一种新型的适应性观测资料应用对台风预报的影响试验研究

近年来，气象界提出了一个“适应性（或目标）观测（adaptive or targeting observation）”的新概念，它是根据数值预报的敏感区在现有的、固定的气象观测网基础上增加的、有目标的特别观测。下投式探空仪（Dropsonde）是适应性观测的重要观测仪器。利用我国新一代数值预报系统GRAPES，初步研究了应用热带气旋适应性观测的下投式探空仪探测资料对台风（2003年杜鹃台风）预报的影响，并进行了敏感性试验。结果表明，数值天气预报中增加下投式探空仪观测资料之后，对台风的移动路径、台风中心位置和强度，以及其它要素的预报都有所改善；敏感性试验还指出，下投式探空仪观测资料的误差结构设置对台风的预报也有明显的影响，该类观测资料在修正背景场的过程中权重并不是越高越好     

台风“灿鸿”(1509)的适应性观测敏感区特征及其模拟观测同化研究

适应性观测可以改善资料同化和预报质量。本文利用集合卡尔曼变换适应性观测系统对2015年09号台风“灿鸿”进行了观测敏感区识别，并以第一目标时刻的观测敏感区为基础，运用观测系统模拟试验方法获取模拟的适应性观测资料。基于WRF中尺度同化和预报系统，开展了适应性观测敏感区模拟资料的同化和预报试验。研究发现，台风“灿鸿”（1509）的观测敏感区主要位于台风中心的东北侧及东南侧。同化敏感区内模拟观测资料比同化常规观测资料能更好地改善分析质量和高度、台风路径的预报质量，但对降水的预报改善较弱。     

台风“麦莎”路径东折分析及NWP产品检验

本文利用气象常规资料、NCEP／NCAR再分析资料和数值预报产品（NWP）资料对0509台风“麦莎”路径两次明显东折（7日11时和8日23时）的原因进行了分析，并对NWP产品对麦莎路径的预报结果进行了检验。结果表明：麦莎路径主要受西太平洋副热带高压（副高，下同）与西风带环流的影响，两次明显东折与西风带环流的经、纬向调整及副高由块状变为带状有关；“副高南落”指标和广义李雅普诺夫稳定度判据中J22的符号分别对应了麦莎的两次明显东折；麦莎中心气压和风力变化与台风的两次明显东折有很好的对应关系。另外，T213资料的涡度和位温预报场对台风的两次明显东折有一定的指示意义。NWP产品24h内对台风路径的预报效果较好，但对台风的第二次东折预报较差。     

GRAPES_MESO模式对一次强降水过程的预报及误差分析

本文应用西南低涡大气科学试验加密观测资料,常规探空与地面资料,自动站资料等,分析国家数值预报中心运行的GRAPES_MESO中尺度模式对2010年7月14～19日四川强降水过程预报能力.结果表明,模式降水预报能一定程度反映实况降水.在模式误差分析基础上,指出造成降水预报偏差的可能原因是模式预报的高度场持续偏低,预报低值系统偏强,高值系统偏弱,不利于四川上空的辐合低值系统维持;预报的登陆台风强度偏强,台风外围气流与副高外围环流结合,导致西南低空急流较强,加之,模式预报盆地水汽场在西部偏多,东部偏少,对流层中低层冷空气活动偏弱,暖湿气流活动较强,急流带北移较快,辐合流场位置偏北偏东,导致了积分后期预报降水与实况出现较大偏差,盆地东北部降水偏弱,预报降水落区偏东、偏北.探空分析还指出,盆地测站温度偏差较大,可能是受复杂地形条件下插值误差以及观测误差影响所致,由于盆地测站风向受周边地形影响较大,各站和各层分析风的不确定性较大.误差分析揭示了高度场预报偏低,温度场偏高,地面气压偏低等基本特征,误差的来源需要作进一步的数值试验与动力诊断分析.     

加密自动站数据在睿图-中亚数值模式中的应用

利用睿图-中亚区域数值预报系统（Rapid-refresh Multi-scale Analysis and Prediction System-Central Asia, RMAPS-CA）以及不同的地面气象自动站观测资料进行同化试验,并将试验结果与实况进行对比,旨在通过加密自动站的同化应用来提高RMAPS-CA对于地面要素的预报性能。通过2020年7月为期15天的批量试验结果表明：在保证数据质量的前提下,相比仅同化国家级自动站而言,同化加密自动站后可以有效提高地面温度、湿度和风速的预报准确性。在使用加密自动站的基础上,将RMAPS-CA的地面资料同化方案由原方案改为更新方案后可以降低地面温度预报和风速预报的均方根误差,提升加密自动站的同化应用效果。综上所述,加密自动站的合理使用可以改善RMAPS-CA的预报性能,而同化更新方案可以进一步提高加密自动站观测资料对于数值预报系统的贡献。     

登陆台风强度变化过程预报的影响试验研究

探索了基于WRF模式的集合卡尔曼滤波同化方法（WRF-EnKF,简称EnKF）在近海有可能达到更强台风连续循环同化中国大陆高时空分辨率多普勒天气雷达径向风观测资料的效果,同时检验台风Vicente（2012）的三维结构演变及其动力学特征。通过短期集合预报得到跟随当前流场变化着的背景误差协方差的台风涡旋和动力学结构。研究发现,EnKF同化预报系统能有效地同化高时空分辨率雷达径向速度观测资料,显著改善初始场中台风Vicente的中小尺度内核结构,同时提高对台风Vicente的路径和强度及其相伴随的短期强降水预报。在台风最强时刻同化雷达径向风观测能快速（1~2 h）得到真实的暖核台风结构,同时进一步提高台风路径和强度的预报。另外,EnKF同化雷达径向风观测资料还能有效提高短期降水预报,1 h和3 h累积降水的分布、降水中心以及降水随时间演变都能得到显著改善,这与改善台风路径、结构和强度有密切关系。因此,对中国东南沿海有可能达到较强的台风进行同化雷达径向风观测资料可改善登陆台风的预报水平,这为利用我国地基多普勒天气雷达观测资料改善模式的初始场从而提高台风预报提供一定的指示作用。      

Polly(9216)台风登陆后的地面中尺度系统分析

1992～1994年夏季，85-906国家科技攻关项目07课题组织进行了台风现场科学和业务试验。Polly（9216）台风是一个影响面很广的试验目标台风。本文使用了1992年8月30日0000～9月2日0000 UTC该台风试验期间，受其影响的11个省市、共有673个气象台站、27996站次的地面加密观测资料，进行了该台风中心临近登陆及登陆后的每小时地面加密观测分析，提示了该台风登陆后主要地面中尺度系统的分布、发展和演变。     

雷达资料同化对2015年台风彩虹数值模拟改进

基于WRF中尺度模式,采用集合卡尔曼滤波方法同化中国岸基多普勒天气雷达径向速度资料,对2015年登陆台风彩虹（1522）进行数值试验。从台风强度、路径、结构等方面验证了同化效果,并对不同区域雷达观测资料的同化敏感性进行讨论。试验结果表明:在同化窗内同化分析场台风位置误差相比未同化平均减小15 km,最多时刻减小38 km,同化资料时次越多,确定性预报路径误差越小。同化雷达资料后较好地反映出台风彩虹（1522）近海加强过程,台风中心最低气压同化分析和预报误差相比未同化最大减小超过25 hPa,台风眼的尺度、眼墙处对流非对称结构相比未同化与观测更加接近。试验还表明:台风内核100 km范围内的雷达观测对同化效果影响最大,仅同化这部分资料（约占总量的20%）各方面效果与同化全部资料相近,而仅同化100 km以外资料效果明显不及同化所有资料。仅同化台风内核雷达观测资料可以在不影响同化效果的前提下,使集合同化计算机时减小为原来的1/3,该策略可为台风实际业务预报提供一定参考。     

四川盆地特殊地形下基于加密观测的一次低涡暴雨水汽结构分析

利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、常规观测资料以及汛期西南涡加密观测资料,分析了2012年7月7~10日由西南涡引发的四川暴雨天气过程。结果表明:结合加密观测资料能更好表现四川盆地复杂地形下低涡附近的水汽来源及其与实际降雨的关系,由于地形阻挡作用,气流在大巴山以南堆积,引发了四川、陕西交界处的暴雨。运用西南区域数值预报系统(SWCWARMS),与控制试验(不同化观测资料)相比,同化试验(同化西南涡加密观测资料)可使预报降雨与实况更为接近。通过同化加密观测资料,初始时刻四川北部出现了偏南气流,这有利于西南涡的初生,对比试验中的西南涡范围与强度也比控制试验更大更强,并且,试验验证了盆地东北部的水汽堆积现象。因此,西南涡加密观测资料在天气诊断及数值预报业务应用中都具有重要作用。      

同化IASI资料对台风“红霞”和“莫兰蒂”预报的影响研究

红外高光谱大气探测仪IASI可提供高精度的大气垂直温度和湿度信息,能够探测台风结构特征,有效弥补台风影响区域观测资料稀缺的不足。以WRFDA三维变分同化系统为基础构建IASI同化试验平台,实现McNally提出的MW云检测方法,并调整参数形成大阈值的LMW云检测方法,以超强台风“红霞”（1506）和“莫兰蒂”（1614）为试验个例,对IASI观测资料进行同化对比试验。对于台风“红霞”,MW云检测方案对于高层通道299保留的观测数目仅为大阈值LMW云检测的16.2%和WRFDA系统默认的MMR云检测的9.2%,对于底层通道921分别为3.3%和2.6%。但是MW试验分析场强度最强,获得的72 h台风路径预报最接近真实路径,路径误差最小。两个台风个例试验结果相似,表明有效的云检测过程能提高IASI资料同化分析场的准确性,同化IASI资料有利于改善台风预报技巧。      

Improved Analyses and Forecasts With AIRS Temperature Retrievals Using the Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter

In this paper we investigate the impact of the Atmospheric Infra-Red Sounder (AIRS) temperature retrievals on data assimilation and the resulting forecasts using the four-dimensional Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (LETKF) data assimilation scheme and a reduced resolution version of the NCEP Global Forecast System (GFS). Our results indicate that the AIRS temperature retrievals have a significant and consistent positive impact in the Southern Hemispheric extratropics on both analyses and forecasts, which is found not only in the temperature field but also in other variables. In tropics and the Northern Hemispheric extratropics these impacts are smaller, but are still generally positive or neutral.     

A look at the ocean in the EC-Earth climate model

EC-Earth is a newly developed global climate system model. Its core components are the Integrated Forecast System (IFS) of the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) as the atmosphere component and the Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO) developed by Institute Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL) as the ocean component. Both components are used with a horizontal resolution of roughly one degree. In this paper we describe the performance of NEMO in the coupled system by comparing model output with ocean observations. We concentrate on the surface ocean and mass transports. It appears that in general the model has a cold and fresh bias, but a much too warm Southern Ocean. While sea ice concentration and extent have realistic values, the ice tends to be too thick along the Siberian coast. Transports through important straits have realistic values, but generally are at the lower end of the range of observational estimates. Exceptions are very narrow straits (Gibraltar, Bering) which are too wide due to the limited resolution. Consequently the modelled transports through them are too high. The strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation is also at the lower end of observational estimates. The interannual variability of key variables and correlations between them are realistic in size and pattern. This is especially true for the variability of surface temperature in the tropical Pacific (El Ni?o). Overall the ocean component of EC-Earth performs well and helps making EC-Earth a reliable climate model.     

数值模式对强台风“菲特”登陆期间预报能力评述

基于自动站观测和ECMWF再分析资料,针对中国气象局上海台风研究所区域高分辨率台风模式(Shanghai Tropical Cyclone High Resolution Analysis and Prediction System,STI-THRAPS)和业务常用的4个数值模式,即欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts,EC)全球模式,美国全球预报系统(The Global Forecast System,GFS),日本气象厅(Japan Meteorological Agency,JMA)全球模式和我国T639(T639L60)全球模式,对1323号台风"菲特"登陆过程的预报性能进行了综合检验评估。结果显示:对暴雨以上的强降水预报STI-THRAPS有明显优势。仅有该模式对超过500 mm的极端降水做出预报,且各项评分均好于全球模式,漏报率也明显优于其他模式。对暴雨以下的降水预报各个模式差距不大。美国GFS和STI-THRAPS较好地预报了大风区,STI-THRAPS预报的风场与实况的空间相关程度最高。从漏报率上来看,STI-THRAPS模式的风场预报具有明显优势。虽然预报最大风速偏大,但是STI-THRAPS在24 h后的路径预报有较大优势。     

Study and Simulation of Severe Dust Storms in the West and Southwest of Iran

In recent decades, the number of dust events has increased significantly in the west and southwest of Iran. In this research, a survey on the dust events during the period 1990–2013 is carried out using historical dust data collected from seven synoptic stations scattered across the west and southwest of Iran. Using statistical analysis of the observational data, two of the most severe dust storm events that occurred in the region on July 4–7, 2009 and June 17–20, 2012 were selected and analyzed synoptically. NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset was used to obtain the required fields including sea level pressure, surface wind field, geopotential height at 500 hPa, and wind and vertical motion at the 850 hPa level. Moreover, weather research and forecasting model coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem) with two aerosol schemes, GOCART and MADE/SORGAM, were used to simulate the amount of particulate matter (PM10) and its transportation over the studied region. The initial and lateral boundary conditions of the model simulations are provided by Global Forecast System (GFS) data with the horizontal resolution of 0.5°. The calculations demonstrated that the MADE/SORGAM scheme predicted the values and trends of PM₁₀ better than GOCART. Dust plums are formed over Iraq and Syria and then transported to the west and southwest of Iran. Comparing the MODIS satellite images for July 4, 2009 and June 18, 2012 with the corresponding model output showed the good performance of WRF-Chem in simulating the spatial distribution of dust.     

基于GFS产品和卡尔曼滤波的嘉兴市温度客观预报

利用NCEP提供的高时空分辨率的GFS（Global Forecast System）数值预报产品和当地地面观测气温资料,经SPSS（Statistical Product and Service Solution）逐步回归分析,建立了嘉兴市24h和48h日平均气温、最高气温、最低气温初始预报方程,采用卡尔曼滤波方法进行以上6项目的逐日滚动预报。对最近2年来的预报结果检验表明：平均气温的预报效果最佳,最低气温次之,最高气温的准确率相对最低;随着时效增长,误差增大;不同季节,参考价值高的项目各不相同,秋季的最高温度误差较小,而冬季则最低气温准确率最高。分析结果可以作为日常预报中一种有效的参考。     

Caribbean Sea rainfall variability during the rainy season and relationship to the equatorial Pacific and tropical Atlantic SST

The present study investigates the Caribbean Sea rainfall variability during the early and late rainy seasons and its association with sea surface temperature (SST) and air?Csea interaction based on observational estimates, the NCEP Climate Forecast System (CFS) and Global Forecast System (GFS) simulations, and the CFS retrospective forecasts. Analysis of the observational estimates indicates that air?Csea interaction is important over the Caribbean Sea, whereas the atmospheric forcing of SST dominates over the Gulf of Mexico. The CFS simulation captures the basic elements of this observed air?Csea relationship. The GFS simulation produces spurious SST forcing of the atmosphere over the Gulf of Mexico largely due to prescribing SST. The CFS forecasts capture the air?Csea relationship in the late rainy season (August?COctober), but cannot reproduce the SST forcing of atmosphere over the Caribbean Sea in the early rainy season (May?CJuly). An empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis indicates that the leading modes of percent anomalies of the rainy season precipitation have the largest loading in the southern Caribbean Sea in observations. The model simulations and forecasts skillfully reproduce the spatial pattern, but not the temporal evolution. The Caribbean Sea rainfall variability in the early rainy season is mainly due to the tropical North Atlantic (TNA) SST anomalies in observations, is contributed by both the TNA and eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) SST anomalies in the CFS simulation, and has an overly large impact from the EEP SST anomalies in the GFS simulation and the CFS forecasts. The observed Caribbean Sea rainfall variability in the late rainy season has a leading impact from the EEP SST anomalies, with a secondary contribution from the TNA SST anomalies. In comparison, the model simulations and forecasts overestimate the impacts of the EEP SST anomalies due to an earlier development and longer duration of the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation in the CFS compared to observations.     

Mapping near-surface air temperature,pressure, relative humidity and wind speed over Mainland China with high spatiotemporal resolution

As part of a joint effort to construct an atmospheric forcing dataset for mainland China with high spatiotemporal reso- lution, a new approach is proposed to construct gridded near-surface temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and surface pressure with a resolution of 1 km× 1 km. The approach comprises two steps： （1） fit a partial thin-plate smoothing spline with orography and reanalysis data as explanatory variables to ground-based observations for estimating a trend surface; （2） apply a simple kriging procedure to the residual for trend surface correction. The proposed approach is applied to observations collected at approximately 700 stations over mainland China. The generated forcing fields are compared with the corresponding components of the National Centers for Environmental Predic- tion （NCEP） Climate Forecast System Reanalysis dataset and the Princeton meteorological forcing dataset. The comparison shows that, both within the station network and within the resolutions of the two gridded datasets, the interpolation errors of the proposed approach are markedly smaller than the two gridded datasets.     

基于CFS模式的中国站点夏季降水统计降尺度预测

本研究针对中国夏季站点降水,研制建立了基于Climate Forecast System(CFS)实时预测数值产品及观测资料的统计降尺度预测系统。此预测系统选取了CFS模式中当年夏季500 hPa高度场和观测资料中前一年秋、冬季海表面温度场作为预测因子,两因子的关键区分别为泛东亚地区和热带太平洋地区。统计降尺度模型对1982~2011年中国夏季降水的回报效果较CFS模式原始结果显著提高,空间距平相关系数由0.03提高到0.31,时间相关系数在中国大部分地区显著提高,最大可达0.6。均方根误差较CFS模式原始结果明显降低,同时,此降尺度模型较好的回报出2011年汛期降水的距平百分率的空间分布型。     

GFS预报产品在阿勒泰地区汛期降水预报中的应用检验

采用GFS（全球预报系统）产品预告图形资料,对阿勒泰地区2007-2008年汛期降水过程的预报能力进行统计检验,结果表明：GFS预报产品对汛期降水预报有一定的指导意义。     

A Regional Ensemble Forecast System for Stratiform Precipitation Events in Northern China. Part I: A Case Study

A single-model,short-range,ensemble forecasting system (Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Regional Ensemble Forecast System,IAP REFS) with 15-km grid spacing,configured with multiple initial conditions,multiple lateral boundary conditions,and multiple physics parameterizations with 11 ensemble members,was developed using the Weather and Research Forecasting Model Advanced Research modeling system for prediction of stratiform precipitation events in northern China.This is the first part of a broader research project to develop a novel cloud-seeding operational system in a probabilistic framework.The ensemble perturbations were extracted from selected members of the National Center for Environmental Prediction Global Ensemble Forecasting System (NCEP GEFS) forecasts,and an inflation factor of two was applied to compensate for the lack of spread in the GEFS forecasts over the research region.Experiments on an actual stratiform precipitation case that occurred on 5-7 June 2009 in northern China were conducted to validate the ensemble system.The IAP REFS system had reasonably good performance in predicting the observed stratiform precipitation system.The perturbation inflation enlarged the ensemble spread and alleviated the underdispersion caused by parent forecasts.Centering the extracted perturbations on higher-resolution NCEP Global Forecast System forecasts resulted in less ensemble mean root-mean-square error and better accuracy in probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecasts (PQPF).However,the perturbation inflation and recentering had less effect on near-surface-level variables compared to the mid-level variables,and its influence on PQPF resolution was limited as well.