1960~2000年黄河流域太阳总辐射气候变化规律研究

运用数据集群技术，在黄河流域建立了用日照百分率拟合太阳总辐射的不同时空尺度估算式，对比分析了不同数据集群下总辐射的拟合精度。利用逆距离加权插值法，将获得的黄河流域及其周边35个日射站1~12月总辐射拟合的经验系数进行空间内插，获得了黄河流域1~12月总辐射拟合经验系数的空间分布。结合黄河流域及其周边164个常规气象站日照百分率观测资料，对黄河流域1960~2000年太阳总辐射进行了计算，分析了其气候变化的时空分布规律。结果表明:黄河流域近年来太阳总辐射呈下降趋势，在季节上主要表现在夏季和冬季。     

修文县太阳总辐射计算与分析

利用修文县1963—2010年日照百分率,采用日照百分率拟合公式,计算得出修文的日照总辐射,结果表明修文的年太阳总辐射在3 077.57~4 010.6 m J·m-2之间。并在此基础上分析修文总辐射的分布特征如下:从年际变化趋势来看,修文年太阳辐射呈下降趋势,但变化不大,每年的下降幅度为3.3 m J·m-2;从月际变化趋势来看,修文太阳总辐射随月份变化曲线呈抛物线形,1—7月辐射逐渐增强,7—12月辐射逐渐减弱,7月辐射最强,1月辐射最弱;修文属于太阳辐射较贫乏带;云量的增多是年辐射减少的主要因素。     

几种水平面太阳总辐射量计算模型的对比分析

利用中国区域1961-1999年39 a间98个常规气象观测数据,建立6个模型分别以天文辐射、干洁大气总辐射和湿洁大气总辐射为起始数据,进行太阳辐射日总量的模拟,对比分析了6个水平面太阳总辐射量计算模型的性能.结果表明:在三种起始数据中,干洁大气总辐射和湿洁大气总辐射均能较好地体现宏观地势对太阳辐射空间分布的影响,以湿洁大气总辐射为起始数据的计算模型拟合精度相对较高.对6个水平面太阳总辐射量计算模型的对比分析发现:2个以日照百分率为主导因子,气温日较差为修正项的综合模型拟合误差最小,精度最高;经典的日照百分率模型次之,但其模型系数最稳定可靠;3个气温日较差模型拟合效果最差.最终选用经验系数稳定、拟合精度较高的日照百分率模型,制作了2001年中国水平面太阳辐射日总量空间分布图.     

贵州省分散式风电场空气密度计算方法研究

该文利用贵州省76个气象站的资料,对空气密度理论值跟海拔高度进行了拟合分析,得出了在没有温度气压观测的贵州省分散式风电场的的空气密度计算的高度公式。同时,结合贵州省测风塔实例进行了对比验证分析,结果显示:海拔高度和空气密度间存在明显的指数关系,空气密度随着海拔高度的增高而减小;通过气象站资料得到的计算空气密度的高度公式与理论公式间误差较小,适合贵州省分散式风电场的空气密度计算。     

山东省太阳辐射的计算及其分布

通过对国内外太阳总辐射气候学计算方法的分析对比,确定Q=Q0(a bS)为山东省太阳辐射最佳计算公式。根据济南、福山、莒县1961~2000年历年各月的总辐射和日照百分率,采用最小二乘法拟合出公式中各月的经验系数,并计算了山东省各地的月太阳总辐射。结果表明:山东省太阳总辐射年变化都表现为5月最大,12月最小。年太阳总辐射在4488~5692 MJ.m-2之间,北部多,南部少,其中年总辐射最大值出现在鲁北的庆云,其值高达5692 MJ.m-2,最低值出现在鲁西南的曹县,其值为4488 MJ.m-2。     

贵州省分月太阳辐射参数模型计算

利用贵州省2011—2015年10个太阳辐射站观测资料,采用最小二乘法分月拟合太阳辐射计算参数a、b,结合相应站点的地理信息(纬度和海拔高度),建立参数随地理位置变化的分月模型,进行1962—1990年威宁站独立样本检验,利用2001—2010年贵阳站数据与海拔分区法进行比较;结合1981—2010年85个常规气象站日照时数资料和相应站点的地理信息推算累年各月太阳总辐射量,并探讨其空间分布规律。结果表明:用分月参数模型计算贵州省太阳辐射误差更小、精度更高,提高了太阳辐射计算的准确率;贵州省气象台站年平均太阳总辐射在3415.76~4737.04 MJ·m~(-2)之间,西部和西南部多,北部少,其中年总辐射最大值出现在威宁,最低值出现在务川。     

关于日照计的感应性能和实际日照百分率的确定

日照时数的观测是气象台站所进行的基本气象观测项目之一。月、年总日照时数或日照百分率是表征当地气候状况的一个重要指标。近年来,利用日照百分率来求算辐射热量,如总辐射、辐射平衡等得到了广泛的采用,为了比较和确定这些计算方法的精确     

吉林省太阳能资源及其利用区划的探讨

本文利用1961-2006年长春和延吉两站逐月的太阳辐射资料、全省各个气象站同期的日照百分率和水汽压资料,以及吉林省各地的海拔高度和经纬度资料,计算了全省各地各月及年的太阳总辐射值。利用太阳总辐射计算值分析了全省太阳总辐射的时空分布特征,并对太阳能资源进行区划。分析得出,吉林省月、年平均太阳总辐射呈逐年减少的变化趋势;年太阳总辐射基本呈东少西多的空间分布特征;在太阳能资源区划中,白城市、松原市、四平市、长春市西部、通化市西北部以及白山市大部太阳能资源属于三级,长春市北部和东部、辽源市大部、吉林市、通化市大部、白山市北部和延边州大部属于四级。     

太湖无锡地区太阳总辐射的气候学计算及特征分析

为了便于研究水气界面辐射传输、水下光辐照度以及湖泊储热量，探讨太湖地区总辐射概况及其变化。文章在概述当前太阳总辐射气候学计算的主要方法及公式基础上，采用最小二乘法，利用上海、南京、杭州3站1961~2000年共40年的历史资料，确定各站的经验系数，然后内插求出太湖无锡地区的经验系数。由此推导出太湖无锡地区太阳总辐射的气候学计算公式，并利用无锡站日照百分率资料求算出近40年到达地面的太阳实际总辐射。然后利用太湖站1998年的太阳总辐射实测资料检验其公式精度，确定公式的可信度。最后对计算值进行分析，阐述了近40年来太湖无锡地区太阳总辐射的变化特征及其原因。研究结果表明:无锡地区太阳总辐射呈下降趋势，而这种下降主要是由于大气中悬浮物增加所致；总辐射年内变化趋势基本上与天文辐射相吻合，但又存在差异，这主要与梅雨的存在有关。     

河北省太阳总辐射经验系数两种气候学计算方法的比较分析

利用河北省周边8个日射站逐月日照百分率资料和太阳总辐射资料,采用最小二乘法拟合经验系数a、b,然后分别通过纬度分区和反距离权重插值两种方法得到河北省142个测站的经验系数a、b,并据此求出河北省内四个具有辐射观测数据台站的总辐射值,对比分析了实测值与不同经验系数下总辐射估算值之间的差异。结果表明：纬度分区和反距离权重插值两种方法所建立的太阳总辐射量估算公式的模拟精度总体差别不大,但采用纬度分区法所得的经验系数,在计算太阳辐射年总量时与实际观测值更为接近,因此建议采用纬度分区法计算河北省各地太阳总辐射量。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on