和技术相结合的结果。回顾了从目标方向、技术路线、工作方式、人才队伍培养以及土建设计等方面的科学决策和实践过程,阐述了科学决策是业务系统建设持续发展的根本保证。从建设事例中可以看到30年来NWP顺利发展的历史证明了科学发展观的正确性。     

Application of the hybrid convection parameterization scheme HYMACS to different meteorological situations

Convection can cause severe precipitation events and is thus of major interest for quantitative precipitation forecasts. Due to its small horizontal scale convection usually has to be parameterized in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models as a subgrid scale phenomenon. Classical mass flux convection schemes assume grid box sizes much larger than the scale of the convective circulation. Thus, the convective mass transport is closed in the local grid column and no net mass transport occurs on the grid scale.In contemporary NWP models with grid sizes of a few kilometers, where convection is already partially resolved, the classical approach leads to a conceptual problem. This can be overcome by a hybrid mass flux convection scheme (HYMACS), in which only the small scale convective updrafts and downdrafts are parameterized, whereas the treatment of the larger scale environmental subsidence is left to the grid scale equations. Different to the classical schemes, HYMACS produces a net convective mass flux exerting pressure gradient forces to the grid scale model.We discuss real cases of different meteorological situations simulated with the operational weather forecast model COSMO of the German Meteorological Service as the hosting model of HYMACS. Precipitation and cloud top pressures simulated with HYMACS are compared with results from classical convection schemes and observational data from the DWD station network and the SEVIRI (MSG) satellite instrument.     

用不确定度指数实时评价模式预报场业务性能

引入不确定度概念,结合“马赛克化”方法,定义不确定度指数和不稳定度指数,开发了实时业务系统,对ECMWF、JMA和T213的数值预报场进行了实时的性能评价;通过一段时间的资料统计,对3个模式的总体性能进行了对比。结果显示,该方法可为实时评价数值预报产品的性能提供一种客观依据,为预报员在日常预报工作中对数值预报模式性能的了解和科学选用数值预报产品提供科学定量的参考。     

新一代数值预报系统GRAPES研究进展

中国气象科学研究院 (灾害天气国家重点实验室) 自2000年起, 先后在科技部“973”重大基础项目“我国重大天气灾害形成机理和预测理论研究”和“十五”重点攻关项目“中国气象数值预报系统技术创新研究”支持下, 主持承担了中国气象局新一代全球/区域多尺度通用同化与数值预报系统GRAPES (Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System) 的研究开发, 围绕着资料同化、模式动力框架、物理过程、大型软件工程等核心技术开展了自主创新研究, 取得了非静力中尺度模式、三维变分资料同化、标准化、模块化、并行化模式程序软件等方面的突出成果, 部分成果已在业务上得到了应用, 显示了良好的技术性能和业务发展潜力。GRAPES系统是完全依靠中国科学家的力量自主研究发展的、先进的新一代数值预报系统。该文简要介绍GRAPES的研究内容、主要研究进展和初步应用, 以及未来发展的初步计划。     

中国数值天气预报的自主创新发展

数值天气预报是天气预报业务和防灾、减灾的核心科技。中国数值天气预报研究和业务应用一直受到高度重视,在理论、方法和数值模式研究方面取得了有广泛国际影响的研究成果。在回顾新中国数值天气预报自主创新研究成果的基础上,重点对GRAPES（Global Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System）半隐式半拉格朗日格点模式与物理过程的研发和业务应用的状况以及所取得的重要科学进展进行了综述。近年来,通过自主研发建立了中国数值天气预报业务体系—GRAPES体系。首次以自主技术实现了从区域3—10 km到全球25—50 km分辨率的确定性预报和集合预报系统,并在模式动力框架、四维变分同化和卫星资料同化技术等方面有所突破,建立了大气化学数值天气预报、台风数值预报和海浪预报等系统。自主研发的数值天气预报体系的建立是长期坚持既定科学技术方向以及研究和业务紧密结合、经验不断积累的结果,是中国自主发展数值天气预报技术的重要起点。      

Improvement of the semi-Lagrangian advection scheme in the GRAPES model: Theoretical analysis and idealized tests

ABSTRACT The Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System （GRAPES） is the newgeneration numerical weather predic- tion （NWP） system developed by the China Meteorological Administration. It is a fully compressible non-hydrostatical global/regional unified model that uses a traditional semi-Lagrangian advection scheme with cubic Lagrangian interpola tion （referred to as the SL_CL scheme）. The SL_CL scheme has been used in many operational NWP models, but there are still some deficiencies, such as the damping effects due to the interpolation and the relatively low accuracy. Based on Reich＇s semi-Lagrangian advection scheme （referred to as the R2007 scheme）, the Re_R2007 scheme that uses the low- and high-order B-spline function for interpolation at the departure point, is developed in this paper. One- and two-dimensional idealized tests in the rectangular coordinate system with uniform grid cells were conducted to compare the Re..R2007 scheme and the SL_CL scheme. The numerical results showed that： （1） the damping effects were remarkably reduced with the Re_R2007 scheme; and （2） the normalized errors of the Re_R2007 scheme were about 7.5 and 3 times smaller than those of the SL_CL scheme in one- and two-dimensional tests, respectively, indicating the higher accuracy of the Re..R2007 scheme. Furthermore, two solid-body rotation tests were conducted in the latitude-longitude spherical coordinate system with non uniform grid cells, which also verified the Re_R2007 scheme＇s advantages. Finally, in comparison with other global advection schemes, the Re_R2007 scheme was competitive in terms of accuracy and flow independence. An encouraging possibility for the application of the Re_R2007 scheme to the GRAPES model is provided.     

变网格一体化模式的研究进展

作者介绍了近年来在数值天气预报领域的一个新动向－变网格一体化模式的进展。这种模式可以替代目前业务数值天气预报的有限区模式和全球谱模式，降低业务数值天气预报的计算成本。网格距离的可变性，以及采用半隐式－半拉格朗日式时间差分方案是该模式的主要特点。法国的变网格一体化模式自１９９２年已投入业务使用，其可行性已得到了预报检验的初步证实。     

THE MEDIUM-RANGE NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION OPERATION SYSTEM IN THE CHINA NATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL CENTER

It is not only meteorological problems for the medium-range numerical weather prediction(NWP) research to be in operation,but also engineering and technological problems.Here we gener-ally described the results of research,engineering construction,operation information and testing,inthe course of set-up of medium-range NWP operation system in the China National MeteorologicalCenter.     

区域极轨卫星ATOVS辐射偏差订正方法研究

近年来,卫星辐射资料在数值天气预报(NWP)系统中的直接同化研究取得了长足进展。为了利用TIROS业务垂直探测器(ATOVS)的辐射资料,必须对卫星观测辐射值的系统性偏差进行订正。在ECMWF原全球TOVS辐射偏差订正方案基础上,结合ATOVS资料特征和中国的实际情况,建立了适用于区域NOAA-15/16/17极轨气象卫星ATOVS辐射资料的偏差订正方案。该方案偏差订正分两步进行:首先进行扫描偏差订正,然后进行气团偏差订正。扫描偏差是临边测量相对于星下点测量的系统偏差,统计显示该种偏差具有一定的纬度依赖性,所以订正时按每10度的纬度带分别进行订正。气团偏差订正主要就是根据当时的天气条件进行订正,而天气条件一般用预报因子来定量表示。文中从中国国家气象中心T213背景场导出预报因子:(1)1000—300 hPa的厚度,(2)200—50 hPa的厚度,(3)模式地表温度,(4)总可降水量。模式预报因子的使用从观念上将对观测值的订正变为对计算前向辐射值的订正问题。试验结果表明,订正结果显著。     

AN INTRODUCTION TO LOCAL OPERATIONAL USE OF NWP PRODUCTS

Owing to the fact that the background situation about local operational use of NWP products at thestations under provincial ones in China is different from that of developed countries,a suitable approach issuggested to improve the interpretation techniques of NWP products,which includes predictor analysis andselection,combination of different NWP products,synthetic statistical method(SSM),auto-adjustment ofMOS equations to numerical model and developing a suitable software of objective weather forceast systemon microcompute etc.This approach proves to be effective after more than three years' practice.