中国东南部晚中生代-新生代玄武岩与壳幔作用

中国东南部的火山活动在早中生代时期仅有很小规模,晚中生代最早的、较大规模的岩浆活动始于中侏罗世早期,至早白垩世是火山岩浆活动的鼎盛期,在近100个Ma的时间内形成了大面积分布的晚中生代火山-侵入岩,而在新生代则以面积较小的玄武岩浆喷出活动为主,局限分布于沿海一带。以晚中生代湘南、赣南和闽西南的近EW向火山岩带和浙、闽沿海地区的近NNE向火山岩带,以及新生代近NNE向火山岩带为研究对象,对这些火山岩的地球化学特征对比研究,结合时空分布,讨论了它们的起源及其与壳幔相互作用的关系,以及它们形成的构造环境,其结果显示,EW向晚中生代火山岩带（180～170Ma）的西段玄武岩独立产出,且明显属碱性系列;而中段和东段玄武岩和流纹岩伴生,其中的玄武岩均为亚碱性系列的拉斑玄武岩。它们形成于板内拉张构造环境,是中国东南部特提斯构造域向太平洋构造域转换、晚中生代大规模岩浆作用的序幕。研究表明,该火山岩带自西向东表现出不同程度的壳幔相互作用,玄武岩在成岩过程中有少量陆壳组分加入。NNE向晚中生代火山岩带（130～90Ma）主要为流纹质岩石,安山岩和玄武岩很少。即使是双峰式火山岩也以酸性岩为主,玄武岩仅占全部火山岩体积的30％以下。其中的玄武岩主要属钙碱性系列,少数属拉斑系列。它们形成于火山弧构造环境,是中国东南部受太平洋构造域影响发生大规模火山岩浆作用的主旋律。其中玄武岩岩浆成分受到了较高程度的陆壳物质混染,同时代的中性火山岩是由底侵的玄武岩岩浆和陆壳物质来源的酸性岩浆发生岩浆混合作用而形成的,反映了强烈的壳幔相互作用。NNE向新生代火山岩带,分布在浙闽沿海,以碱性系列玄武岩为主,均含幔源包体,并受NNE向大陆边缘断裂构造的控制。它们形成于板内裂谷环境,是中国东南沿海由晚中生代火山弧构造环境转换为新生代板内裂谷环境的标志,起源于软流圈地幔,并有EMII岩石圈地幔的混合组分,但基本没有受到陆壳物质的混染。     

特大型银矿床地质特征及找矿方向

特大型银矿床在资源占有量上占举足轻重的地位,使之已经成为近年来重要的研究课题之一.从已知的国内外特大型银矿床入手,在成矿时间、空间以及成矿特征方面进行了深入的研究.提出了特大型银矿床的主要成矿地质特征、矿床类型划分方案及在我国的找矿方向.概括如下:(1)已知特大型银矿床均分布于环太平洋成矿带内,主要受控于中生代、新生代的火山岩带和裂谷带之中,多数矿床与中酸性-酸性岩浆活动有关;(2)特大型银矿床以成矿系列为主要线索,划分为浅成低温热液型、斑岩型、矽卡岩型和5元素型;(3)中国在中新生代火山岩及裂谷发育地区,如大兴安岭-太行山带等,具有特大型银矿床的成矿潜力.     

亚洲东部陆缘及岛弧区中—新生代的岩浆活动与板块构造

亚洲东部及太平洋西北部中一新生代的地质发展有两个突出的特点:其一是岩浆岩的广泛发育,构成举世瞩目的东亚滨太平洋岩浆岩带;其二是形成一系列断陷盆地,包括边缘海、陆缘海及一些内陆盆地。前者为人类提供了各种内生矿产;后者则蕴藏丰富的能源。据近年研究,该区规模巨大的岩浆岩带和断陷盆地,均是中生代以来海洋板块与欧亚大陆板块聚敛时,俯冲和深熔以及由此派生的局部拉裂扩张的结果。本文试图通过对东亚及西太平洋板块构造的研究,初步揭示该区中一新生代岩浆活动的特点及规律性,并探讨其间的联系。     

辽宁省金矿集中区及其与构造样式的关系

本文将辽宁省金矿划分四种类型,十个主要金矿集中区。这些集中区均受华北地台东西向基底构造活动带及中生代太平洋板块俯冲影响、所产生的北西向构造挤压带和北东向构造—岩浆岩带的复合作用控制。它们分别处于太不洋成矿带的内带(辽东)和外带(辽西)。并以郯庐断裂为轴线,构成了两大“U”字形,类似共轭曲线展布的构造样式。根据深部地球物理资料,综合分析了控制金矿集中区构造样式的形成机制。区内脉状金矿大都分布在深断裂(深度大于五公里断裂)带附近。     

Tectonics and metallogeny of the junction zone between the North Asian craton and Pacific tectonic belt

The tectonics and metallogeny of the junction zone between the North Asian craton and Pacific tectonic belt are considered. This zone is characterized by a wide variety of structures superposed on the metamorphic basement, which was formed in the course of a multistage geologic development of the craton from the Precambrian to the Cenozoic. They are related to the craton evolution and its response to the collision and subduction processes in the adjacent orogenic belt, processes in the passive and active continental margins, and plume magmatism. The geological structure of the region includes blocks of metamorphic rocks of the Aldan–Stanovoi shield, Paleoproterozoic volcanogenic troughs, Mesoproterozoic–Neoproterozoic and Early Paleozoic structures of the platform cover, Late Paleozoic volcanic and terrigenous troughs, structures of the Late Mesozoic Okhotsk–Chukotka volcanic belt of the active continental margin, and Late Cretaceous riftogenic structures formed in response to plume magmatism. In total, six metallogenic epochs are recognized in the development of ore mineralization: Archean–Early Paleoproterozoic, Late Paleoproterozoic, Mesoproterozoic, Neoproterozoic, Late Paleozoic, and Late Mesozoic. The minerageny of the junction zone between the craton and Pacific belt is highly diversified, being characterized by distinct evolution in time and space. Each development stage features its own set of mineral resources.     

中国东部中、新生代软流圈上涌与构造-岩浆-矿集区

以深部地球物理资料为基础,结合大地构造环境、岩浆岩同位素示踪及矿产资源分布规律,加以综合分析.通过热力学计算可知,中国东部近2亿年来的上地幔岩石圈/软流圈构造可以存留至今,且能区分出中、新生代.软流圈上涌与矿集区:(1)中生代金属矿:(a)克拉通区,软流圈沿柱身上涌,其柱头上方形成幔壳混熔花岗质岩及相应Au、Cu、Mo、Pb-Zn等矿集区,并于柱身与岩石圈块体陡接触带,形成中基性杂岩及相应富Fe矿集区;(b)褶皱带区,在软流圈上涌柱上方形成近幔源型花岗质岩,相应为Cu、Au、Pb-Zn、Mo、Ag矿集区;(c)南岭带,软流圈层在适当深度、热量充足、较大范围内"平卧",因热传导而致使地壳内物质部分重熔,形成壳源型花岗质岩及相应的W、Sn、稀有元素矿集区;(2)新生代油气田:(a)与太平洋板块俯冲有关的软流圈上涌,其上方出露玄武岩,形成较大型油田;(b)与裂陷盆地有关的软流圈上涌,其上方形成大型油田,也有中小型油田.软流圈上涌与大地构造:中生代J-K时期,通过构造力特征等的综合分析,阐明燕山运动的根源及其影响;新生代侧重剖析大陆裂谷相关特征.总之,软流圈上涌是岩石圈减薄,以及中、新生代构造-岩浆-矿集区形成的根源.     

Polyphase Tectonic Events and Cenozoic Basin-Range Coupling in the Tianshan Belt, Northwestern China

Studies show that the Tianshan orogenic belt was built in the late stage of the Paleozoic, as evidenced by the Permian red molasses and foreland basins, which are distributed in parallel with the Tianshan belt, indicating that an intense folding and uplifting event took place. During the Triassic, this orogenic belt was strongly eroded, and basins were further developed. Starting from the Jurassic, a within-plate regional extension occurred, forming a series of Jurassic-Paleogene extensional basins in the peneplaned Tianshan region. Since the Neogene, a collision event between the Indian and the Eurasian plates that took place on the southern side of the Tianshan belt has caused a strong intra-continental orogeny, which is characterized by thrusting and folding. Extremely thick coarse conglomerate and sandy conglomerate of the Xiyu Formation of Neogene System were accumulated unconformably on the Tianshan piedmont. Studies have revealed that the strong compression caused by the Indian-Eurasian collision     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987114001078

The Caucasian-Arabian belt is part of the huge late Cenozoic Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt formed by collision of continental plates.The belt consists of two domains:the Caucasian-Arabian Syntaxis(CAS)in the south and the EW-striking Greater Caucasus in the north.The CAS marks a zone of the indentation of the Arabian plate into the southern East European Craton.The Greater Caucasus Range is located in the south of the Eurasian plate;it was tectonically uplifted along the Main Caucasian Fault(MCF),which is,in turn,a part of a megafault extended over a great distance from the Kopetdag Mts.to the TornquistTeisseyre Trans-European Suture Zone.The Caucasus Mts.are bounded by the Black Sea from the west and by the Caspian Sea from the east.The SN-striking CAS is characterized by a large geophysical isostatic anomaly suggesting presence of mantle plume head.A 500 km long belt of late Cenozoic volcanism in the CAS extends from the eastern Anatolia to the Lesser and Greater Caucasus ranges.This belt hosts two different types of volcanic rocks:(1)plume-type intraplate basaltic plateaus and(2)suprasubductiontype calc-alkaline and shoshonite-latite volcanic rocks.As the CAS lacks signatures of subduction zones and is characterized by relatively shallow earthquakes(50e60 km),we suggest that the"suprasubduction-type"magmas were derived by interaction between mantle plume head and crustal material.Those hybrid melts were originated under conditions of collision-related deformation.During the late Cenozoic,the width of the CAS reduced to ca.400 km due to tectonic"diffluence"of crustal material provided by the continuing Arabia-Eurasia collision.     

Geologic structure of Lesser Khingan and its position in structure of Far East

The Lesser Khingan has been variously assigned to, 1) a zone of Mesozoic folding at the western margin of the East Asian Mesozoic-Cenozoic folded belt; 2) the Mongol-Okhotsk folded belt. 3) the marginal zone of the northeast side of the Chinese platform as altered by very late folding, hi order to establish its tectonic affinity, the geologic and especially tectonic history is considered from Proterozoic rime to the present. Tectonic maps give details of structures within Proterozoic. Mesozoic, and Cenozoic sadimentary and associated igneous rock complexes. Major anticlinoria and synclinoria are discussed and the role of ancient deep faults is noted. From a consideration of the several stages in the history of the Lesser Khingan it is concluded that its geosynclinal. development within the southern (Paleozoic) branch of the Mongol-Okhotsk belt has been completed by the end of Paleozoic time, This means that the area has no direct affinity with the younger East Asia geosynclinal belt. However, it seems logical that the lesser Khingan should have exerted a dynamic action on the adjacent young platform to the west, as shown by extensive dislocation of Mesozoic strata in its eastern structures.—W.D. Lowry     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987112001259

The eastern Pontides orogenic belt provides a window into continental arc magmatism in the Alpine-Himalayan belt.The late Mesozoic-Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of this belt remains controversial.Here we focus on the nature of the transition from the adakitic to non-adakitic magmatism in the Kale area of Gumushane region in NE Turkey where this transition is best preserved.The adakitic lithologies comprise porphyries and hyaloclastites.The porphyries are represented by biotite-rich andesites,hornblende-rich andesite and dacite.The hayaloclastites represent the final stage of adakitic activity and they were generated by eruption/intrusion of adakitic andesitic magma into soft carbonate mud.The non-adakitic lithologies include basaltic-andesitic volcanic and associated pyroclastic rocks. Both rock groups are cutting by basaltic dikes representing the final stage of the Cenozoic magmatism in the study area.We report zircon U-Pb ages of 48.71±0.74 Ma for the adakitic rocks,and 44.68±0.84 Ma for the non-adakitic type,suggesting that there is no significant time gap during the transition from adakitic to non-adakitic magmatism.We evaluate the origin,magma processes and tectonic setting of the magmatism in the southern part of the eastern Pontides orogenic belt.Our results have important bearing on the late Mesozoic-Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of the eastern Mediterranean region.     

智利北部—阿根廷西北部两类斑岩铜矿成矿方式

智利北部和阿根廷西北部的中新生代斑岩铜矿形成于古生代地体拼贴造山带背景。随着大西洋的张开,南美大陆向西漂移,中新生代期间,南美克拉通块体俯冲到古生代造山带之下形成加厚或双倍地壳。智利北部作为南美活动大陆边缘的组成部分,不断"吞食"向东俯冲的太平洋（纳斯卡）板块,斑岩铜矿成矿作用发生在俯冲板块断离后导致的大规模岩浆活动,并沿再活化岩石圈不连续（先存的古生代拼接带、区域断裂）反复就位,形成安第斯型斑岩铜矿。阿根廷西北部大规模铜（金、钼）成矿与加厚的造山带垮塌有关,大规模成矿受控于造山岩石圈去根、软流圈物质和热上涌引发的大规模岩浆活动。总体而言,智利北部、阿根廷西北部安第斯型和造山带垮塌型斑岩铜矿,乃至南美安第斯山铜（金）矿成矿带形成,与中新生代以来南美大陆向西漂移、大西洋张开事件关系密切。     

东南沿海成矿带矿床形成的时间演化规律研究

东南沿海成矿带成矿作用时代与华夏古陆的形成演化 ,特提斯向环太平洋构造成矿域的转换及中新生代中国东部大陆边缘构造活动关系密切。东南沿海成矿作用时代主要与该区中—新元古代古裂谷环境、晚古生代局部裂陷环境、中生代以来的伸展构造环境等拉张构造应力场相对应。中生代以来的成矿作用强度大、持续时间长 ,在东南沿海成矿史占主导地位。根据同位素测年成果厘定出特提斯向环太平洋构造成矿域转换的早期 ,即早侏罗世也存在一期重要的锡、金成矿作用。福建中部地区存在早期成矿被晚中生代构造岩浆热液作用强烈叠加的特征。文中在此基础上归纳了东南沿海成矿区不同时代区域成矿系列演化特征 ,为进一步找矿提供科学依据     

Continental margins as global oil and gas accumulation belts: The West Pacific belt

Most present-day oil- and gas-bearing (petroliferous) basins are localized in one of the five global oil and gas accumulation belts confined to continent-ocean transition zones that existed in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Two meridional belts are located in the western and eastern peripheral zones of the Pacific Ocean with intense tectonic activity during the major part of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. The activity was reflected in extension of the continental crust, spreading of the oceanic crust, rapid subsidence of individual crustal blocks, volcanism, and formation of large batholiths and accretionary prisms. In this belt, the fore-arc, back-arc, inter-arc, and marginal riftogenic sedimentary basins are petroliferous.     

延边东北部地区中生代火山-岩浆岩区金铜矿成矿特征

延边东北部地区中生代陆相火山断陷盆地处于吉黑褶皱系延边优地槽褶皱带延边复向斜内;区内中生代以来不同方向的断裂发育,火山活动强烈,岩浆侵入频繁;与中生代火山-岩浆活动有成因联系的金、铜金金属矿床多处,矿化蚀变线索也较多,构成了著名的五凤-小西南岔近东西向火山-岩浆期后低温热液型金、铜多金属成矿带;区内中生代火山-岩浆岩的形成是太平洋板块俯冲作用使大陆边缘拉张活动不断加剧,造成上地幔岩浆上侵的结果;并伴有成矿作用的发生,在岩浆岩体内外接触带的有利部位形成金、金铜或铜金多金属矿床;从远源至近源的成矿分带为Au-Ag→Au-Cu-Ag→Cu-Au-Pb-Zn→Cu(-Mo-Au);成矿作用表现出从低温至高温、从低硫到高硫的变化.     

天山地区碰撞后构造与盆山演化

研究表明,近东西向的天山造山带基本格架在古生代晚期已经初步形成;平行造山带广泛分布的二叠纪红色磨拉石证明当时造山隆升作用非常强烈,导致前陆盆地普遍发育。三叠纪,天山造山带遭受区域剥蚀夷平,盆山高差缩小,盆地规模进一步扩大。侏罗纪—古近纪,由于板内伸展作用,在准平原化的天山地区形成了一系列伸展盆地,呈近东西向分布。新近纪以来,受南面印度—欧亚陆—陆碰撞的影响,天山地区发生强烈陆内变形,以逆冲推覆和褶皱堆叠为特征;节理统计表明新生代的主压应力为南北方向。晚新生代,由印度和欧亚大陆碰撞产生的强烈挤压作用对大陆腹地的天山地区影响很大：前中生代块体发生剧烈隆升和褶皱,伴随大规模新生代坳陷的形成,导致盆山高差急剧增大;脆性剪切与挤压变形构造叠加在韧性变形的古生代岩层之上。同时,中生代拉伸盆地发生构造反转,形成新生代挤压盆地,盆山交接带变形以台阶状逆断层和断层相关褶皱为特征。由于盆地朝造山带的下插作用,使古生代的岩层呈构造岩片方式逆冲推覆在盆地边缘的中新生代岩层之上,当穿越不同地质构造单元时表现出不同的运动学特征。强烈挤压褶皱冲断是晚新生代盆山交接带的基本特征和最普遍的盆-山耦合方式,局部伴有小规模近东西向的走滑断层。中生代沉积岩的褶皱与断裂、侏罗纪煤层自燃及烧结岩的形成、强烈地震与断层活动、以及新疆独特的镶嵌状盆山格局,都是新近纪以来构造作用的产物。     

岩浆热液型银矿床、银矿省及形成的控制因素

岩浆热液型银矿床主要指与岩浆热液作用相关的独立银矿床和共生银矿床(Ag平均品位一般大于100g/t),它是银最重要的来源。本文对全球80多个典型的大型-超大型岩浆热液型银矿床进行了梳理和总结,将其主要分为浅成低温热液型(低硫型、中硫型和高硫型)、矽卡岩型、斑岩型和五元素型四种类型,其中浅成低温热液型占主导,斑岩型和矽卡型数量较少。全球大型-超大型的岩浆热液型银矿床主要分布在东太平洋俯冲带和中亚造山带东段,这些银矿床均位于陆壳基底之上。按照发育地区不同可分为六大银成矿省,即中国兴蒙银成矿省、美国西部盆岭银成矿省、墨西哥西北银成矿省、秘鲁中部银多金属成矿省、玻利维亚银锡成矿省和俄罗斯远东银锡成矿省。成矿时代主要集中在中、新生代。这些银成矿省与大规模酸性-中酸性岩浆活动密切相关,包括发育大量酸性熔结凝灰岩的长英质大火成岩省,或者富锡流纹岩、黄玉流纹岩和石英斑岩等高演化岩浆岩。这些大规模岩浆热液银成矿作用通常与区域大地构造背景转换相关,比如从挤压到伸展或者伸展到挤压。相对富银的含水大陆下地壳源区、大规模高分异的岩浆作用、银对熔体中共存硫化物和磁铁矿相对弱的相容性、高盐度的流体、成矿流体集中运移的通道和高效的沉淀机制是银大规模成矿的有利控制因素。银矿床的研究工作相对于铜、金矿床远远落后,银成矿省和酸性大火成岩省的内在联系、控制斑岩钼-银/锡-银两种银成矿系统的机制、岩浆演化对银成矿的控制、银矿潜力区的勘查找矿等关键问题仍亟待解决。     

天山南麓库车晚新生代褶皱-冲断带

库车褶皱冲断带位于天山南麓,由近东西走向的多条构造带组成。三叠系暗色泥岩、侏罗系煤层、古近系库姆格列木组膏盐层和新近系吉迪克组膏盐层构成库车褶皱冲断带的区域性主滑脱面。褶皱冲断带底面由北向南逐渐抬高。褶皱冲断带主体发育盖层滑脱-冲断构造(薄皮构造),基底卷入型冲断构造(厚皮构造)见于北缘的根带。新生界膏盐层之上构造变形以滑脱褶皱为特色,之下以冲断构造为特色。库车褶皱冲断带是印度-亚洲碰撞远程效应下,(南)天山晚新生代造山过程的产物。褶皱冲断带构造变形的动力来源主要是造山楔向塔里木盆地推进所形成的挤压构造应力。褶皱冲断带构造变形的起始时间为约23Ma,构造变形具有阶段式加速的特点,已经识别出约23Ma、约10Ma、5~2Ma和1~0Ma共4个变形加速期。褶皱冲断带的演化过程为前展式,褶皱冲断带前锋向南推进的同时,后缘持续变形。     

南岭钨锡稀土成矿带资源特征与潜力分析

南岭钨锡稀土成矿带跨越湖南、广东、广西、江西四省(区),其钨、锡、铋、铅锌、稀土等产量位居全国前列,是我国重要的有色金属资源基地和生产加工基地。该成矿带横跨扬子、华夏两个板块,位于中生代欧亚大陆板块构造岩浆活动带的华南陆块中部,区域成矿地质条件优越,是中国有色、稀有、稀土、放射性矿产的重要成矿远景区带。通过研究成矿带的成矿特征,划分了成矿系列,建立了成矿谱系,确定了区带的主攻矿种为钨、锡、锰、铅锌,并对其资源潜力进行了评价,预计可新增钨475万吨、锡375万吨、锰2.6亿吨、铅锌6084万吨。在此基础上,部署了江西省于都-银坑重点远景区、江西大余-上犹重点远景区、广东韶关地区铅锌、银、钨矿重点远景区、广东大宝山-连平地区铁、铜、铅锌、钨矿重点远景区、湖南郴州地区钨、锡、钼、铅锌、铜、萤石矿重点远景区5个重点远景区和湖南常宁地区铅锌、金、银、萤石、硼矿一般远景区等8个一般远景区,为指导本区勘查工作提供了依据。     

浙闽粤滨海地区成矿演化和矿床时空分布的控制因素

浙闽粤滨海地区中生代的成矿作用主要与岩浆作用有关,矿床在空间上有明显的分带性,在时间上具有明显的迁移性,但这种成矿分带和迁移完全不同于东太平洋安第斯和美国西部平行于俯冲带或垂直海岸线的成矿分带和迁移模式,区域中生代矿床的时空分布和成矿演化明显受着区域的构造应力作用方式,岩浆作用特征,赋矿地层和岩石的含矿性特征以及成岩成矿后的风化剥蚀程度等因素的影响。     

湘赣边区中新生代走滑断裂系统及对热液铀成矿作用的控制

湘赣边区自晚三叠世开始进入全新的陆内走滑造山作用阶段,并在白垩纪早期经历了从会聚走滑向离散走滑的转换。对该走滑断裂系统的构造解析及轴矿床成矿地质特征的综合分析表明,ＮＮＥ向走滑断裂直接控制了区域大规模热液铀成矿作用的发生。对走滑断裂控矿作用的特点进行了详细的讨论。