浙江省太阳辐射计算及分布特征

太阳辐射是重要的农业资源和立地环境,目前主要依靠公式计算获取,因此选择适当的计算方法是必要的。论文通过比较国内外5种太阳总辐射气候学计算结果与太阳辐射观测值,其方差平均值大小顺序为：孙治安经验公式〈朱志辉经验公式〈左大康经验公式〈翁笃鸣经验公式〈埃斯屈朗方程,因此选择孙治安经验公式Q=Qn[c＋（1-c）s]为浙江省太阳总辐射的最佳计算公式。分析计算结果表明,浙江省年太阳总辐射在4332．19～4870．66MJ·m-2之间,东部沿海多,北部、西部少;多年平均年变化值呈双峰型变化,7月最大,12月或1月最小,6月份为一相对低值;以杭州站为代表分析其气候变化,发现太阳总辐射平均每10a下降20MJ·m-2。浙江省年光合有效辐射在2060．16—2310．07MJ·m-2之间;多年平均年变化呈单峰型或弱双峰型变化,分布特征与太阳总辐射类似,年际间光合有效辐射波动较小,趋势变化持平。     

青藏高原东部地区辐射平衡及各分量变化特征

利用2009年11月-2010年10月青藏高原玛多自动气象站辐射平衡观测资料,分析了高原两种不同下垫面辐射平衡各分量的季节平均日变化和年变化特征.结果表明,各季节的平均总辐射日变化和年变化在两种下垫面的趋势基本一致,夏季总辐射为非零值的时间在早上要比冬季早2h左右,而在傍晚出现零值的时间要比冬季晚2h左右.夏季总辐射最强、冬季最弱,年变化最小值为0.544 MJ·m-2,出现在1月;最大值为1.001MJ ·m-2,出现在7月.在11:00-16:00(北京时)之间反射辐射冬季最强、夏季最弱.这种现象与总辐射日变化趋势恰好相反,反射辐射的年变化最小值出现在2月,平均最小值为0.157MJ· m-2;最大值出现在11月,平均最大值为0.326 MJ· m-2.1号点和2号点反射辐射差值冬季最大,达到0.06 MJ·m-2;春季最小,为0.03 MJ·m-2.净辐射年变化最小值为-0.025 MJ·m-2,出现在12月;最大值为0.477 MJ·m-2,出现在7月.地表反射率2个观测点的变化趋势大致相同,各季节地表反射率最大值、最小值和平均值都是2号点大于1号点,平均偏大8％.     

梅县区太阳能资源的分析与评估

基于梅县区附近汕头气象站1986—2015年历年各月太阳总辐射和日照时数观测资料,采用最小二乘法建立了梅县站各月太阳总辐射与日照时数的关系方程。用梅县区日照时数观测资料,计算出梅县区1986—2015年太阳总辐射。采用线性趋势法和资源丰富程度、稳定程度等指标,对梅县区近30年的太阳能资源进行了分析和评估。结果表明,梅县区属太阳能资源丰富区,平均年太阳总辐射为4 467.08 MJ/m~2,年最小值为4 159.74 MJ/m~2,年最大值为4 834.0 MJ/m~2,总体呈增加趋势,增加速率为每年1.32 MJ/m~2。夏季辐射丰富,冬季偏少,夏季总辐射量是冬季的1.87倍,月平均总辐射7月最多(502 MJ/m~2),2月最少(268 MJ/m~2)。太阳能资源较稳定,月最大日照时数(7月)大于6 h的天数为21 d,是月最小(3月)日照时数的3倍,2—4月不利于太阳能利用。     

银川市太阳总辐射对气候变化的影响分析

对银川市1961~2004年的实测太阳总辐射资料分析表明,银川市的太阳总辐射40年来呈逐渐减少的趋势。方差分析表明,银川市的太阳总辐射突变点出现在1980年,此前银川处于相对偏多的时段,此后虽然在20世纪80年代后期有一次明显波动,但总体上呈下降趋势,银川处于相对偏少的时段,突变后比突变前平均年总辐射量减少了295.41 MJ/(m2.a)。银川市各月总辐射减少幅度不同,9月减少幅度最大,4月减少幅度最小。日照时数的变化趋势与太阳总辐射的变化趋势一致。分析其对气候的影响可知,银川市总辐射和年平均气温、夏季降水量呈负相关,与年蒸发量呈正相关,呈线性趋势。若总辐射减少100 MJ/(m2.a),年平均气温将升高0.15℃,5~9月降水量将增加6 mm,蒸发量将减少18 mm。     

昌吉市太阳总辐射的气候学计算及其变化特征分析

利用昌吉市1961—1997年的逐日气候资料,对昌吉市1961—1997年多年平均逐日太阳总辐射进行了气候学计算,并分析了其变化特征和变化趋势,结果表明:昌吉市太阳总辐射多年平均年日总量为22.82MJ.m-2.d-1,太阳总辐射在8～9月份最高,12月份最低,昌吉市的太阳总辐射呈逐年下降趋势。     

洛阳地区太阳能资源分析与评估

根据1981—2010年郑州辐射站太阳辐射和日照资料、洛阳地区9个气象观测站日照资料,采用气候学计算、线性趋势分析等方法和资源丰富程度、利用价值、稳定程度等指标,对洛阳地区太阳能资源进行了计算、分析和评估。结果表明:洛阳地区多年平均总辐射为4842.4MJ·m-2·a-1,总体呈显著减少趋势,减少速率为每年1.4MJ·m-2。夏季辐射丰富,冬季偏少,夏季总辐射量是冬季的2倍;月平均总辐射5月最多(569.7MJ·m-2),12月最少(241.9MJ·m-2);年总辐射孟津最高,为4922.8MJ·m-2·a-1,宜阳最少,为4681.1MJ·m-2·a-1。多年平均日照时数为2064.7h,总体呈显著减少趋势。春季日照时数多,冬季少,春季日照时数比冬季多33.37%;月平均日照时数5月最多(217.3h),2月最少(138.2h);年日照时数孟津最多(2144.9h),宜阳最少(1909.2h)。洛阳各地属太阳能资源丰富区,利用价值较高,各月日照时数6h的天数为9.8~18.1天,全年为162.7~185.3天;太阳能资源也比较稳定,月最大日照时数12月6h的天数为16.9天,是月最小日照时数7月的1.48倍,12月至次年1月不利于太阳能利用。     

玉树站太阳总辐射变化特征及对气候变化的影响

对玉树站1961—2010年实测太阳总辐射资料分析表明,玉树太阳总辐射50年来呈逐渐减少的趋势.方差分析表明,玉树站的太阳总辐射突变点出现在1978年,此前总辐射量呈增加趋势,1978年以后,总体呈减少趋势,太阳总辐射处于相对偏少的时段,突变年后比突变年前平均年总辐射量减少了583.89 MJ/m².玉树各月总辐射减少幅度各不同,8月减少幅度最大,6月减少幅度最小.日照时数的变化趋势与太阳总辐射的变化趋势一致.分析其对气候的影响可知,玉树站总辐射和年平均气温、夏季降水量、年蒸发量均呈负相关.若总辐射减少100 MJ/(m²·a),年平均气温将升高0.03 ℃,5—9月降水量将增加3.0 mm,年蒸发量将增加21.0 mm.     

拉萨紫外辐射特征分析及估算公式的建立

本文利用2005~2010年的辐射观测资料对拉萨地区紫外辐射的时间变化特征及紫外辐射与总辐射比值的变化特征进行了分析,结果表明,紫外辐射与太阳总辐射的变化规律基本一致,日变化表现为正午大、早晚小;季变化特征是夏季6月最大,冬季1月最小.紫外辐射日累积值6年平均为0.87 MJ·m-2·d-1;紫外辐射有逐年递减的趋势.紫外辐射与总辐射比值也存在着明显日变化,表现为正午大、早晚小的规律;其季节变化也是夏季最大,冬季最小.紫外辐射与总辐射比值6年平均为0.0418;紫外辐射与总辐射比值也呈现逐年递减的趋势.利用2010年大气质量数和晴空指数,建立了适合于拉萨紫外辐射估量的公式,估算值的瞬时值与观测值的平均相对误差最大为8.66%,紫外辐射日累积重构值与观测值平均相对误差仅为5.5%.     

泰来县太阳能资源状况浅析

本文利用海拉尔、长春、哈尔滨1971～2000年总辐射资料和对应的日照百分率资料采用气候学计算公式,建立了各月总辐射模型,用2001～2009年哈尔滨站实测辐射资料对模型进行了误差检验,模拟效果较好,可以用于评估泰来县太阳总辐射资源的状况。泰来县年太阳总辐射值为5281.2 MJ/m2,在全省处于高值区,可开发的潜力很...     

拉萨光合有效辐射的变化趋势及其估算方程的建立

利用2005年1月-2010年12月中国生态研究网络拉萨农田站的观测数据,分析了拉萨地区光合有效辐射Qp的变化特征.结果表明,拉萨地区的Qp与太阳总辐射Rs具有相同的月变化和日变化特征,Rs与Qp的平均日累计值分别为20.2 MJ·m-2和37.2 mol·m-2,Qp呈逐年递减趋势.Rs与Qp的月变化表现为6月最大、1月最小,其最大、最小值分别为25.4 MJ·m-2、14.0 M J·m-2和48.7 mol·m-2、25.2 mol·m-2.日变化表现为正午大、早晚小.光合有效辐射系数(Qp/Rs)的变化范围在1.3～3.2 mol·MJ-1之间,年平均值为1.89 mol·MJ-1,呈逐年递减趋势,2010年比2005年降低了6.7％.Qp/Rs的日变化表现为早晚大、正午小,季节变化表现为夏季最大、春秋季次之、冬季最小,而且夏、冬两季的季节变化较为明显,冬季比夏季低10.6％.通过分析Qp与晴空指数和太阳天顶角之间的关系建立了拉萨地区Qp的估算方程,相对误差在4.49％左右.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.