天山地区多期构造与新生代盆山耦合

天山造山带发育在元古宙变质基底之上,其造山带基本格架在古生代晚期已经初步形成。平行东西向造山带分布的二叠纪红色磨拉石岩层,是碰撞造山带发生隆升、前陆盆地开始发育的重要证据。三叠纪,天山造山带进一步被剥蚀夷平,盆山高差缩小,盆地规模继续扩大。侏罗纪—古近纪,由于板内伸展作用,在准平原化的天山地区形成了一系列伸展盆地,呈近东西向分布。新近纪以来,受南面印度—欧亚陆—陆碰撞的影响,天山地区发生强烈陆内变形,以逆冲推覆和褶皱堆叠为特征;节理统计表明其主压应力为南北方向。研究表明,由印度和欧亚大陆碰撞产生的强烈挤压作用对大陆腹地的天山地区影响很大:前中生代块体发生剧烈隆升,岩层褶皱,伴随形成深度与规模都较大的新生代坳陷,盆山高差急剧增大}脆性剪切与挤压     

天山后峡盆地晚中生代反冲断层的发现及其地质意义

天山山脉是通过古生代陆壳增生和晚古生代陆-陆碰撞形成的,新生代又受到强烈的陆内挤压隆升与褶皱断裂作用的改造,但对天山造山带中生代的构造变形特征知之甚少。在北天山后峡盆地发现一系列北倾南冲的逆冲推覆构造,根据区域地质资料推测应属于晚中生代的反冲断层。区域资料,特别是磷灰石裂变径迹测试结果表明,天山造山带在中生代晚期经历了一次重要的构造隆升事件,后峡盆地的反冲构造就属于该期山脉隆升事件的构造表现方式。这对进一步认识天山造山带中生代的构造演化和印-亚碰撞对该地区的远程效应有重要意义。     

塔里木盆地北缘—南天山造山带盆-山耦合和构造转换

文章探讨了塔里木盆地北缘和南天山造山带的盆-山耦合和构造转换过程。塔里木盆地属于典型的叠合盆地,经历了多期构造演化。研究表明,在地史时期中,塔里木盆地北缘和相邻南天山造山带经历了多期和复杂的盆山耦合和盆山转换过程,形成多种类型盆山耦合和转换方式。(1)按时间域可划分为:早古生代陆内裂陷盆地-早期伸展造山-晚期挤压造山耦合,晚古生代陆内裂陷盆地-弧后造山-晚期碰撞造山耦合,中生代陆内前陆盆地-挤压造山耦合,古近纪前陆盆地-挤压造山耦合,新近纪—第四纪再旋回前陆盆地-挤压造山耦合;(2)按深度域可划分为:深部地幔俯冲型盆-山耦合,地壳分层滑脱拆离型盆-山耦合,基底滑脱拆离型盆-山耦合,古生代伸展和逆冲推覆型盆-山耦合,中—新生代逆冲推覆型盆-山耦合;(3)按运动学和动力学可划分为:逆冲推覆型盆-山耦合和接触关系、重力滑脱型盆-山耦合和接触关系、走滑转换型盆山耦合和接触关系、深部岩浆上涌焊接型盆-山耦合和接触关系、鳄鱼嘴型盆-山耦合和接触关系。     

准噶尔东部晚古生代—中生代构造样式、变形序列及棋盘格构造的形成过程与机制

自晚古生代以来，准噶尔盆地东部经历了多期陆内变形事件的改造，形成了独特的棋盘状构造，其形成演化是中亚造山带陆内变形的一个缩影，但其形成过程仍处于争议之中。此次研究围绕准噶尔盆地及周缘地区的二叠纪至新生代的构造变形开展研究，结果表明准噶尔盆地东部变形的驱动力主要来自不同板块边缘的相互作用，尤其是来自特提斯构造域的影响。晚二叠世，准噶尔盆地遭受了近东西向的挤压应力改造，盆地整体发生变形，形成了一系列近南北向逆冲断层和褶皱，为准东地区乃至整个盆地的棋盘格构造奠定了基础。早—中侏罗世期间，准噶尔盆地及其周缘地区经历区域性伸展，在盆地东北、西北缘均发育重要的左行张剪性走滑变形，形成了大型的走滑双冲构造。晚侏罗世，准东地区经历近东西向缩短作用，导致了侏罗纪之前的地层再次发生近南北向褶皱，变形的动力则可能来自特提斯构造域的向北作用，使准噶尔盆地经历不同程度顺时针旋转。晚白垩世，准东地区经历近南北向缩短作用，导致了之前的近南北向褶皱和断层褶皱变形，准东的棋盘格构造样式最终定型。新生代晚期，准东地区受到印度-欧亚板块碰撞远程效应的影响，但是影响范围和强度相对较小。     

东秦岭－大别山及邻区盆－山系统演化与动力学

东秦岭－大别造山带受不同块体间的拼合碰撞及其之后的陆内变形控制,在造山带边缘和内部形成了不同的盆山系统。造山带北缘响应北秦岭与华北板块的弧陆碰撞及其之后陆内变形作用,形成了后陆逆冲与弧后前陆盆地系统。造山带南缘三叠纪至白垩纪随着扬子板块与秦岭－大别微板块沿勉略缝合带自东向西的斜向俯冲和之后的陆内旋转挤压,在扬子北缘形成了前陆逆冲与周缘前陆盆地系统。自晚侏罗世末至白垩纪造山带挤压与伸展并存,伸展自核部向边缘发展,形成造山带伸展塌陷与近东西向裂谷盆地系统。大致在中始新世之后,受中国东部环太平洋构造带东西向伸展作用和深部构造作用控制,横跨造山带形成近南北向的裂谷盆地。     

西天山中新生代古高程恢复研究

横亘中亚的天山山脉是全球大陆中的一条重要构造带, 其绵延超过2 500 km, 总体上呈近东西向延伸, 与昆仑山—阿尔金山、阿尔泰山和塔里木盆地、准噶尔盆地共同构成了“三山夹两盆”的独特构造地貌格局。天山造山带在早二叠世期间开始解体, 三叠纪遭受区域剥蚀夷平, 侏罗纪由于板内伸展形成一系列伸展盆地, 新近纪以来天山地区发生强烈的陆内变形作用。因此, 中新生代天山造山带的隆升不仅受控于新生代印度与欧亚两个大陆强烈碰撞产生的远距离效应, 还受控于古生代板块俯冲与碰撞造山作用所形成的基底构造的制约。天山新生代的隆升与剥露历史, 是研究亚洲大陆内部造山带的运动学和动力学过程的重要途径之一, 通过相应的野外调查和测试手段, 对天山的中新生代古高程进行恢复, 对于天山地区新生代以来的气候、矿产保存以及反演印亚碰撞的远程效应方面都具有明显的意义。     

新疆尼勒克盆地煤变质成因浅析

1 地质概况 尼勒克盆地属于伊犁煤田中的一个山间断陷盆地,大地构造位置处于天山纬向构造带西段。盆地南北两侧为晚古生代地层形成的高山,盆地内沉积中、新生代地层,受盆缘断裂控制,盆地呈近东西向～北西西向展布。东西长约130km,南北宽5～12km,面积约1800km~2。受天山构造带影响,盆地内断裂、褶皱均呈东西向。煤系地层被断裂切割成一系列断块,断层性质以压性、压扭性逆断层、平推断层为主,显示燕山运动曾经历强烈挤压和抬升(图1)。     

中国中西部中、新生代前陆盆地与挤压造山带耦合分析

中国中西部主要由中、新生代造山带与中、新生代盆地构成盆山格局 :秦岭造山带与南北两侧四川盆地与鄂尔多斯盆地 ;天山造山带与南北两侧塔里木盆地与准噶尔盆地 ;哀牢山造山带与东西两侧楚雄盆地与兰坪思茅盆地等 ,总体上构成盆山耦合。根据挤压造山带类型与前陆盆地类型 ,可以划分出 3种耦合类型 ,即 ( 1)碰撞造山带与周缘前陆盆地 ,( 2 )俯冲造山带与弧后前陆盆地及 ( 3)再生造山带与再生前陆盆地。因此前陆盆地是伴随着造山带的形成与演化而发育 ,造山带断滑系统直接控制前陆盆地结构、沉积层序及构造样式等 ,从而制约前陆盆地油气分布的有序性     

合肥盆地断层活动特征及其控制因素

利用断层活动速率法定量分析了合肥盆地主要近东西向断层的活动规律,并分析了它们形成与演化的控制因素。研究表明,盆地前侏罗系基底主要发育了近东西向、南倾的逆冲断层,属于印支期前陆变形的产物。这些断层的逆冲速率向南有规律的增加,指示其动力来自南部大别造山带的碰撞造山。盆地在侏罗纪期间接受大量沉积时,并没有发生明显的断裂活动,指示属于前陆拗陷型盆地,其对应着大别造山带的快速隆升。盆地在早白垩世至古近纪期间演变为断陷盆地,印支期基底的逆断层转变为正断层活动。这些盆地内主要的近东西向正断层的伸展活动在早白垩世呈现北强南弱,而随后转变为南强北弱的变化趋势。     

略论华北地块北缘显生宙三类不同的造山作用

华北地块北缘显生宙发育3种不同类型的造山作用。古生代,华北地块北缘处于古亚洲洋构造域,造山作用属陆缘俯冲-碰撞型,形成以EW向至NEE向为主的褶皱、逆冲推覆构造及韧性剪切带等构造类型。造山机制与古亚洲洋板块向南俯冲-碰撞导致近SN向构造动力的挤压作用密切相关。中生代,华北地块北缘处于西滨太平洋构造域,造山作用以陆内挤压型为主,形成以NE-NNE向与近EW向为主的多期不同方向的褶皱、逆冲断裂、推覆构造、韧性剪切带及局部地区的固态塑性流变构造等构造类型;造山动力以古太平洋(或Izanagi)板块西向俯冲导致NW-NWW向强烈挤压力为主。新生代,华北地块北缘虽仍属西滨太平洋构造域,但造山作用以陆内伸展型为主,裂谷作用与陆内伸展构造居主导地位,褶皱变形微弱,张性-张扭性断裂活动显著,形成现今盆-山构造地貌格局;造山动力以NW-NWW向主张应力为主。造山类型的两次重大转换分别发生于早、中三叠世与晚白垩世。      

Polyphase Tectonic Events and Cenozoic Basin-Range Coupling in the Tianshan Belt, Northwestern China

Studies show that the Tianshan orogenic belt was built in the late stage of the Paleozoic, as evidenced by the Permian red molasses and foreland basins, which are distributed in parallel with the Tianshan belt, indicating that an intense folding and uplifting event took place. During the Triassic, this orogenic belt was strongly eroded, and basins were further developed. Starting from the Jurassic, a within-plate regional extension occurred, forming a series of Jurassic-Paleogene extensional basins in the peneplaned Tianshan region. Since the Neogene, a collision event between the Indian and the Eurasian plates that took place on the southern side of the Tianshan belt has caused a strong intra-continental orogeny, which is characterized by thrusting and folding. Extremely thick coarse conglomerate and sandy conglomerate of the Xiyu Formation of Neogene System were accumulated unconformably on the Tianshan piedmont. Studies have revealed that the strong compression caused by the Indian-Eurasian collision     

中、新生代天山隆升过程及其与准噶尔、阿尔泰山比较研究

根据穿越天山地质剖面观察、系统裂变径迹(FT)测年年龄与热演化模拟结果分析,并综合前人研究结果,天山陆内造山带中、新生代主要经历2次明显的隆升事件,分别为晚侏罗世—早白垩世和中新世以来(25~0Ma)。从天山地区磷灰石FT年龄结果来看,主要记录了早期隆升年龄,但热演化模拟结果显示普遍经历了中新世以来的快速隆升。在天山北缘从盆山边缘的近25Ma开始隆升到前缘带的现今活动,表明天山陆内造山带在隆升的同时还逐渐“增生”扩展。系统研究和分析表明,东西准噶尔和阿尔泰地区则主要记录了晚中生代以来的持续隆升过程,新生代构造活动不明显或强度相对天山要弱。上述事实表明,天山及其中亚地区新生代的陆内活动是受喜马拉雅碰撞与青藏高原隆升的影响,具有向北渐弱的特征。     

南天山造山带的同碰撞和碰撞后构造——塔里木盆地北部地震解释成果

南天山位于中亚造山带的南缘,是一条增生—碰撞型造山带。其碰撞造山的时间,是中亚造山带研究的一个关键构造问题,引起广泛的关注。以往关于碰撞造山的时间证据,基本上都来自造山带自身,即南天山前新生界露头区。前陆区广泛覆盖着巨厚的新生界,无法直接考察,很少从前陆区碰撞相关构造的角度研究南天山碰撞造山的时间。塔里木盆地北部是南天山碰撞造山带的前陆区。经认真系统地解释这里的地震资料,发现了南天山碰撞造山带的同碰撞构造和碰撞后构造。同碰撞造构造由二叠纪末—三叠纪冲断层及其相关褶皱组成。三叠系/二叠系和侏罗系/三叠系两个不整合给出了二叠纪末—三叠纪初和三叠纪末—侏罗纪初两期挤压冲断的时间。造山后构造为侏罗纪—白垩纪正断层组成。正断层活动起始于三叠纪末—侏罗纪初,持续至白垩纪中期。根据同碰撞构造和碰撞后构造的形成时间推论,南天山碰撞造山作用起始于二叠纪末,结束于三叠纪末;侏罗纪—白垩纪中期为造山后应力松弛构造演化阶段。     

天山东段推覆构造研究

本文概括性总结了天山东段大型推覆构造的基本特征。根据地质证据和同位素年龄,东天山存在早古生代末,晚古生代晚期和新生代三期推覆构造;根据推覆构造分布规律及构造背景,在平面上划分为五大推覆带、9个大型韧剪带;根据出露岩石的矿物变形相将东天山推覆构造划分为深、中深和浅三个深度层次;通过韧剪变形组构的观察分析,确定了多期韧性变形性质与运动方向。糜棱岩中超微构造、古应力及小构造变形缩短率测量统计,证明东天山推覆变形具有显著的地壳缩短增厚作用。新生代板块碰撞导致本区中新生代盆地基底向造山带A型俯冲,造山带向盆地推覆,其结果就构成了今日看到的镶嵌状盆地-山脉构造地貌景观。     

Influence of syn-sedimentary faults on orogenic structure: examples from the Neoproterozoic–Mesozoic east Siberian passive margin

The east margin of the Siberian craton is a typical passive margin with a thick succession of sedimentary rocks ranging in age from Mesoproterozoic to Tertiary. Several zones with distinct structural styles are recognized and reflect an eastward-migrating depocenter. Mesozoic orogeny was preceded by several Mesoproterozoic to Paleozoic tectonic events. In the South Verkhoyansk, the most intense pre-Mesozoic event, 1000–950 Ma rifting, affected the margin of the Siberian craton and formed half-graben basins, bounded by listric normal faults. Neoproterozoic compressional structures occurred locally, whereas extensional structures, related to latest Neoproterozoic–early Paleozoic rifting events, have yet to be identified. Devonian rifting is recognized throughout the eastern margin of the Siberian craton and is represented by numerous normal faults and local half-graben basins.Estimated shortening associated with Mesozoic compression shows that the inner parts of ancient rifts are now hidden beneath late Paleozoic–Mesozoic siliciclastics of the Verkhoyansk Complex and that only the outer parts are exposed in frontal ranges of the Verkhoyansk thrust-and-fold belt. Mesoproterozoic to Paleozoic structures had various impacts on the Mesozoic compressional structures. Rifting at 1000–950 Ma formed extensional detachment and normal faults that were reactivated as thrusts characteristic of the Verkhoyansk foreland. Younger Neoproterozoic compressional structures do not display any evidence for Mesozoic reactivation. Several initially east-dipping Late Devonian normal faults were passively rotated during Mesozoic orogenesis and are now recognized as west-dipping thrusts, but without significant reactivation displacement along fault surfaces.     

北祁连盆地群构造运动特征

北祁连盆地群位于青藏高原北部,长期处于欧亚大陆的边缘活动带,对构造运动有着敏感的反应,各次构造运动在该区都有表现。现今北祁连盆地群经历多次构造运动的改造,先后经历了早古生代大陆裂谷阶段、晚古生代稳定陆内沉积盆地阶段、中生代的板内变形阶段和伸展断陷阶段、新生代挤压变形与前陆盆地发育阶段,是各个时期盆地叠合的产物。     

贺西地区晚古生代早中期同沉积断层的发现及其意义

贺西地区处于北祁连加里东褶皱带、阿拉善地块与鄂尔多斯地块的交汇处,该区晚古生代早中期处于早古生代洋盆体制与中生代陆内盆地发育期的转换时期,其盆地性质及成因争议颇多。在贺兰山地区工作中,作者发现晚泥盆世、早石炭世同沉积断层,并详细追踪了上泥盆统、下石炭统与上下地层的接触关系;结合野外相关地质现象及前人的区域地质研究成果,对贺西地区晚古生代早期盆地的性质及其成因进行了讨论,认为该期盆地既非碰撞裂谷,也非前陆盆地,而是造山后伸展型上叠盆地,同时认为该伸展盆地的形成与古特提斯洋打开呈现同步性,具有一定的区域地质意义。      

Late Cretaceous–Cenozoic uplift,deformation, and erosion of the SW Tianshan Mountains in Kyrgyzstan and Western China

The Mesozoic to Cenozoic mountain uplift, exhumation, and deformation of the SW Tianshan Mountains (Kyrgyzstan and Northwest China) offer an important window to understand the intra-continental rejuvenation mechanism of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), as response to the far-field effects of the India-Asia collision. This article presents new observation and data for the planation surface and sedimentation and deformation features of the regional intermountain basins to rebuild the orogenic history in Mesozoic to Cenozoic. Three planation surfaces were recognized by field observation, showing that the mountain may have experienced lengthy erosion since the end Cretaceous, and a continuous planation surface may have formed at the Eocene to Oligocene. The filling sequences and deformation character revealed that the orogenic disintegrate and intermountain basin formation likely began in the end of Oligocene. Subsequently, the uniform planation surface in Western Tianshan may have begun to disintegrate, leading to the basin-and-range landform formation. Folds and nappes in the Cenozoic basins, large-scale thrusting of Palaeozoic rocks over Cenozoic sediments at the basin margin associated with the rapid mountain uplift may have occurred at the end of Early Pleistocene, suggesting a tectonic inversion. The Mesozoic–Cenozoic Tianshan uplift and deformation were likely induced by the collision/accretion along the southern margin of Eurasia. Both the northward propagation of the Parmir syntaxis to the SW Tianshan and the oblique dextral faulting of the Talas–Fergana fault have likely played an important role on the formation and deformation of the Cenozoic basins in the SW Tianshan.     

兴蒙陆内造山带

本文提出了"兴蒙陆内造山带"的新概念(Xing-Meng Intracontinent Orogenic Belt,XMIOB),从大地构造、沉积建造、岩浆作用和变质作用等方面论述了XMIOB从晚古生代到中生代初的陆内伸展及陆内造山过程,为探讨晚古生代构造演化提供了新模式。根据对内蒙古中西部晚古生代构造格局的总体认识,可将XMIOB划分为五个构造单元即:早石炭世二连-贺根山裂谷带、晚石炭世陆表海盆地、早二叠世艾力格庙-二连伸展构造带、早-中二叠世盆岭构造带和晚二叠世索伦山-乌兰沟伸展构造带。晚石炭世末-二叠纪在兴蒙造山带基底上发育三期伸展构造:第一期见于内蒙古北部二连-艾力格庙地区,形成陆内裂谷盆地及其盆缘三角洲沉积,发育时代为302～298Ma;第二期在内蒙古中西部广泛分布,以隆起与凹陷相间分布的盆岭构造为特征,发育时代为290～260Ma;第三期见于内蒙古南部索伦山到温都尔庙乌兰沟一带,形成主动裂谷背景下的红海型小洋盆,发育时代为260～250Ma。晚古生代与伸展过程有关的岩浆活动可分四期:1)早石炭世贺根山期:以蛇绿岩为主,发育于具有前寒武纪古老基底和早古生代造山带年轻基底的陆壳伸展区; 2)晚石炭世达青牧场期:主要沿北造山带分布,以基性和酸性岩浆构成的双峰式侵火成岩为特征; 3)早二叠世大石寨期:形成的岩石种类多样,分布广泛,包括双峰式火山岩、双峰式侵入岩和碱性岩; 4)二叠纪末-三叠纪初索伦山期:形成陆缘型蛇绿岩或基性岩-超基性岩组合,产生于软流圈上涌造成的主动裂谷背景。兴蒙陆内造山带的构造变形可分为两期,第一期为晚古生代地层大范围褶皱变形,造成盆-岭构造带的缩短;第二期为沿盆-岭构造的边界强烈剪切变形,产生向东逃逸的挤出构造,其构造背景是北部蒙古-鄂霍茨克造山带和南部大别-秦岭中央造山带的远距离效应引起的被动闭合作用。兴蒙陆内造山带的变质作用分为两个阶段,早期变质作用主要表现为石炭纪期间与陆内伸展有关的低压高温变质,晚期为二叠纪末到三叠纪初区域大面积的低压绿片岩相变质以及沿构造边界的局部中-低压型低温变质。     

Evolution, Migration, Controlling Factors and Forming Setting of Mesozoic Basins in Western Shandong

The distinctive topography in western Shandong province consists of several NW-WNW-trending mountain ranges and intervening basins. Basins, in which late-stage sediments to the south have progressively overlapped the earlier sediments and ＂basement＂ rocks of the hanging-wall block, are bounded by S-SW-dipping normal faults to the north. Basin analysis reveals the Jurassic-Cretaceous sedimentary rocks accumulated both within the area of crustal extension and during extensional deformation; they contain a record of a sequence of tectonic events during stretching and can be divided into four tectonic-sequence episodes. These basins were initially developed as early as ca. 200 Ma in the northern part of the study area, extending dominantly N-S from the Early Jurassic until the Late Cretaceous. Although with a brief hiatus due to changes in stress field, to keep uniform N-S extensional polarity in such a long time as 130 Ma requires a relatively stable tectonic controlling factor responsible for the NW- and E-W-extensional basins. The formation of the extensional basins is partly concurrent with regional magmatism, but preceded magmatism by 40 Ma. This precludes a genetic link between local magmatism and extension during the Mesozoic. Based on integrated studies of basins and deformation, we consider that the gravitational collapse of the early overthickened continental crust may be the main tectonic driver for the Mesozoic extensional basins. From the Early Jurassic, dramatic reduction in north-south horizontal compressive stress made the western Shandong deformation belt switch from a state of failure under shortening to one dominated by extension and the belt gravitationally collapsed and horizontally spread to the south until equilibrium was established; synchronously, the normal faults and basins were developed based on the model of simple-shear extensional deformation. This may be relative to the gravitational collapse of the Mesozoic plateau in eastern China.